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55-659: The district is home to one of the earliest archaeological sites in Bangladesh, the Wari-Bateshwar ruins . These ruins, dating to the early 2nd millenium BCE, represent one of the earliest urban centres in South Asia. Currency of the Mauryan form has been found here, suggesting the region was under the influence of the Mauryas. In the early medieval period, the region fell under the control of

110-621: A blank or a minute symbol on the reverse side. Symbols include boat, lobster, fish in hook or scorpion, cross leaf etc. that are uncommon in contemporary coins found in the other regions of India. It is postulated that these coins were used as local currency in the Vanga Kingdom and are distinct from the coins used in Anga , found in Chandraketugarh in West Bengal , India. Wari-Bateshwar yielded

165-651: A copper dagger, high-tin Bronze and ceramic knobbed ware, Black and red ware , Northern Black Polished Ware and Black Slipped Ware. No inscription or written record was found in this site. Although stratigraphic evidence points to earlier urban settlement, radiometric dating of the artifacts places the peak active period of the Wari-Bateshwar urban center in the mid-1st millennium BC. The discovery of rouletted and knobbed ware, and stone beads of eclectic nature implies southeast Asiatic and Roman contacts through river routes. It

220-590: A number of newspaper articles and books describing the artifacts. Nevertheless, the site took a while to attract the attention of academics and archaeologists in Bangladesh. In 2000, a team led by Sufi Mostafizur Rahman, an archeologist from Jahangir Nagar University , started excavation in the site. The excavation revealed a 600m x 600m fortified enclosure or citadel surrounded by a 30m wide moat, with an additional 5.8 km long, 5m wide and 2–5 m high mud rampart—locally known as Asom Rajar Gorh—to its west and south west. A series of excavation events took place over

275-438: A population of 2,584,452 with an average 4.09 people per household. Among the population, 520,051 (20.12%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. The population density was 2,247 people per km. Narsingdi District had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 74.81%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1041 females per 1000 males. Approximately, 24.92% of the population lived in urban areas. The ethnic population

330-457: A small numbers of summer millets, a wide variety of summer and winter pulses, cotton, sesame and mustard. The abundance of cotton seed fragments indicate an important role of textile production in the Wari-Bateshwar economy. Dhaka Division Dhaka Division ( Bengali : ঢাকা বিভাগ , Ḍhaka Bibhag ) is an administrative division within Bangladesh . Dhaka serves as the capital city of

385-498: A stepped water-wall. The complex has a red mud-floor anointed with grey-colored clay, but the floor of the granary is made with lime-surki. This matches the chalcolithic pit-dwelling site at Inamgaon in Southern India, dated 1500–1000 BC, which also features a lime-surki floor. Artifacts found in Wari-Bateshwar include semi-precious stone beads, glass beads, a large number of punch-marked coins, iron axe and knives, copper bangles,

440-506: A very large variety of semi-precious stone bids, which is unprecedented in Indian archaeology of the period. Bead materials include various kinds of quartz—Rock Crystal, Citrine , Amethyst , Agate , Carnelian , Chalcedony , and green or red Jasper . Stratigraphic analysis shows that the layers containing signs of the vibrant bead culture were abruptly interrupted by sedimentary layers dating around 200 BCE, which implies possible displacement of

495-799: A view to improving administration, education, and business. Dhaka became the seat of the Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council . Dhaka was the seat of government for 4 administrative divisions, including the Assam Valley Division, Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Rajshahi Division, and the Surma Valley Division. There were a total of 30 districts in Eastern Bengal and Assam, including Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur and Backergunge in Dacca Division; Tippera , Noakhali, Chittagong and

550-456: Is 215 billion cubic feet (6.1 × 10 m). Commercial gas production was started in 1996 and until 31 August 2006 total 66.304 billion cubic feet (1.8775 × 10 m) or 30.84 percent of gas reserves has been recovered. Largest powerplant of Bangladesh, Ghorashal power plant, owned by Bangladesh Power Development Board (PDB) is situated in palash Upazilla. Narsingdi is riched by several number of jute mills, which plays an important role in

605-508: Is one of the oldest urban archaeological sites in Bangladesh. Excavation in the site unearthed a fortified urban center, paved roads and suburban dwelling. The site was primarily occupied during the Iron Age , from 400 to 100 BCE, as evidenced by the abundance of punch-marked coins and Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) artifacts. The site also reveals signs of pit dwelling , a feature typically found in chalcolithic archaeological sites in

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660-486: Is postulated by Sufi Mostafizur Rahman, the leader of the first excavation team, that Wari-Bateshwar is the ancient emporium or trading post "Sounagora" mentioned by Ptolemy in Geographia . Two types of punch-marked coins were found in the site—Pre- Mauryan Janapada series regional coins (600-400 BCE) and Mauryan imperial series coins (500-200 BCE). The regional coins bear a set of four symbols on one side and either

715-431: Is skewed towards females. Dhaka Division borders every other division in the country except Rangpur Division . It is bounded by Mymensingh Division to the north, Barisal Division to the south, Chittagong Division to the east and south-east, Sylhet Division to the north-east, and Rajshahi Division to the west and Khulna Divisions to the south-west. The origins of the name Dhaka are uncertain. It may derive from

770-470: The dhak tree, which was once common in the area, or from Dhakeshwari , the 'patron goddess' of the region. Another popular theory states that Dhaka refers to a membranophone instrument, dhak which was played by order of Subahdar Islam Khan I during the inauguration of the Bengal capital in 1610. Some references also say it was derived from a Prakrit dialect called Dhaka Bhasa; or Dhakka, used in

825-816: The Hill Tracts in Chittagong Division; Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri , Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna and Malda in Rajshahi Division; Sylhet, Cachar , the Khasi and Jaintia Hills , the Naga Hills and the Lushai Hills in Surma Valley Division; and Goalpara , Kamrup , the Garo Hills , Darrang , Nowgong , Sibsagar and Lakhimpur in Assam Valley Division. The province was bordered by Cooch Behar State , Hill Tipperah and

880-518: The Kingdom of Bhutan . The development of the "real city" began after the partition of India . After partition, Dhaka became known as the second capital of Pakistan . This was formalized in 1962 when Ayub Khan declared the city as the legislative capital under the 1962 constitution . The economy began to industrialize. On the outskirts of the city, the world's largest jute mill was built. The mill produced jute goods which were in high demand during

935-527: The Korean War . The Intercontinental hotel , designed by William B. Tabler , was opened in 1966. Estonian-American architect Louis I. Kahn was enlisted to design the Dhaka Assembly, which was originally intended to be the federal parliament of Pakistan and later became independent Bangladesh's parliament. The East Pakistan Helicopter Service connected the city to regional towns. The Dhaka Stock Exchange

990-741: The Mughal Period . Chinashkhania was the capital of the Chandalas and Shishu Pal had his capital in modern-day Sreepur , which the ruins of can still be seen today. Another fort was built in Dardaria in 1200. Under Islamic rule, the centre moved to the historic district of Sonargaon , the regional administrative hub of the Delhi and the Bengal Sultanates . At the end of the Karrani Dynasty (1564–1575),

1045-721: The Palas and later Senas , before being conquered like the rest of the Dhaka area by the Muslims, and became part of a province of the Delhi Sultanate administered from nearby Sonargaon. Eventually the armour-bearer Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah formed a short-lived sultanate centred at Sonargaon which included Narsingdi, but he was soon defeated by the Ilyas Shahi dynasty. Then Narsingdi became part of

1100-527: The Rajtarangini for a watch station; or it is the same as Davaka, mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta as an eastern frontier kingdom. According to Rajatarangini written by a Kashmiri Brahman, Kalhana , the region was originally known as Dhakka . The word Dhakka means watchtower . Bikrampur and Sonargaon —the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers were situated nearby. So Dhaka

1155-782: The Sufi saint Shah Fariduddin Masud, a follower of the Chishti order of Ajmer . Haji Shariatullah and Dudu Miyan led the conservative Faraizi movement in Faridpur during the early 19th century. The Faridpur District was established by the British in 1786. The Faridpur Subdivision was a part of Dacca Division in the Bengal Presidency established by the East India Company . The municipality of Faridpur

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1210-555: The independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the country had four divisions: Chittagong Division , Dacca Division, Khulna Division , and Rajshahi Division . In 1982, the English spelling of the Dacca Division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed into Dhaka Division to more closely match the Bengali pronunciation. The post-independence period witnessed rapid growth as Dhaka attracted migrant workers from across rural Bangladesh . In

1265-491: The 1990s and 2000s, Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns. Between 1990 and 2005, the city's population doubled from 6 million to 12 million. There has been increased foreign investment in the city, particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors. Dhaka Division consisted before 2015 of four city corporations , 13 districts, 123 upazilas and 1,248 union parishads. However, four of

1320-745: The Baro-Bhuiyans and the Mughals, the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi mentions the limits of the area bounded by the Ichamati River in the west, the Ganges in the south, the Tripura to the east; Alapsingh pargana (in present Mymensingh District ) and Baniachang (in greater Sylhet ) in the north. The Baro-Bhuiyans rose to power in this region and put up resistance to the Mughals, until Islam Khan Chisti made them submit in

1375-631: The Bengal Sultanate. It remained under the Bengal Sultanate until the Battle of Rajmahal, when the Mughals took control. However in truth the region remained under the control of the zamindar Isa Khan , who contested Mughal rule in East Bengal. After his death and the surrender of his son, the southern parts of what is now Narsingdi district became part of the Sarkar of Sonargaon while northern parts became part of

1430-676: The Bhawal estate. At its peak, the estate comprised over 1,500 square kilometer, which included 2,274 villages and around 55,000 villagers. On the southern side the notable township was Fatehabad located by a stream known as the Dead Padma, which was 32 kilometres (20 mi) from the main channel of the Padma River. Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah established a mint in Fatehabad during his reign in

1485-546: The Dhaka Division, the Dhaka District and Bangladesh . The division remains a population magnet, covers an area of 20,508.8 km with a population in excess of 44 million, It is the most populous country second level division of the world, growing at 1.94% rate since prior count, compared with national average of 1.22%. However, national figures may include data skewing expatriation of male labor force as gender ratio

1540-469: The Indian sub-continent. The site sprawls across Wari and Bateshwar, two adjacent villages in the Belabo Upazila of Narsingdi district, about 17 km north-west of the confluence of the rivers Old Brahmaputra and Meghna at the lower end of Sylhet basin. Borehole records show that the site lies on the remnants of a Pleistocene fluvial terrace about 15 metre above sea level and 6-8 metre above

1595-778: The Mughal Court designated him as the ruler of Bhati. Mughal histories, mainly the Akbarnama , the Ain-i-Akbari and the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi refers to the low-lying regions of Bengal as Bhati. This region includes the Bhagirathi to the Meghna River is Bhati, while others include Hijli, Jessore , Chandradwip and Barisal Division in Bhati. Keeping in view the theatre of warfare between

1650-696: The Sarkar of Bazuha. After the East India Company conquered Bengal, they made the region part of the Dacca District. In 1984, as part of the ongoing decentralisation programme, Narsingdi was made a separate district. The district is situated in the floodplain of the Old Brahmaputra and the Meghna and is relatively flat. The terrain is made up almost entirely of alluvial soil. The Meghna , the Shitalakshya ,

1705-519: The Wari-Bateshwar people (and loss of bead culture) by a course change of the Old Brahmaputra River. Despite the lack of inscription or written records, symbols on the discovered artifacts shed light on the cultural elements of the Wari-Bateshwar society. The punch-marked coins bear the solar and six-armed symbols, mountain with three arches surmounted by a crescent, Nandipada or taurine symbol and various animal motifs and geometric figures. On

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1760-431: The availability of archeological artifacts, especially silver punch-marked coins and semi-precious gemstone beads in the area. In the 1930s, Hanif Pathan , a local school teacher, started collecting these artifacts, and later inspired his son Habibulla Pathan to continue the exploration. The father-son duo created a local museum called Bateshwar Sangrahashala to store and exhibit their collection. Habibulla Pathan published

1815-649: The current river level. The sediment consists of brownish red clay with interbedded sand layers, locally knows as Madhupur clay. The main stem of the Brahmaputra River shifted back and forth between the Brahmaputra- Jamuna and the Old Brahmaputra branches through history. Around 2500 BCE, avulsion of the main channel to the Brahmaputra-Jamuna branch gave rise to discontinuous peatlands throughout Sylhet basin. The evidence of early urban settlement on

1870-533: The early 15th century. Fatehabad continued to be a mint town of the Bengal Sultanate until 1538. In Ain-i-Akbari , it was named as Haweli Mahal Fatehabad during the reign of Emperor Akbar in the Mughal Empire . The Portuguese cartographer João de Barros mentioned it as Fatiabas . The Dutch map of Van den Brouck described it as Fathur . By the 19th century, the town was renamed as Faridpur in honour of

1925-469: The early 20th century. British neglect of Dhaka's urban development was overturned with the first partition of Bengal in 1905, which restored Dhaka's status as a regional capital. The city became the seat of government for Eastern Bengal and Assam , with a jurisdiction covering most of modern-day Bangladesh and all of what is now Northeast India . The partition was the brainchild of Lord Curzon , who finally acted on British ideas for partitioning Bengal with

1980-659: The economy. Quality banana is also found here. The biggest and renowned HAAT (textile market) of Bangladesh is located here at Madhabdi which is known as Shekherchaur / Babur Haat. Sugarcane also grows well. There is a sugar mill in Palash Thana named Deshbondho sugar mill. There are two urea fertilizer industries in Palash and Ghorashal.--> Wari-Bateshwar ruins The Wari-Bateshwar ( Bengali : উয়ারী-বটেশ্বর , Uari-Boŧeśśor ) ruins in Narsingdi , Dhaka Division , Bangladesh

2035-562: The main channel of the Brahmaputra, it merges into the Meghna at the corner of the district. The Shitalakshya river forms the western border of the district. A distributary of the Old Brahmaputra, it flows southwest along the Narsingdi district border before entering Narayanganj district. There are six upazilas, or subdivisions, in the Narsingdi district. According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh , Narsingdi District had 621,511 households and

2090-563: The most northerly of the 17 districts were removed in 2015 to create the new Mymensingh Division , and another five districts (those situated to the south of the Ganges / Padma River ) are in the process of being removed to create a new Faridpur Division . Note: * revised area and its population after excluding the districts transferred to the new Mymensingh Division . Census figures for 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2022 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2022 Census figures are based on preliminary results. Muslims are

2145-438: The next two decades that marked 48 archeological sites in the vicinity of the citadel. These suburban structures feature brick-built dwelling units, and a 160 m section of a street paved with lime-mortar and potshards. In 2004, a 2.60 m x 2.20 m x 0.52 pit-dwelling complex was unearthed to the east of the urban center. The complex houses a pit, a hearth, a granary with a circumference of 272 cm and depth of 74 cm, and

2200-574: The nobles of Bengal became fiercely independent. Sulaiman Khan Karrani carved out an independent principality in the Bhati region comprising a part of greater Dhaka district and parts of Mymensingh district . During that period Taj Khan Karrani and another Afghan chieftain helped Isa Khan to obtain an estate in Sonargaon and Mymensingh in 1564. By winning the grace of the Afghan chieftain, Isa Khan gradually increased his strength and status and by 1571,

2255-459: The old Brahmaputra , Arial Kha, Haridhoa, and Paharea are some of the main rivers that flow through this district. The Meghna lies on the east of the district, forming the border with Brahmanbaria district. Towards the top of the district it splits into two channels, which remerge downstream, creating an island in the middle. The Old Brahmaputra river forms the northern border of the district with Kishoreganj district as it flows southeast. Formerly

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2310-421: The other hand, Nandipada and Swastika symbols are found on stone querns. These symbols indicate the presence of "Hinduism" in the Wari-Bateshwar society. Archaeobotanical study of carbonized seed and seed fragments reveals the predominance of rice agriculture. The subspecies cultivated was japonica rather than Indica , the more dominant cultivar in contemporary South India. Other crops included barley, oat,

2365-484: The peatlands at Wari-Bateshwar was found in stratigraphic layers dated ~1100 BCE. Human occupation continued for nearly a millennium until ~200 BCE, when the channel shifted back to the Old Brahmaputra branch. The resultant flooding possibly led to the abandonment of the Wari-Bateshwar urban center around 100 BCE. Eventually the 1762 Arakan earthquake again caused the main channel to shift to the Brahmaputra-Jamuna branch. Locals from Wari-Bateshwar have long been aware of

2420-531: The reign of Jahangir . Throughout his reign Isa Khan put resistance against Mughal invasion. It was only after his death, when the region went totally under Mughals . Isa Khan was buried in the village of Bakhtarpur . Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1610 with a jurisdiction covering modern-day Bangladesh and eastern India , including the modern-day Indian states of West Bengal , Bihar and Orissa . This province

2475-689: The successful quelling of the mutiny. It bestowed privileges on the Dhaka Nawab Family, which dominated the city's political and social elite. In 1885, the Dhaka State Railway was opened with a 144 km metre gauge (1000 mm) rail line connecting Mymensingh and the Port of Narayanganj through Dhaka. The city later became a hub of the Eastern Bengal State Railway . The electricity supply began in 1901. Dhaka's fortunes changed in

2530-430: The upkeep of the Mughal Navy. The Naib Nazim was in charge of the Dhaka Division, which included Dhaka, Comilla , and Chittagong. Dhaka Division was one of the four divisions under the Nawabs of Bengal. The Nawabs of Bengal allowed European trading companies to establish factories across Bengal. The region then became a hotbed for European rivalries. The British moved to oust the last independent Nawab of Bengal in 1757, who

2585-422: Was 508. Narsingdi is a densely industrial area and is home to many textile mills. Narsingdi gas field is located in the Shibpur upazila under Narsingdi district adjacent to the Dhaka-Sylhet highway about 45 km away of northern most east direction from capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka. This field was discovered by Petrobangla in 1990. Total recoverable gas reserves of this field re-estimated by Hydrocarbon Unit

2640-417: Was allied with the French. Due to the defection of Nawab's army chief Mir Jafar to the British side, the last Nawab lost the Battle of Plassey . In the northern part of the Dhaka division, Bhawal Estate was a large zamindari in Bengal (in modern-day Gazipur , Bangladesh) until it was abolished according to East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950 . In the late 17th century, Daulat Ghazi

2695-415: Was established in 1869. The subdivision covered modern day Faridpur, Rajbari , Madaripur , Shariatpur and Gopalganj districts (collectively known as Greater Faridpur). It was included in Eastern Bengal and Assam during the British Raj between 1905 and 1912. During the Indian mutiny of 1857 , Dhaka witnessed revolts by the Bengal Army . Direct rule by the British crown was established following

2750-457: Was known as Bengal Subah . The city was founded during the reign of Emperor Jahangir . Emperor Shah Jahan visited Dhaka in 1624 and stayed in the city for a week, four years before he became emperor in 1628. Dhaka became one of the richest and greatest cities in the world during the early period of Bengal Subah (1610-1717). The prosperity of Dhaka reached its peak during the administration of governor Shaista Khan (1644-1677 and 1680–1688). Rice

2805-483: Was most likely used as the watchtower for the fortification purpose. The history of urban settlements in the area of modern-day Dhaka dates to the first millennium. The region was part of the ancient district of Bikrampur , which was ruled by the Sena dynasty . The ancient city of Dholsamudra in present-day Gazipur served as one of the capitals of the Buddhist Pala Empire . In the sixth century, forts were built in Toke and Ekdala which continued to be used as late as

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2860-432: Was opened on 28 April 1954. The first local airline Orient Airways began flights between Dhaka and Karachi on 6 June 1954. The Dhaka Improvement Trust was established in 1956 to coordinate the city's development. The first master plan for the city was drawn up in 1959. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization established a medical research centre (now called ICDDR,B ) in the city in 1960. After independence, Following

2915-416: Was the first Mughal governor to reside in the city. Khan named it "Jahangir Nagar" ( The City of Jahangir ) in honour of the Emperor Jahangir. The name was dropped soon after the English conquered. Dhaka became home to one of the richest elites in Mughal India. Under the Nawabs of Bengal, the Naib Nazim of Dhaka was in charge of the city. The Naib Nazim was the deputy governor of Bengal. He also dealt with

2970-546: Was the zamindar of the Ghazi estate of Bhawal. Bala Ram was Diwan of Daulat Ghazi. In 1704, as the consequence of change in the policy of revenue collection, Bala Ram's son Sri Krishna was installed as the zamindar of Bhawal by Murshid Quli Khan . Since then, through acquisitions the zamindari expanded. The family turned into the proprietor of the whole Bhawal pargana after purchasing the zamindari of J. Wise, an indigo grower for Rs 4,46,000. In 1878, British Raj conferred Raja title to Zamindar Kalinarayan Roy Chowdhury who oversaw

3025-531: Was then sold at eight maunds per rupee. Thomas Bowrey, an English merchant sailor who visited the city between 1669 and 1670, wrote that the city was 40 miles in circuit. He estimated the city to be more populated than London with 900,000 people. Bengal became the economic engine of the Mughal Empire. Dhaka played a key role in the proto-industrialisation of Bengal. It was the centre of the muslin trade in Bengal , leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets as far away as Central Asia . Islam Khan I

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