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121-480: The Naples Metro ( Italian : Metropolitana di Napoli ) is a rapid transit system serving the city of Naples , Campania , Italy and some parts of the adjacent comuni of its metropolitan area through Line 11 . The system comprises three underground rapid transit lines ( Line 1 , Line 6 and Line 11 ). It is the third largest underground network in Italy, behind Milan and Rome . In 1911, construction on

242-619: A cultural point of interest as well as a transportation hub. The Garibaldi station on Line 1 of the Naples Metro, designed by the French architect Dominique Perrault, exemplifies modern and functional architecture. Serving the city's railway area and the Duchesca and Vasto districts, the station features a large perforated teflon metal pergola providing shade to the underground square below, where numerous commercial activities are planned. The interior of

363-408: A dynamic and interactive effect. The Università station, designed by Karim Rashid and Alessandro Mendini and inaugurated on March 26, 2011, celebrates the digital age and information. Colorful and eclectic, the station employs materials like Corian and mirrored steel, with a strong chromatic contrast between hot pink and lime, guiding passengers visually. Numerous artworks adorn the station, such as

484-600: A funicular line. After several years of discussions, in 1966, the EAV proposed the construction of a metro system connecting Piazza Matteotti with Piazza Medaglie d'Oro, with provision for further extension to the Hospital in Colli Aminei . The following year the council approved the EAV's "white paper" for the project. By 1968, a commission had been undertaken to plan and study possible routes and station locations, and they determined that

605-453: A further 30 km (19 mi) of new light rail ( tram lines) linking 114 stations, with 21 interchanges, and 24 bus interchanges to be completed by 2011. The plan called for 70% of Neapolitans to be living within 500 metres of a transport access point by 2011. In conjunction with the regional government of Campania, the comune government of Naples incorporated a new fully state-controlled joint-stock corporation called Metronapoli , which

726-550: A huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages— ciao is derived from the Venetian word s-cia[v]o ("slave", that is "your servant"), panettone comes from the Lombard word panetton , etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when

847-464: A little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when varieties of Chinese are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their mother tongue in 2016. Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of

968-657: A local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from Vulgar Latin over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but sister languages of Italian. Mutual intelligibility with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels ( phonology , morphology , syntax , lexicon , pragmatics ) and are classified typologically as distinct languages. The standard Italian language has

1089-451: A loop, and bring easier access to the city centre for residents of Chiaiano , Piscinola , and Scampia . The operational route has a declared average frequency of one service every 7 minutes (from 6 AM to 9 PM), occasionally enhanced during peak weekday hours to every 6 minutes, while during other time slots (from 9 PM to end of service) it operates every 11 minutes. The line spans 18.8 kilometres (11.7 mi) with 19 stations, covering

1210-603: A modern commuter rail, and also the Cumana railway became relevant for the commuter transport. In 1962, the Circumflegrea railway was opened. Construction of the first underground metro railway ( Line 1 ) began in 1976, and the first part opened on 28 March 1993. Initially called the Metropolitana Collinare ("Hills metro") it ran for 4 km (2.5 mi) between Colli Aminei and Vanvitelli . Two years later, in 1995,

1331-446: A new Piano Comunale dei Trasporti di Napoli (City Transport Plan) which called for a review of the network, improved controls over maintenance expenditure and general finances, a new tariff control system and better management of the urban rail network of Naples. The transport plan called for a three phase major redevelopment. Phase 1 would involve an expansion to a total of five lines, including major redevelopment of Line 1 , and take

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1452-645: A poetic and literary origin in the works of Tuscan writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance vernacular as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as

1573-554: A public building from the Augustan period and a medieval marble fountain with graffiti. Important elements of the ancient Gymnasium were also discovered, such as columns, mosaic floors, and slabs with inscriptions of winners from the Isolympics. Finally, at Garibaldi station , discoveries included Roman walls and remnants of pre-Risanamento foundations, providing new insights into the southeastern perimeter of ancient Neapolis. The line

1694-417: A renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as questione della lingua (i.e., the problem of the language ), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving

1815-558: A result. Starting in late medieval times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the Renaissance with the strength of Italy and the rise of humanism and the arts . Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of

1936-413: A seven-vowel system, consisting of /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/ , as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from Vulgar Latin . Some examples: Line 1 (Naples Metro) The line is in the process of being upgraded and expanded. When the upgrading works are completed, Line 1 will connect 27 stations and form

2057-474: A single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer mutually intelligible ; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility

2178-670: A single tunnel containing both tracks, except for special sections like those connecting Montedonzelli and Piscinola Scampia stations, where trains run in separate tunnels. In the oldest section from Colli Aminei to Vanvitelli , the tracks are laid on a gravel bed, while in other sections, the tracks rest directly on a concrete base inside the tunnels. Train circulation generally follows the right-hand track, in line with typical metro network conventions. In case of emergencies or disruptions, trains can reverse direction at designated stations such as Capodichino , Vanvitelli, and Università . The unique geological and hydrogeological conditions of

2299-564: A special exhibition of models and multimedia presentations was held at Castel dell'Ovo to showcase all of the planned improvements to the Metropolitana di Napoli network, and was extremely well received by locals. Line 6 , which is categorized as a " light metro " line, opened in February 2007, running on 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) of route and serving 4 stations. In 2009, Line 11 extended to Aversa Centro station . On 28 March 2011, Line 1

2420-517: A total of 423 stations on the network within Campania. On 14 April 2001, service on Line 1 was extended from Vanvitelli to Museum ( Museo ) station. In 2005, Line 11 opened between Piscinola and Mugnano stations. On 3 December 2005, the CIPE (Interdepartmental Committee for Economic Planning) announced over €600 million worth of funding to be spent the Metropolitana di Napoli network. €323 million

2541-519: A travel time of 34 minutes. Due to the complex terrain of Naples, the line features significant gradients. The route itself is intricate: there is a section where the metro negotiates a very tight and steep curve, and another where it passes through the same point as before but at a greater depth. Much of the journey is underground, except for the Colli Aminei-Piscinola-Scampia section, which runs on viaducts with elevated stations. Known as

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2662-504: A united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the Tuscan and Roman dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to

2783-427: Is 89% with French, 87% with Catalan , 85% with Sardinian , 82% with Spanish, 80% with Portuguese , 78% with Ladin , 77% with Romanian . Estimates may differ according to sources. One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing phonology , inflection , discourse , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation ), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin

2904-668: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . Italian is the least divergent language from Latin , together with Sardinian (meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most conservative Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in Italy , San Marino , Switzerland ( Ticino and

3025-729: Is also spoken by a minority in Monaco and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in Savoy and in Nice until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the Treaty of Turin , a development that triggered the " Niçard exodus ", or the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy, and the Niçard Vespers . Giuseppe Garibaldi complained about

3146-447: Is entirely underground starting from Colli Aminei station , while preceding sections are elevated on viaducts. The track gauge used is 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ), with electric traction powered by direct current at 1500 V DC via an overhead catenary. Each station is equipped with two side platforms serving specific directions, except in cases of operational limitations. Stations are designed with

3267-528: Is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian . As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive. Italian is the official language of Italy and San Marino and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in Switzerland (after German and French; see Swiss Italian ), although its use there has moderately declined since

3388-455: Is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it

3509-498: Is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and a local language of Italy , most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. Italian is a major language in Europe, being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of

3630-410: Is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around

3751-553: Is planned for further such exhibits at Duomo and Municipio Porto . The Duomo station is also expected to include the remains of an ancient Roman temple . In 2001, the line was extended from Vanvitelli to Museo near the National Archaeological Museum , where it connects with Piazza Cavour on Line 2 by an underground walkway. The line was extended to Dante in the heart of the city in 2002 with an intermediate station at Materdei opening in 2003. In 2011,

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3872-626: Is the main working language of the Holy See , serving as the lingua franca (common language) in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . Italian has a significant use in musical terminology and opera with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with vowels , and

3993-517: Is underway on Line 1 between Garibaldi and Capodichino ( Naples International Airport ). By 2027, Line 1 will become a circular line of 25 km (15.5 mi). In December 2024, Centro Direzionale station is set to be inaugurated. On Line 2 , the Galileo Ferraris Station is under construction. On Line 11 , extension work is underway after Aversa Centro station. In July 2020, a new 13 km (8.1 mi), 13 station metro line

4114-538: Is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are Cocoliche , an Italian–Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires , and Lunfardo . The Rioplatense Spanish dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as

4235-501: The Il Globo (Australia) and the La gazzetta del Sud Africa (South Africa). Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any given time. For example,

4356-936: The La Voce del Popolo ( Croatia ), the Corriere d'Italia (Germany), the L'italoeuropeo (United Kingdom), the Passaparola ( Luxembourg ), the America Oggi (United States), the Corriere Canadese and the Corriere Italiano (Canada), the Il punto d'incontro (Mexico), the L'Italia del Popolo ( Argentina ), the Fanfulla (Brazil), the Gente d'Italia ( Uruguay ), the La Voce d'Italia ( Venezuela ),

4477-475: The Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (Transport Agency of Milan) had become involved, assisting Azienda Napoletana Mobilità (Transportation Agency of Naples) in trying to formulate an alternative draft plan. Submissions made in both 1970 and 1971 for further funding towards construction were both refused. A breakthrough was achieved in 1972, with a funding of 42 million lire approved, on the proviso that

4598-672: The Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama of Northern Italy , the Italo-Dalmatian , Neapolitan and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco- Occitan influences introduced to Italy mainly by bards from France during the Middle Ages, but after the Norman conquest of southern Italy , Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in

4719-816: The Grisons ), Corsica , and Vatican City . It has official minority status in Croatia , Slovenian Istria , and the municipalities of Santa Tereza and Encantado in Brazil . Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian

4840-649: The Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese ). Italian is widely spoken in Malta , where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see Maltese Italian ). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. Italian language in Slovenia is an officially recognized minority language in

4961-763: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as city-states . Those dialects now have considerable variety . As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian . The most characteristic differences, for instance, between Roman Italian and Milanese Italian are syntactic gemination of initial consonants in some contexts and

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5082-687: The Most Innovative Approach to Station Development Award in London , triumphing over three hundred competitors. Planning for Line 1 began in 1963, when the Ente Autonomo del Volturno (EAV) proposed a new funicular line to connect Vomero with the Museum . However the Commissione Comunale dei Trasporti (Municipal Transportation Commission) decided to investigate alternative possibilities to

5203-539: The Placiti Cassinesi from the province of Benevento that date from 960 to 963, although the Veronese Riddle , probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The Commodilla catacomb inscription is also a similar case. The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after

5324-514: The Western Roman Empire's fall in the 5th century. The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri , written in his native Florentine . Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the Commedia , to which another Tuscan poet Giovanni Boccaccio later affixed

5445-566: The "hillside metro" ( metro collinare ), Line 1 serves various hilly areas of the city, including Vomero , Colli Aminei , and the hospital district (Zona ospedaliera) As of July 2024, construction is underway for the segments from Garibaldi to Capodichino and from Piscinola Scampia to Di Vittorio , completing the loop. It intersects with Line 2 at Museo - Piazza Cavour and Garibaldi stations, with Metro Line 6 at Municipio Porto station and with Metro Line 11 at Piscinola Scampia station . In 2009, its art-themed stations earned Line 1

5566-519: The 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture. As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia. From

5687-506: The 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry. Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and

5808-549: The 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two cantons : Ticino and Grisons . In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the Italian Grisons . Ticino, which includes Lugano , the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in Vatican City . Italian

5929-558: The Conversational profile pillars, the Ikon light box, and the Synapsi sculpture, symbolizing communication and human intelligence. The Municipio station, designed by Álvaro Siza and Eduardo Souto de Moura, is notable for the numerous historical and archaeological findings discovered during excavations. These artifacts, including remnants of the ancient port of Neapolis and the fortifications of

6050-417: The Italian dialects has declined in the modern era , as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, diglossia is still frequently encountered in Italy and triglossia is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of code-switching and code-mixing . Notes: Italian has

6171-485: The Italian language into a lingua franca used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the bourgeoisie . Italian literature's first modern novel, I promessi sposi ( The Betrothed ) by Alessandro Manzoni , further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the Arno " ( Florence 's river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. After unification,

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6292-553: The Maschio Angioino, have been integrated into the station structure, transforming it into a museum as well as a transportation hub. The Toledo station, designed by Óscar Tusquets Blanca and inaugurated on September 17, 2012, is conceived to evoke a journey underwater. Extending to approximately 50 meters deep, the station's design includes features like the "Crater de luz," a large cone that spans all levels, and artistic installations such as Robert Wilson's "Relative light" and "By

6413-550: The Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the Medici Bank , humanism , and the Renaissance made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts. The Renaissance era, known as il Rinascimento in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both renaissance (from French) and rinascimento (Italian). During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from

6534-504: The National Archaeological Museum of Naples through a moving walkway. Also designed by Gae Aulenti, the station features reproductions of important classical artworks and photographs that preview the treasures of the nearby museum. Finally, the Materdei station, designed by Alessandro Mendini and opened in 2003, features an entrance adorned with mosaics, a large yellow and green star, and contemporary artworks that enrich travelers' experiences with vibrant colors and geometric forms. During

6655-444: The case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time ( Late Middle Ages ) gave its language weight, although Venetian remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and Ligurian (or Genoese) remained in use in maritime trade alongside

6776-504: The city influenced the construction of the line, leading to the adoption of various engineering solutions to address the terrain characteristics, including layers of tuff and other typical rock formations of the area. The operational line spans 18.8 kilometres (11.7 mi) (and will be approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) upon completion) with nineteen stations. Extension work is underway between Garibaldi and Capodichino ( Naples International Airport ). By 2024, Line 1 will become

6897-455: The colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the Italian Eritreans grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the Italian School of Asmara (Italian primary school with a Montessori department) and the Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" (Italian international senior high school). Italian

7018-539: The council was forced to apply for loans for the continuation of construction. The following year, the contract for the construction of the stretch from Colli Aminei to Piscinola proceeded, with funds allocated by the Comune di Napoli council and Campania regional government, and in May 1985, the stretch between Piazza Medaglie d'Oro and Colli Aminei. Between 1986 and 1988, sections of line from Colli Aminei to Vanvitelli , Piscinola Scampia and Salvator Rosa were completed. After thirteen years of work,

7139-405: The country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after World War II following the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus , which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the Republic of Ragusa from 1492 to 1807. It formerly had official status in Albania due to the annexation of

7260-408: The country to the Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to

7381-446: The country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s. Italian was the official language of Eritrea during Italian colonisation . Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, Asmara , still has several Italian schools, established during

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7502-415: The country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians ( Istrian Italians ) in Slovenia (0.11% of the total population). Italian language in Croatia is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ) in

7623-526: The design and construction of stations within the regional railway network. The goal pursued by the authorities is to build stations that are both functional and simultaneously serve as beautiful and comfortable community hubs; concurrently, there is an aim to urbanistically revitalize the surrounding areas. Art Stations feature numerous contemporary artworks specifically designed for the stations by internationally renowned artists as well as emerging local architects. These stations have been recognized as some of

7744-464: The design and fashion industries, in some sports such as football and especially in culinary terms. In Italy, almost all the other languages spoken as the vernacular —other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " Italian dialects ", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects of Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date

7865-420: The diffusion of Italian television in the country. Due to heavy Italian influence during the Italian colonial period , Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in Libya since colonial rule , Italian greatly declined under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi , who expelled the Italian Libyan population and made Arabic the sole official language of

7986-420: The educated gentlemen was to make the Grand Tour , visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages Latin and Greek were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until

8107-409: The establishment of Italian, and as such are sister languages to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered " historical language minorities ", which are officially recognized as distinct minority languages by

8228-404: The excavation works for the Naples Metro, numerous archaeological finds spanning various historical periods of the city of Naples have been unearthed. These discoveries, ranging from prehistoric times to the Aragonese era, have been displayed in the Neapolis Station, a small museum integrated into the National Archaeological Museum of Naples. The main excavations focused on the southern stations of

8349-433: The fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy. Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the Kingdom of Naples , or Austria in

8470-510: The first section of the line, between the stations of Vanvitelli and Colli Aminei , opened on 23 March 1993. On 19 July 1995, the line was extended to Piscinola – Scampia . A large length of Line 1 runs along the coast of the Gulf of Naples , and some is parallel to the ancient city wall. Much of the area through which it has been constructed is archaeologically rich, and many objects have been recovered during its construction. Currently these objects are displayed in Museo station , and it

8591-410: The free website and application Duolingo has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language. According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in

8712-489: The importance and activity of the port in ancient Neapolis. The discovery of well-preserved Roman barges underscored Naples' strategic and commercial significance during Roman times. At Università station , excavation works uncovered remains of a Byzantine fortification and architectural elements from the imperial era, such as a Corinthian capital and marble slabs depicting sacrifice scenes and legionary figures. Duomo station yielded significant finds, including remains of

8833-483: The island of Corsica (but not in the neighbouring Sardinia , which on the contrary underwent Italianization well into the late 18th century, under Savoyard sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the Sardinians , would therein make for a rather slow process of assimilation to the Italian cultural sphere ). The rediscovery of Dante's De vulgari eloquentia , as well as

8954-563: The language has a 7-vowel sound system ('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and long consonants and gemination (doubling) of consonants. During the Middle Ages , the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the Italian Peninsula , as in most of Europe, most would instead speak

9075-631: The language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in Argentina after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In Venezuela , Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In Uruguay , people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of

9196-491: The late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German. John Milton , for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. Within the Catholic Church , Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. Italian loanwords continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in

9317-525: The late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil, where Talian

9438-514: The law. On the other hand, Corsican (a language spoken on the French island of Corsica ) is closely related to medieval Tuscan , from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural changes that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages: substrata, superstrata, and adstrata . The most prevalent were substrata (the language of

9559-412: The line be extended to connect Naples central railway station . As a result of the breakthrough, in 1972, Metropolitana di Napoli was formed with 1,2 million lire of operating capital and a new revised proposal for the project was submitted. However, despite the earlier promises that were made, the Italian government decided to block the funds. By 1974, it was decided that the responsibility for funding

9680-452: The line reached Università with an intermediate station at Toledo opening in September 2013 which won the prize as one of the most impressive and most beautiful European stations. In 2013, the line finally reached Garibaldi beside the central train station with an intermediate station Municipio opening near the city hall in 2015. In 2021, the intermediate station Duomo

9801-409: The line was extended to reach Piscinola giving an overall track length of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). Although progress had been made from the early setbacks and problems, it was still apparent by 1997 that the network suffered badly from the lack of network integration and poor connections, as well as the fact that large areas of Naples were not close to stations. In 1997, the city government drew up

9922-483: The line, particularly at Toledo, Municipio, Università, and Duomo. For instance, at Toledo station, artifacts ranging from the prehistoric to the Byzantine-Aragonese periods were found, including fragments of building fortifications and a paleosol with traces of Neolithic plowing. At Piazza Municipio, excavations revealed an ancient Roman port with shipwrecks, amphorae, coins, and other artifacts attesting to

10043-658: The metro network are the daily and weekly tickets, as well as the monthly and annual passes issued by ANM (for Lines 1 and 6) and EAV (for line 11), in addition to integrated tickets and passes from the UnicoCampania system. Line 1 operates from 6:00 AM, with service ending around 1:30 AM on Fridays and Saturdays, and at 11:00 PM from Sunday to Thursday. Headways on Line 1 are generally between 7–10 minutes. Commercial speeds on Line 1 are 32 km/h (20 mph). Line 6 begins service daily at 7:30 AM and, as of August 2024, temporarily ends around 3:00 PM, with plans to extend

10164-459: The metro, numerous archaeological artifacts were discovered. These artifacts, dating back to prehistoric, Greek , Roman, Byzantine, Medieval, and Aragonese periods, provide excellent testimony to ancient Naples. They are currently displayed at the Neapolis Station , a small museum space that is part of the larger complex of the National Archaeological Museum of Naples . The six stations where

10285-418: The most artifacts were uncovered, located on the lower section of Lines 1 and 6, are: Salvator Rosa , Toledo , Municipio Porto , Università , Duomo and Chiaia . [REDACTED] Media related to Naples metro at Wikimedia Commons Italian language Italian ( italiano , pronounced [itaˈljaːno] , or lingua italiana , pronounced [ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna] )

10406-495: The most beautiful in Europe. Museo station (Stazione Museo) also displays archaeological remains and exhibits that were unearthed during the construction of the station, while others have been transferred to the Naples National Archaeological Museum above the station, from which it is named. Another initiative started in 2008 was to provide free books for riders on the network. During the excavation of

10527-412: The nation was unified in 1861. Italian is a Romance language , a descendant of Vulgar Latin (colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on Tuscan , especially its Florentine dialect , and is, therefore, an Italo-Dalmatian language , a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct Dalmatian . According to Ethnologue , lexical similarity

10648-432: The network up to 53 km (33 mi) of track (45 km (28 mi) of existing lines), with 68 stations (23 newly built), and 12 interchange nodes, to be completed by 2001. Phase 2 was designed to increase the network to 7 lines, with 84 stations, and 16 interchange nodes, plus 10 bus interchanges, to be completed by 2007. Phase 3 would see the network expanded to 10 rail lines with 93 km (58 mi) of track, and

10769-408: The number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread. Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the Italian Peninsula , as well as the prestige variety used on

10890-630: The openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations andà , annà and nare replace the standard Italian andare in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go"). There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate languages rather than variants of

11011-584: The original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called Regional Italian , are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors:

11132-453: The other hand, almost everyone still speaks the Corsican idiom , which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it

11253-406: The population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after World War II , contributed to

11374-526: The project and the foundation stone for Medaglie d'Oro station was laid on 22 December 1976. In 1978, it was decided that the line could be extended to Scampia and Piscinola , and the funding was provided by the European Community . By 1980, the line had reached Piazza Vanvitelli , but on 23 November of that year, the Irpinia earthquake struck nearby Conza , causing extensive damage and loss of life. It

11495-415: The project should fall on the regional government, not the Italian government. A new budget of 10 million lire was made available. On Christmas Eve 1974, the new proposals were finally given approval. Between 1975 and 1977, the project was again delayed as an Interministerial Commission was conducted as part of governmental scrutiny processes. In 1976 the municipal council finally granted the money to implement

11616-518: The proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the Italian diaspora beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to Italy, often more educated than when they had left. Although use of

11737-528: The pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g. va bene "all right" is pronounced [vabˈbɛːne] by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), [vaˈbeːne] by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line ); a casa "at home" is [akˈkaːsa] for Roman, [akˈkaːsa] or [akˈkaːza] for standard, [aˈkaːza] for Milanese and generally northern. In contrast to

11858-505: The provision for temporary displays. With the construction and enhancement of the various lines, the Municipality of Naples launched the Stazioni dell'arte (Piano delle 100 stazioni) , which involves commissioning well-known contemporary artists and architects to design the stations. Subsequently, the Campania region issued a resolution (Resolution of 19/05/2006 No. 637) outlining guidelines for

11979-415: The publication of Agnolo Monosini 's Latin tome Floris italicae linguae libri novem in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612. An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by Napoleon in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed

12100-529: The referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the Italian Savoyards ) took refuge in Italy in the following years. Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1769 after the Treaty of Versailles . Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the " Corsican Italians " within Italy when Rome

12221-539: The sea... you and me," recreating a marine environment. The Dante station, designed by Gae Aulenti and inaugurated on March 27, 2002, is located beneath the square of the same name and preserves the eighteenth-century layout of the area. The station interior showcases artworks by contemporary artists like Carlo Alfano, Joseph Kosuth, Michelangelo Pistoletto, and Jannis Kounellis, demonstrating how art can seamlessly integrate with architecture and urban design. The Museo station, inaugurated in 2001, connects Line 1 with

12342-405: The service into the late evening hours once fully operational. Finally, for Line 11 , the service starts daily at 6:00 AM and concludes at 10:00 PM. These schedules are maintained consistently throughout the year without interruptions. Line 1 and 6 have been renamed "Metrò dell'Arte" (Art Metros) reflecting the fact that ten stations exhibit works of art. These include both permanent exhibits and

12463-475: The station utilizes satin and glossy steel, accented with bright orange details, creating a luminous environment thanks to a transparent glass roof that allows natural light to reach nearly down to the platform level, situated approximately 40 meters deep. Two large artworks by Michelangelo Pistoletto, titled "Stazione," are installed near the escalators, featuring mirrored steel panels with serigraphed photographs of passengers, blending static and reflected images for

12584-412: The subway would be about 4.5 km long and have 12 stations, with an average distance between stations of 375m. On the day the project was due to be approved by the council, the EAV attempted to submit an updated version of the draft asking for concessions for construction and operation but was refused, and the project immediately stalled. A further year and a half passed with no progress made. By 1971,

12705-464: The teachings of the Roman Catholic Church began to be understood from new perspectives as humanists —individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the printing press in the 15th century,

12826-463: The title Divina , were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and

12947-529: The total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the L'Osservatore Romano ( Vatican City ), the L'Informazione di San Marino ( San Marino ), the Corriere del Ticino and the laRegione Ticino ( Switzerland ),

13068-417: The urban rail transport network of Naples as part of a planned massive re-invigoration of public transport in the Campania region, on 1 February 2001. The regional government announced a rivoluzione del ferro (rail revolution) which involved a planned expansion of the region's network at a cost of €3.8 billion, and would see the construction of 1,400 km (870 mi) of new tracks and 80 new stations for

13189-537: The urban section of the Rome–Formia–Naples railway , the Villa Literno–Napoli Gianturco railway was commenced, and although it was suspended for the duration of World War I , the line was eventually opened on 28 September 1925 as an urban railway service line, the first in Italy. This service is now known as Line 2 . After World War II , the existing Circumvesuviana railway was upgraded to

13310-637: The working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the third-most-widely spoken native language in the European Union (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the United Kingdom ) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian

13431-512: Was 99% controlled by the comune and 1% controlled by ANM (Azienda Napoletana Mobilità), with a mission statement of: "providing an efficient public rail transport service of quality to the city". In 2000, a new line, Line 9, was proposed. Intended to connect the National Archaeological Museum via the Museo di Capodimonte , providing an alternative route to part of Line 1 , the project was abandoned. Metronapoli took over responsibility for running

13552-473: Was allocated for Montesanto station ( Cumana and Circumflegrea ), €61.1 million for Quattro Giornate station ( Line 1 and Circumflegrea ), with both projects to be completed by 2010, as well as €119.7 million to be spent to improve the section of Line 1 between Capodichino and Centro Direzionale and €100 million for the San Pasquale – Municipio section. From 23 December 2006 to 20 February 2007,

13673-548: Was also introduced to Somalia through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the colonial period but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the Somali Civil War . Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million Americans are of Italian descent , only

13794-516: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy , but King Victor Emmanuel II did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak Corsican , which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. Francization occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on

13915-478: Was announced; Line 10 , linking Naples city centre to the Napoli Afragola railway station (which opened in 2017) via the adjacent city of Afragola . Construction on this line could begin as soon as 2025, and is expected to generate 150,000 daily passengers, or 43 million annually. To use the service for a single trip, an ANM type "B" single journey ticket is required, priced at 1.50 euros. Valid for travel on

14036-489: Was extended from Mergellina to Municipio . Azienda Napoletana Mobilità is currently responsible for the transport services and maintenance of Line 1 , Line 6 , pedestrian subways, and the funicular railways ( Chiaia , Mergellina and Montesanto ). Ente Autonomo Volturno is currently responsible for the transport services and maintenance of Line 11 and pedestrian subways. The Naples Metro currently operates on four lines. [REDACTED] Extension work

14157-602: Was extended from Museo station to Università . On 17 September 2012, the Toledo station between Dante and Università opened on Line 1. On 31 December 2013, Line 1 was extended to Garibaldi right next to the central train station. On 2 June 2015, the station Municipio (Town Hall) was opened between Università and Toledo on Line 1. In August 2021, Duomo Station began operating, its steel and glass dome delayed by subterranean archeological discoveries and related funding and construction pressures. On 16 July 2024, Line 6

14278-443: Was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian, whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951. Tullio De Mauro , an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of

14399-446: Was opened. Line 1 was operated by Metronapoli from July 2000 to 2013. In November 2013, operations of the Naples Metro was taken over by ANM . The Line 1 of the Naples Metro is renowned for its "art stations," featuring a significant artistic heritage. These stations are distinguished by the integration of contemporary artworks and installations created by internationally renowned artists. This initiative transforms each station into

14520-630: Was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860) . It formerly had official status in Montenegro (because of the Venetian Albania ), parts of Slovenia and Croatia (because of the Venetian Istria and Venetian Dalmatia ), parts of Greece (because of the Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands and by

14641-465: Was then advised that plans would have to be adapted to deal with possible future earthquakes. The European Union funded 33% of the total expenditure for this additions to the plans. However, in the mid 1990s, it emerged that elements of the Camorra had been involved in syphoning millions of lire of this funding. In 1983, further funding issues continually blocked and delayed construction work, and in 1984,

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