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38-478: First held in 2011, the race is also called the Naoko Takahashi Cup ( 高橋尚子杯 , Takahashi Naoko Hai ) , named after Naoko Takahashi , the retired local runner who won the marathon at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and broke the marathon world record in 2001, becoming the first woman to complete the distance in under two hours and twenty minutes. The first edition featured top level and popular sections for

76-572: A 4-week training period. Both groups initially completed 9–10 all-out sprints before total exhaustion . After the 4 week training period, the RSH group was able to complete 13 all out sprints before exhaustion and the RSN group only completed 9. Possible physiological advantages from RSH include compensatory vasodilation and regeneration of phosphocreatine (PCr). The body's tissues have the ability to sense hypoxia and induce vasodilation. The higher blood flow helps

114-405: A competitive advantage. Some athletes live permanently at high altitude, only returning to sea level to compete, but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts. Altitude training can be simulated through use of an altitude simulation tent , altitude simulation room , or mask-based hypoxicator system where the barometric pressure is kept the same, but the oxygen content

152-481: A greater number of red blood cells. Furthermore, exercising at high altitude has been shown to cause muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts, and improvement of mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle. In a study comparing rats active at high altitude versus rats active at sea level, with two sedentary control groups, it was observed that muscle fiber types changed according to homeostatic challenges which led to an increased metabolic efficiency during

190-524: A higher relative intensity at altitude. In repeated sprints in hypoxia (RSH), athletes run short sprints under 30 seconds as fast as they can. They experience incomplete recoveries in hypoxic conditions. The exercise to rest time ratio is less than 1:4, which means for every 30 second all out sprint, there is less than 120 seconds of rest. When comparing RSH and repeated sprints in normoxia (RSN), studies show that RSH improved time to fatigue and power output. RSH and RSN groups were tested before and after

228-462: A loss of muscle volume of the order of 10–15%. In the live-high, train-high regime, an athlete lives and trains at a desired altitude. The stimulus on the body is constant because the athlete is continuously in a hypoxic environment. Initially VO 2 max drops considerably: by around 7% for every 1000 m above sea level. Athletes will no longer be able to metabolize as much oxygen as they would at sea level. Any given velocity must be performed at

266-460: A number of companies who provide altitude training systems, most notably Hypoxico, Inc. who pioneered the artificial altitude training systems in the mid-1990s. A South African scientist named Neil Stacey has proposed the opposite approach, using oxygen enrichment to provide a training environment with an oxygen partial pressure even higher than at sea level. This method is intended to increase training intensity. Altitude training works because of

304-453: A scientist named Heikki Rusko has designed a "high-altitude house." The air inside the house, which is situated at sea level, is at normal pressure but modified to have a low concentration of oxygen, about 15.3% (below the 20.9% at sea level), which is roughly equivalent to the amount of oxygen available at the high altitudes often used for altitude training due to the reduced partial pressure of oxygen at altitude. Athletes live and sleep inside

342-448: A second time while South Africa's René Kalmer won the women's race. In 2013 the race gained IAAF Bronze Label status and attracted six-time World Half Marathon champion Zersenay Tadese , who set a course record of 60:31 minutes to dethrone Mathathi. Mestawet Tufa knocked three minutes of the women's course record with her run of 70:03 minutes. In 2015 Eunice Kirwa improved the women's course record to 69:37 minutes. The course for

380-445: A strong red blood cell response to altitude while others see little or no gain in red cell mass with chronic exposure. It is uncertain how long this adaptation takes because various studies have found different conclusions based on the amount of time spent at high altitudes. While EPO occurs naturally in the body, it is also made synthetically to help treat patients with kidney failure and to treat patients during chemotherapy . Over

418-530: Is a retired Japanese long-distance runner and Olympic gold medal -winning marathoner . She won the gold medal in the marathon at the 2000 Sydney Olympics , and at the 2001 Berlin Marathon she became the first woman to complete a marathon in under 2 hours and 20 minutes. Takahashi was born in Gifu , Gifu Prefecture on May 6, 1972, the eldest daughter of educator Yoshiaki Takahashi and his wife Shigeko. Her father

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456-408: Is impossible to train at the same intensity that one could at sea level, reducing the training effect and wasting training time due to altitude sickness . Altitude training can produce slow recovery due to the stress of hypoxia. Exposure to extreme hypoxia at altitudes above 16,000 feet (5,000 m) can lead to considerable deterioration of skeletal muscle tissue. Five weeks at this altitude leads to

494-484: Is reduced which also reduces the partial pressure of oxygen. Hypoventilation training , which consists of reducing the breathing frequency while exercising, can also mimic altitude training by significantly decreasing blood and muscle oxygenation. The study of altitude training was heavily delved into during and after the 1968 Olympics , which took place in Mexico City, Mexico : elevation 2,240 metres (7,349 ft). It

532-408: Is reduced. Depending on the protocols used, the body may acclimate to the relative lack of oxygen in one or more ways such as increasing the mass of red blood cells and hemoglobin , or altering muscle metabolism. Proponents claim that when such athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10–14 days, and this gives them

570-416: Is the practice by some endurance athletes of training for several weeks at high altitude , preferably over 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) above sea level , though more commonly at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable high-altitude locations. At intermediate altitudes, the air still contains approximately 20.9% oxygen , but the barometric pressure and thus the partial pressure of oxygen

608-431: Is typically defined as any elevation above 1,500 metres (5,000 ft). One suggestion for optimizing adaptations and maintaining performance is the live-high, train-low principle. This training idea involves living at higher altitudes in order to experience the physiological adaptations that occur, such as increased erythropoietin (EPO) levels, increased red blood cell levels, and higher VO 2 max , while maintaining

646-649: The Asian Games marathon in Bangkok with a time of 2:21:47 under very warm conditions. She finished more than 13 minutes ahead of the second place finisher. In March 2000, Takahashi earned a spot on Japan's Olympic women's marathon team after winning the Nagoya Women's Marathon in a time of 2:22:19. She went on to win the women's marathon at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney , with an Olympic record time of 2:23:14. It remained

684-522: The body, which elicits a variety of physiological changes in the body that occur at high altitude. The physiological adaptation that is mainly responsible for the performance gains achieved from altitude training, is a subject of discussion among researchers. Some, including American researchers Ben Levine and Jim Stray-Gundersen, claim it is primarily the increased red blood cell volume. Others, including Australian researcher Chris Gore, and New Zealand researcher Will Hopkins, dispute this and instead claim

722-638: The competition starts and finishes at the Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium . It has a single-looped format and mainly follows the Nagara River in the north and central parts of the city. The first section of the race heads south for 4 km, passing through the Yanagase shopping district, until it reaches the Golden Statue of Oda Nobunaga beside Gifu Station . The course then returns north and, upon reaching

760-413: The difference in atmospheric pressure between sea level and high altitude. At sea level, air is denser and there are more molecules of gas per litre of air. Regardless of altitude, air is composed of 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen. As the altitude increases, the pressure exerted by these gases decreases. Therefore, there are fewer molecules per unit volume: this causes a decrease in partial pressures of gases in

798-462: The fastest women's Olympic marathon until 2012 in London . Following her gold medal victory, Takahashi received the 2000 AIMS Best Marathon Runner Award as well as Japan's People's Honour Award . At the 2001 Berlin Marathon , Takahashi became the first woman to break the 2 hour 20 minute barrier, finishing in a world record time of 2:19:46 and more than eight minutes ahead of the second place finisher,

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836-668: The finals of the 1997 World Championships 5000 meter race in Athens , where she finished in 13th place. In March 1998, running in her second marathon, Takahashi set a Japanese women's record of 2:25:48 at the Nagoya Women's Marathon . Two months later, she won the 5000 meter race in the Osaka Japan Grand Prix with a time of 15:21. Later in December of that same year, Takahashi set a new Japanese women's marathon record when she won

874-520: The gains are primarily a result of other adaptions such as a switch to a more economic mode of oxygen utilization. At high altitudes, there is a decrease in oxygen hemoglobin saturation. This hypoxic condition causes hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) to become stable and stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone secreted by the kidneys , EPO stimulates red blood cell production from bone marrow in order to increase hemoglobin saturation and oxygen delivery. Some athletes demonstrate

912-490: The half marathon as well as a shorter 3-kilometre fun run . All the funds raised during the event went towards the reconstruction effort following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Some 9000 people took part in the inaugural event including elite Kenyan runners Martin Mathathi and Catherine Ndereba . The 2012 edition of the race attracted greater numbers of elite runners, both international and Japanese. Mathathi won for

950-420: The house, but perform their training outside (at normal oxygen concentrations at 20.9%). Rusko's results show improvements of EPO and red-cell levels. Artificial altitude can also be used for hypoxic exercise, where athletes train in an altitude simulator which mimics the conditions a high altitude environment. Athletes are able to perform high intensity training at lower velocities and thus produce less stress on

988-408: The human kidneys can be increased by altitude training, but the body has limits on the amount of natural EPO that it will secrete, thus avoiding the harmful side effects of the illegal doping procedures. Other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the utility of altitude training. Not all studies show a statistically significant increase in red blood cells from altitude training. One study explained

1026-432: The musculoskeletal system. This is beneficial to an athlete who had a musculoskeletal injury and is unable to apply large amounts of stress during exercise which would normally be needed to generate high intensity cardiovascular training. Hypoxia exposure for the time of exercise alone is not sufficient to induce changes in hematologic parameters. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations remain in general unchanged. There are

1064-756: The optimal approach for altitude training. Good venues for live-high train-low include Mammoth Lakes, California ; Flagstaff, Arizona ; and the Sierra Nevada , near Granada in Spain. Altitude training can produce increases in speed, strength, endurance, and recovery by maintaining altitude exposure for a significant period of time. A study using simulated altitude exposure for 18 days, yet training closer to sea-level, showed performance gains were still evident 15 days later. Opponents of altitude training argue that an athlete's red blood cell concentration returns to normal levels within days of returning to sea level and that it

1102-430: The past thirty years, EPO has become frequently abused by competitive athletes through blood doping and injections in order to gain advantages in endurance events. Abuse of EPO, however, increases RBC counts beyond normal levels ( polycythemia ) and increases the viscosity of blood, possibly leading to hypertension and increasing the likelihood of a blood clot , heart attack or stroke . The natural secretion of EPO by

1140-521: The previous world record holder Tegla Loroupe . The following year, Takahashi won the 2002 Berlin Marathon with a time of 2:21:49. During her running career, Takahashi suffered from a series of injuries. She announced her retirement in October 2008. The Gifu Seiryu Half Marathon was launched in 2011 with the honorary title being the Naoko Takahashi Cup. Takahashi serves as the chairwoman for

1178-471: The race. Since her retirement from competitive running, Takahashi has also worked as a sportscaster, marathon commentator, served as a Japanese Olympic Committee (JOC) executive, and served as an executive member of the Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF). Takahashi is related to former Morning Musume leader Hitomi Yoshizawa . Altitude training Altitude training

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1216-664: The river, takes a 6 km-long route going east alongside the river, passing Mount Kinka and Gifu Castle . The course then crosses Tidori Bridge into the Nagara-Furutsu district and heads back west before finally ending up at the stadium. The 2020 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Key:     Course record 35°26′29″N 136°45′56″E  /  35.4414°N 136.7656°E  / 35.4414; 136.7656 Naoko Takahashi Naoko Takahashi ( 高橋 尚子 , Takahashi Naoko , born May 6, 1972)

1254-728: The same exercise intensity during training at sea level. Due to the environmental differences at high altitude, it may be necessary to decrease the intensity of workouts. Studies examining the live-high, train-low theory have produced varied results, which may be dependent on a variety of factors such as individual variability, time spent at high altitude, and the type of training program. For example, it has been shown that athletes performing primarily anaerobic activity do not necessarily benefit from altitude training as they do not rely on oxygen to fuel their performances. A non-training elevation of 2,100–2,500 metres (6,900–8,200 ft) and training at 1,250 metres (4,100 ft) or less has shown to be

1292-503: The skeletal muscles maximize oxygen delivery. A greater level of PCr resynthesis augments the muscles power production during the initial stages of high-intensity exercise. RSH is still a relatively new training method and is not fully understood. Altitude simulation systems have enabled protocols that do not suffer from the tension between better altitude physiology and more intense workouts. Such simulated altitude systems can be utilized closer to competition if necessary. In Finland ,

1330-558: The success by increasing the intensity of the training (due to increased heart and respiration rate). This improved training resulted in effects that lasted more than 15 days after return to sea level. Another set of researchers claim that altitude training stimulates a more efficient use of oxygen by the muscles. This efficiency can arise from numerous other responses to altitude training, including angiogenesis , glucose transport, glycolysis , and pH regulation, each of which may partially explain improved endurance performance independent of

1368-805: Was a kindergarten principal. She is a second cousin-niece of chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Hideki Shirakawa . Takahashi started running track in junior high school, and placed second in the 1500 meter and third in the 3000 meter races at the Japanese national collegiate championships while attending Osaka Gakuin University . Following graduation, she sought out the prominent distance running coach Yoshio Koide (coach)  [ ja ] and began training under him. She supplemented her training regimen in Japan with altitude training in Colorado . Takahashi competed in

1406-456: Was attributed not only to less resistance during movement—due to the less dense air —but also to the anaerobic nature of the sprint events. Ultimately, these games inspired investigations into altitude training from which unique training principles were developed with the aim of avoiding underperformance. Athletes or individuals who wish to gain a competitive edge for endurance events can take advantage of exercising at high altitude. High altitude

1444-449: Was during these Olympic Games that endurance events saw significant below-record finishes while anaerobic, sprint events broke all types of records. It was speculated prior to these events how the altitude might affect performances of these elite, world-class athletes and most of the conclusions drawn were equivalent to those hypothesized: that endurance events would suffer and that short events would not see significant negative changes. This

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