The sanjak of Najd ( Arabic : لواء نجد ) was a sanjak (second-level province) of the Ottoman Empire . The name is considered misleading, as it covered the al-Hasa region , rather than the much larger Najd region. It was part of Baghdad Vilayet from June 1871 to 1875, when it became part of the Basra Vilayet .
20-521: The mutasarrif was located in Hofuf , which was garrisoned by up to 600 men, the largest Ottoman force in the area. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 gave a new strategic importance to this region, stoking Ottoman interests in establishing effective control as a result of the revival of trade. In 1871, Midhat Pasha invaded al-Hasa and restored Ottoman control. When he incorporated this desert region into
40-480: A kaymakam . Ottoman Turkish mutasarrıf is derived from the Arabic mutaṣarrif, meaning provincial governor. Mutaṣarrif is the active participle of taṣarrafa, meaning "to act without restriction", "have the right of disposing (over somebody or something)". This administrative unit was sometimes independent (e.g., Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate or Cyprus) and sometimes was part of a vilayet (province), administered by
60-402: A vali , and contained nahiye (communes), each administered by a kaymakam . This rank was established in 1864 against the new Law of Villayets instead of rank of mutesellim which was abolished in 1842. "This small political unit was governed by a non-Lebanese Ottoman Christian subject and given the protection of European powers. The religious communities of the district were represented by
80-577: A British protectorate. Despite the Kuwaiti government's desire to either be independent or under British rule, the British concurred with the Ottoman Empire in defining Kuwait as an autonomous caza of the Ottoman Empire. This would last until World War I. In 1913 Ibn Saud launched an attack on Hofuf , where 1,200 Turkish troops had been stationed since the province's annexation in 1871. The Ottoman garrison
100-424: A council that dealt directly with the governor. This system provided peace and prosperity until its abolition." The mutassarifates of the Ottoman Empire included: This Ottoman Empire –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Vilayet A vilayet ( Ottoman Turkish : ولایت , " province "), also known by various other names , was a first-order administrative division of
120-528: The Encyclopaedia Britannica in 1911, Vincent Henry Penalver Caillard claimed that the reform had intended to provide the provinces with greater amounts of local self-government but in fact had the effect of centralizing more power with the sultan and local Muslims at the expense of other communities. The Ottoman Turkish vilayet ( ولایت ) was a loanword borrowed from Arabic wilāya ( وِلَايَة ), an abstract noun formed from
140-567: The Anglo-Saudi Treaty . Kazas of the sanjak in 1896: Mutasarrif Mutasarrif , mutesarrif , mutasarriff , or mutesarriff ( Ottoman Turkish : متصرّف , romanized : mutasarrıf , lit. 'plenipotentiary') was the title used in the Ottoman Empire and places like post-Ottoman Iraq for the governor of an administrative district in place of the usual sanjakbey . The Ottoman rank of mutasarrif
160-442: The millets , the various local religious communities. Each vilayet was divided into arrondissements , subprovinces , or counties known as sanjaks , livas , or mutasarrifliks. Each sanjak or liva was administered by a sanjakbey or mutasarrif personally appointed by the sultan and a council ( idare meclisi ) composed of a secretary ( tahrirat müdürü ), comptroller ( muhasebeci ), deputy judge ( naib ), and representatives of
180-521: The verb waliya ( وَلِيَ , "to administer"). In Arabic, it had meant "province", "region", or "administration" as general ideas, but following the Tanzimat reforms the Ottoman term formalized it in reference to specific areas in a defined hierarchy. It was borrowed into Albanian vilajet , Bulgarian vilaet ( вилает ), Judaeo-Spanish vilayet , and French vilaïet and vilayet , which
200-464: The 1840s, but the Vilayet Law extended this throughout the empire, regularizing the following hierarchy of administrative units. Each vilayet or province was governed by a vali appointed by the sultan . Acting as the sultan's representative, he was notionally the supreme head of administration in his province, subject to various caveats. Military administration was entirely separate, although
220-657: The Ottoman realm, Midhat Pasha had granted the local notables complete exemptions from taxation, except for the zakat . In 1872 Qatar was designated a kaza under the Sanjak of the Najd. In March 1893, at the Battle of Al Wajbah (16 km (9.9 mi) west of Doha ), Shaikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani defeated the Ottomans. Although Qatar did not gain full independence, the result of
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#1733086079871240-561: The battle forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar emerging as an autonomous separate country within the empire. The sultan recognized Abdullah II Al-Sabah as the kaymakam of Kuwait as a subprovince of al-Ahsa, formally acknowledging that Kuwait was a part of the Ottoman Empire and that it was ruled by the Sabah family . In 1899, Shaikh Mubarak concluded a treaty with Britain, stipulating that Britain would protect Kuwait against any external aggression, de facto turning it into
260-529: The later Ottoman Empire . It was introduced in the Vilayet Law of 21 January 1867, part of the Tanzimat reform movement initiated by the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 . The Danube Vilayet had been specially formed in 1864 as an experiment under the leading reformer Midhat Pasha . The Vilayet Law expanded its use, but it was not until 1884 that it was applied to all of the empire's provinces. Writing for
280-416: The public works board ( nafia ) and the educational system ( maarif ). Each sanjak was divided into cantons or districts known as kazas . Each kaza was under a kaymakam and a council composed of a secretary ( tahrirat kâtibi ), comptroller ( mal müdürü ), deputy judge, and representatives of the public works board. Each kaza was divided into parishes or communes known as nahiyes . Each nahiye
300-472: The vali controlled local police. His council comprised a secretary ( mektupçu ), a comptroller ( defterdar ), a chief justice ( müfettiş-i hükkâm-ı şeriyye ), and directors of foreign affairs, public works, and agriculture and commerce, each nominated by the respective ministers in Istanbul. The defterdar in particular answered directly to the finance minister rather than the vali. A separate vilayet council
320-466: Was composed of four elected members, comprising two Muslims and two non-Muslims. If the vali fell ill or was absent from the capital, he was variously replaced by the governor of the chief sanjak ( merkez sancak ) near the capital, the muavin , and the defterdar. A similar structure was replicated in the lower hierarchical levels, with executive and advisory councils drawn from the local administrators and—following long-established practice—the heads of
340-563: Was established as part of a 1864 reform , and its holder was appointed directly by the Sultan. The administrative district under his authority, the mutasarrifate ( mutasarriflık ), was officially called a sanjak ( سنجاق ) in Turkish or liwa ( لواء ) in Arabic and Persian . A mutasarrif was subordinate to a wali or governor-general of a province, while being of superior rank to
360-592: Was expelled from Hasa, and the territory fell to the Al Saud. Even after the conquest of Hasa, Britain considered Ibn Saud to be an Ottoman vassal, and the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 defined the boundaries of the sanjak of Najd, neither objecting to nor recognising Ibn Saud's conquest. This situation was dramatically changed by the outbreak of World War I , and on 26 December 1915 Britain recognised Najd, Hasa, Qatif and Jubail as Saudi possessions, as part of
380-574: Was under a müdir appointed by the vali but answerable to the regional kaymakam. He was responsible for local tax collection , court sentences, and maintaining the peace. Each nahiye was divided into wards and villages ( kariye ). Each kariye was under a muhtar ("headman") chosen by its inhabitants and confirmed by the regional kaymakam. He was assisted in his duties by a local "council of elders" ( ihtiyar meclisi ). Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, circa 1876: Vilayets and independent sanjaks in 1917: The early Turkish Republic had 63 vilayet in
400-500: Was used as a lingua franca among the educated Jews and Christians . It was also translated into Armenian as gawaŕ ( գաւառ ), Bulgarian as oblast ( област ), Judaeo-Spanish as provinsiya , and Greek as eparchía ( επαρχία ) and nomarchía ( νομαρχία ). The early Republic of Turkey continued to use the term vilayet until it renamed them il in the late 1920s. The Ottoman Empire had already begun to modernize its administration and regularize its eyalets in
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