65-804: 32°38′00″N 35°34′07″E / 32.6334°N 35.5687°E / 32.6334; 35.5687 The First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House , also known as the Rutenberg Power Station or the Naharayim Power Plant or the Tel Or Power Plant , was a conventional dammed hydroelectric power station on the Jordan river, which operated between 1932 and 1948. It was situated in the Emirate of Transjordan (modern Jordan ), but built to supply power to Mandatory Palestine (modern Israel ). The plant
130-582: A concession agreement was signed between the British Government and Rutenberg granting him a monopoly over "utilization of such of the waters of the River Jordan and its basin including the Yarmuk River and all other affluents" and a right to "erect a power house near Jisr-el-Mujamyeh ". This agreement required Rutenberg to form a company with at least GBP1 million of capital within two years; such company
195-615: A house in Kfar Hess, killing a woman and seriously wounding her husband. Jordan was again condemned by the Mixed Armistice Commission for these attacks. Both governments were greatly concerned over the happenings during this fortnight, and a great effort was made to stop the work of these groups, which seemed bent on creating tension along the border. 11 August 1953, Israel military forces using demolition mines, bangalore torpedoes, 2-inch mortars, machine-guns and small arms attacked
260-439: A length of about 4 kilometres. It lasted two hours, until the cease-fire arranged by United Nations observers came into effect. On the following day, there were isolated shots in the early morning and in the afternoon. There were twenty Jordanian casualties—ten killed and ten wounded. Six Israelis were wounded. The Jerusalem incident was investigated by United Nations observers. After studying the evidence collected, General Riley, in
325-476: A mixed investigation. United Nations observers accompanied the representatives to the demarcation line to establish the facts. Despite the cease-fire which had been previously arranged, heavy firing broke out during the investigation. Israel troops had fired across the demarcation line at Jordanians in Jordan territory in response to illegal border trespassing by Jordanian farmers and Israeli soldiers were suspected to have burned crops in Jordan territory. The origin of
390-415: A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt , and it took another 15 years after that to achieve a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan . To this day, no peace treaty has been signed between Israel and Lebanon nor between Israel and Syria. The armistice agreements were clear (at Arab insistence) that they were not creating permanent borders. The Egyptian-Israeli agreement stated "The Armistice Demarcation Line
455-595: A report to the Security Council on the violation of the cease-fire [S/3607], stated that it appeared impossible to determine who fired the first shot. On 25, 26, and 27 May, the two parties submitted complaints alleging violation of the General Armistice Agreement by civilians and military personnel in the Al-Dawayima area. In an emergency meeting of the Mixed Armistice Commission, both parties agreed to
520-510: Is not to be construed in any sense as a political or territorial boundary, and is delineated without prejudice to rights, claims and positions of either Party to the Armistice as regards ultimate settlement of the Palestine question." The Jordanian-Israeli agreement stated: "... no provision of this Agreement shall in any way prejudice the rights, claims, and positions of either Party hereto in
585-467: The 14,000 MW mark of the Itaipu Dam , the facility was ranked as the largest power-generating facility ever built. The dam is 181 m (594 ft) high, 2,335 m (7,661 ft) long and 115 m (377 ft) in width. Power is generated by 32 turbines rated at 700 MW , and two turbines rated 50 MW , which are used to power the facility itself. Construction of this dam commenced in 1994, and
650-553: The 1948 Arab-Israeli war . It was captured and looted by the Iraqi Army on 14 May 1948. Transjordan had a secret agreement with Israel regarding protection of the works. United States Chargé d'affaires Wells Stabler reported in a confidential despatch that when the Iraqi army arrived, the Israeli operators of the plant blew up some of the electricity generators ( alternators ) in the plant and
715-891: The Jebel Ali Power Plant at 8,695 MW , the largest non-renewable energy-generating facility in the world. The currently planned Grand Inga Dam would be nearly twice the size of the Three Gorges Dam at 39,000 MW , surpassing all power-generating facilities once it passes the current-highest 22,500 MW mark. The following two lists rank the 200 largest conventional hydroelectric power stations that have an installed electric power generation capacity of at least 1,000 MW and also 17 plants under construction with planned capacity of at least 1,000 MW . Download coordinates as: 1949 Armistice Agreements The 1949 Armistice Agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt , Lebanon , Jordan , and Syria . They formally ended
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#1733084659732780-609: The conventional dammed method. This list includes power stations that are larger than 1,000 MW in maximum net capacity, and are operational or under construction. Those power stations that are smaller than 1,000 MW , or those that are only at a planning/proposal stage may be found in regional lists, listed at the end of the page. The largest hydroelectric power station is the Three Gorges Dam in China , rated at 22,500 MW in total installed capacity. After passing on 7 December 2007
845-737: The Armistice Demarcation Lines were technically not borders, the Arabs considered that Israel was restricted in its rights to develop the DMZ and exploitation of the water resources. Further that as a state of war still existed with the Arab nations, the Arab League was not hindered in their right to deny Israel the freedom of navigation through the Arab League waters. Also it was argued that the Palestinians had
910-678: The Bedouin camp, shooting aimlessly, confiscating arms and burning tents. The Bedouins run away, leaving many wounded behind. For a few days Unit 101 pursuits the Bedouins until they are out of the Negev. 2 October 1953: The explosion of a land mine on the Israel railway north of Eyal derailed an Israel freight train. The Mixed Armistice Commission has held Jordan responsible for this act of violence which fortunately caused no loss of life and relatively little damage, as
975-611: The General Armistice Agreement. The Green Line was then redrawn in blue ink on the southern map to give the impression that a shift of the Green Line had been made. The events that led to a change in the Green Line was an exchange of fertile land in the Bethlehem area to Israeli control and the village of Wadi Fukin being given to Jordanian control. On 15 July when the Israeli Army expelled
1040-592: The Iraqi forces withdrew from Palestine and handed over their positions to the smaller Jordanian legion, 3 Israeli brigades maneuvered into positions of advantage in Operation Shin-Tav-Shin and Operation Uvda . The operations allowed Israel to renegotiate the cease fire line in the southern Negev (giving access to the Red Sea ) and the Wadi Ara area in a secret agreement reached on 23 March 1949 and incorporated into
1105-492: The Israel delegation complained that on 18 February four armed infiltrators crossed the demarcation line into Israel and that when challenged by an Israel patrol at M.R. 1023–1123 they started to escape while firing on the patrol. During the exchange of fire one of the infiltrators was killed. 19 February: the Egyptian delegation complained that on 18 February, at M.R. 1087–1050, a patrol of two Egyptian soldiers in Egyptian territory
1170-403: The Israeli draft resolution condemning Jordan. 17 February 1954: the Israel delegation complained that five armed persons dressed in khaki crossed the demarcation line during the night and, on the morning of 16 February, stole a flock of 260 sheep belonging to an Israeli kibbutz. According to the complaint, the Israeli shepherd and his flock were taken into caves and kept there till 5.30 p.m. when
1235-601: The Jordan river. Financial capital for the project came from the worldwide Jewish community, organized with limited publicity in order to allow Rutenberg to be presented as an "entrepreneur" rather than part of the Zionist Organization. On 8 December 1920, Pinhas Rutenberg submitted a 60 page proposal to the British government, proposing to build 14 hydroelectric power stations along the Jordan River On 21 September 1921,
1300-479: The Mixed Armistice Commission condemned Jordan for this incident. 18 December 1953, a car was ambushed on the Hebron road (approximate M.R. 1658–1221) inside Jordan and an Arab Legion medical officer was killed. Israel was condemned by the Mixed Armistice Commission for this incident (21 December). 21 December 1953, an armed group attacked a Bedouin camp near Tarqumyia (approximate M.R. 1512–1092) wounding one man. Israel
1365-926: The auspices of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization , (UNTSO) which investigated complaints by all parties and made regular reports to the UN Security Council . As part of its dispute with Syria over use of the Demilitarized Zone created by the Israel-Syria Armistice Agreement, Israel from 1951 refused to attend meetings of the Israel/Syria Mixed Armistice Commission . The U.N. Security Council, in its resolution of 18 May 1951, criticized Israel's refusal to participate in Mixed Armistice Commission meetings as being "inconsistent with
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#17330846597321430-571: The basis of permanent political frontiers at the Lausanne Conference of 1949 . After the 1967 Six-Day War several Israeli leaders argued against turning the Armistice Demarcation Lines into permanent borders on the grounds of Israeli security: The internationally recognized border between Egypt and Israel was eventually demarcated as part of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty . The border between Israel and Jordan (except for Jordan's border with
1495-571: The ceasefire's enforcement led to the signing of the separate Tripartite Declaration of 1950 , in which the United States , the United Kingdom , and France pledged to take action within and outside of the UN in order to prevent violations of the frontiers. It also outlined their commitment to peace and stability in the area, their opposition to the use or threat of force, and reiterated their opposition to
1560-402: The complaint, they started to escape when challenged by Israeli guards, and fire having been opened on them, one was hit and was dragged over the demarcation line by the second. 18 February, the Mixed Armistice Commission condemned Israel and Jordan for firing across the demarcation line on 14 February near Deir el Ghusun (approximate M. R. 1575–1955) in the northern area. This firing resulted in
1625-636: The control of the Arab Legion since the departure of the Iraqi troops three months ago. All looting and damage has been stopped by the Legion and the area is under guard. ... It is quite obvious that the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works can only be operated again by an agreement between Jordan and Israel. Jordan, on its part, is incapable of operating such a works by itself and, moreover, the Israelis can control
1690-455: The demarcation line and attacked the Arab villages of Falameh (Falāma, Falamya) and Rantis . At Falameh the mukhtar was killed, seven other villagers were wounded, and three houses were demolished. The attack lasted four and a half hours. Israel was condemned for this act by the Mixed Armistice Commission. 22 April 1953, firing broke out at sunset within Jerusalem along the demarcation line on
1755-602: The demarcation line by unauthorized persons, ten resulting in acts of violence and requests the Government of Jordan to continue and strengthen the measures which they are already taking to prevent such crossing." The Security Council condemned Israel for the operation in Qibya. December 1953: The Jordanian authorities carried out the following measures:- 16 December 1953, two Israeli soldiers were killed while on patrol inside Israel territory (approximate M. R. 1433–1097). On 21 December,
1820-497: The development of an arms race between Arab countries and Israel. On 6 January 1949, Ralph Bunche announced that Egypt had finally consented to start talks with Israel on an armistice. The talks began on the Greek island of Rhodes on 12 January. Shortly after their commencement, Israel agreed to the release of a besieged Egyptian brigade in Faluja , but soon rescinded their agreement. At
1885-561: The end of the month, the talks floundered. Israel demanded that Egypt withdraw all its forces from the former area of Mandate Palestine. Egypt insisted that Arab forces withdraw to the positions which they held on 14 October 1948, as per the Security Council Resolution S/1070 of 4 November 1948, and that the Israeli forces withdraw to positions north of the Majdal – Hebron road. The deadlock culminated on 12 February 1949 with
1950-564: The flow of the Jordan. Israel, on the other hand, cannot commence operations of the works as all the buildings are in Jordan territory. In addition, Jordan can control the flow of the Yarmuk River. It would appear that it would take some time yet to reach an agreement on the operation of the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works as it remains, along with the Dead Sea Potash Works, an important bargaining point for Jordan. Various proposals were made for cooperation between Israel and Jordan regarding
2015-621: The hostilities of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and also demarcated the Green Line , which separated Arab-controlled territory (i.e., the Jordanian-annexed West Bank and the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip ) from Israel until the latter's victory in the 1967 Arab–Israeli War . To monitor the agreed-upon de facto border, the United Nations (UN) established supervising and reporting agencies; discussions related to
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2080-429: The incident was the illegal cultivation by Jordanians of land in Israel territory. Armed Jordanians had penetrated Israel territory to harvest crops, and other Jordanians had fired across the demarcation line to protect the harvesters. The Jordanian government took no action to encourage or prevent the actions taken, though later considerations were made. During the latter part of May 1953, incidents took place which cost
2145-458: The insistence by Ralph Bunche that in all four talks, the ceasefire be strictly observed, while negotiating with Jordan Israel engaged in military operations to occupy extensive swathes of territory in both the central and southern Negev desert. It also managed to secure further land by using the threat of military intervention unless some claims were accepted. The agreement with Jordan was signed on 3 April 1949. The main points: In March 1949 as
2210-435: The killing, of one Jordanian. 18 February: the Israel delegation complained that on 18 February at 1 p.m. two armed Egyptian soldiers crossed the demarcation line at M.R. 10884–10486. According to the complaint, the Egyptian soldiers refused to stop, when challenged by an Israeli patrol; two warning shots were fired; one of the Egyptian soldieries escaped, and the other was killed 15 meters inside Israel territory 18 February:
2275-645: The lives of three persons and in which six others were wounded. On the night of 25–26 May, an armed group from Jordan attacked two homes in Beit Arif, wounding two women. The same night, armed Jordanians attacked a home in Beit Nabala, killing a woman and wounding her husband and two children. Jordan was condemned for all three of these attacks. On the night of 9 June, armed Jordanians blew up a house in Tirat Yehuda, killing one man, and two nights later an armed band struck at
2340-451: The location near Jisr el-Majami was the only site on which it was "possible to begin construction of a powerhouse immediately", due to the required proximity to the Sea of Galilee (which would act as a natural reservoir) and because it represented the location which had been most densely settled by Jews. The choice of the location influenced the ongoing Anglo-French discussions over the location of
2405-669: The mandatory borders, which became the Paulet–Newcombe Agreement . A similar dynamic appeared in the finalization of the eastern border with respect to what became known as the "Semakh triangle". The plant operated between 1932 and 1948. The opening ceremony took place on 9 June 1932, attended by Emir Abdullah I of Jordan and British officials including the High Commissioner Arthur Grenfell Wauchope , Colonel Charles Henry Fortnom Cox, and Sir Steuart Spencer Davis. The plant ceased operations following
2470-750: The murder of Hassan al-Banna , leader of the Islamist group Muslim Brotherhood . Israel threatened to abandon the talks, whereupon the United States appealed to the parties to bring them to a successful conclusion. On 24 February the Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement was signed in Rhodes . The main points of the armistice agreement were: The agreement with Lebanon was signed on 23 March 1949. The main points were: These armistice talks began on 4 March, and were conducted on Jordanian territory. Despite
2535-692: The objectives and intent of the Armistice Agreement". The discussion of complaints by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan/Israel Mixed Armistice Commission during the year 1952 resulted in: Statistics Taken from The Official Records of The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan/Israel Mixed Armistice Commission Period from 1 January 1953 Through 15 October 1953: On 28–29 January 1953 Israeli military forces estimated at 120 to 150 men, using 2-inch (51 mm) mortars, 3-inch mortars, PIAT weapons, bangalore torpedoes , machine-guns, grenades and small arms, crossed
2600-510: The overall plan herein proposed is to be followed. The plant might be repaired and used during the development period as a temporary source of power for construction purposes. After the Israel–Jordan peace treaty of 1994, the so-called " Peace Island " at the confluence of the Yarmuk and Jordan has become a tourist attraction, with plans to include visits to the actual power plant (the building with
2665-449: The peaceful settlement of the Palestine questions, the provisions of this Agreement being dictated exclusively by military considerations" (Art. II.2), "The Armistice Demarcation Lines defined in articles V and VI of this Agreement are agreed upon by the Parties without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines or to claims of either Party relating thereto." (Art. VI.9) As
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2730-579: The plant was subsequently looted by the Iraqi troops. Thirty-eight workers were captured; they were released only after the Armistice Agreements were signed on 3 April 1949. Stabler's despatch on 11 July 1949, written after a visit to the site, read: It is understood that prior to the hostilities In May 1948, the Jordan Government and the Jewish Agency reached some form of agreement concerning
2795-565: The population of Wadi Fukin after the village had been transferred to the Israeli-occupied area under the terms of the Armistice Agreement concluded between Israel and the Jordan Kingdom the Mixed Armistice Commission decided on 31 August, by a majority vote, that Israel had violated the Armistice Agreement by expelling villagers across the demarcation line and decided that the villagers should be allowed to return to their homes. However, when
2860-578: The post-1967 West Bank) was demarcated as part of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty . This occurred after Jordan had recognized Palestine , which had not declared its borders at the time. In its application for membership to the United Nations, Palestine declared its territory to consist of the West Bank and Gaza, implying that some of Jordan's previous border with Israel is now with Palestine. In each case Mixed Armistice Commissions (MACs) were formed under
2925-482: The protection of the Hydro-Electric works. It is possible that the Jordan Government would have been able to observe this agreement if it had not been for the arrival of the Iraqi forces. When the Iraqi forces came into the area, the Israelis departed, but only after blowing up certain of the dynamos in the main dynamo building. Later the Iraqi finished the job, even removing numerous machines.... The area has been under
2990-513: The right of return and that the Israeli use of abandoned property was therefore not legitimate. In the Knesset then Foreign Minister and future Prime Minister Moshe Sharett called the armistice lines "provisional boundaries" and the old international borders which the armistice lines, except with Jordan, were based on, "natural boundaries". Israel did not lay claim to territory beyond them and proposed them, with minor modifications except at Gaza, as
3055-418: The same time, the crossing of a part of the same group into Shuqba village, breaching article III, paragraph 2 of the General Armistice Agreement. A number of unexploded hand grenades, marked with Hebrew letters and three bags of TNT were found in and about the village. 24 November 1953: Resolution 101 the Security Council is passed which "took note of the fact that there is substantial evidence of crossing of
3120-510: The shepherd was released and the marauders returned to the Gaza Strip with the flock crossing the demarcation line at M.R. 1067–1024. The Israel delegation considered that "the above was a carefully planned action ordered by the Egyptian authorities and carried out by a well-trained military unit." 17 February 1954: the Israel delegation complained that two Arabs crossed the demarcation line into Israel at M.R. 1018–0992, on 16 February. According to
3185-404: The train was made up of empty tank cars. 14 October 1953: Qibya massacre – 130 Israeli troops crossed the demarcation line into Qibya village, attacking the inhabitants by firing from automatic weapons and explosives. Forty-one dwelling houses and a school building were destroyed. Resulting in the murder of forty-two lives and the wounding of fifteen persons and the damage of a police car, and at
3250-522: The turbines that lies south of Peace Island) sometime in the future. The 2019 cooling-down in the bilateral relations, with Jordan withdrawing the 25-year special arrangement for Naharayim/Baqoura, meant that the Peace Island became a no-go area for tourists, before any plans regarding the power plant were put into practice. List of conventional hydroelectric power stations This article lists hydroelectric power stations that generate power using
3315-402: The two Israeli soldiers on 16 December. Two Arabs responsible for this crime were arrested by the Jordan police a few days later. 14 February 1954, an Israeli villager on guard duty at Mahasyia, near Deiraban, (approximate M. R. 1510–1282) in the central area, was killed. No evidence was introduced to indicate that Jordanians were guilty of this crime and on 18 February the chairman voted against
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#17330846597323380-570: The use of the Jordan river in the wake of the 1948 war. After an armistice agreement was signed PEC executives proposed to open the plant but the Jordanian king refused. Proposal to apply the seven-state Tennessee Valley Authority scheme to the area was submitted to the United Nations in 1953, stating: Near the junction of the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers is located the Tel Or hydroelectric plant with an installed capacity reported to be about 18,000 kilowatts. It
3445-541: The villagers returned to Wadi Fukin under the supervision of the United Nations observers on September 6, they found most of their houses destroyed and were again compelled by the Israeli Army to return to Jordanian controlled territory. The United Nations Chairman of the Mixed Commission, Colonel Garrison B. Coverdale (US), pressed for a solution of this issue to be found in the Mixed Armistice Commission, in an amicable and UN spirit. After some hesitation, this procedure
3510-489: The villages of Idna, Surif and Wadi Fukin, inflicting casualties among the inhabitants and destroying dwellings. The body of an Israel soldier in full uniform with identification tag was found in the village of Idna after the attack. The Mixed Armistice Commission condemned Israel for these attacks. 2 September 1953: Arabs, infiltrated from Jordan, reached the neighbourhood of Katamon, in the heart of Jerusalem where they threw hand grenades in all directions. Miraculously, no one
3575-616: Was accepted and finally an agreement was reached whereby the Armistice Demarcation Line was changed to place Wadi Fukin under Jordanian authority who, in turn, agreed to transfer of some uninhabited, but fertile territory south of Bethlehem to Israel control. Armistice talks with Syria started at Gesher B'not Yaacov , on the River Jordan , in April 1949, after the other armistice agreements had been concluded. The agreement with Syria
3640-445: Was attacked by armed Israelis hiding in ambush. One of the Egyptian soldiers was kidnapped and killed inside Israel-controlled territory, close to the demarcation line (Cf. sub-paragraph (c) above summarizing an Israeli complaint dated 18 February). 19 February: the Egyptian delegation complained that on 19 February armed Israelis opened automatic fire across the demarcation line at an Arab working in his field at M.R. 0952–0931. The Arab
3705-496: Was built in an area known as Jisr el-Majami , later renamed by Pinhas Rutenberg 's Palestine Electric Corporation as Naharayim , and following the Israel–Jordan peace treaty it is today part of the Jordanian area of Baqoura. The plant was constructed – under concession from the Mandatory government – by the Palestine Electric Corporation based on a plan put forward in 1926. It followed his original 1920 Rutenberg plan to build ten reservoirs and fourteen hydroelectric plants on
3770-408: Was completed in 2012, nearly two decades after it started. The next 6 largest dams after the Three Gorges Dam are the Baihetan Dam , Itaipu Dam , Xiluodu Dam , Belo Monte Dam , Guri Dam , Wudongde Dam and the Tucurui Dam , rated at 16,000 MW , 14,000 MW , 13,860 MW , 11,233 MW , 10,235 MW and 10,200 MW respectively. All 7 dams are the largest power-generating bodies respectively, before
3835-406: Was condemned by the Mixed Armistice Commission for this incident (23 December). 21 December, an armed group, using explosives and automatic weapons, attacked a house near Hebron (approximate M.R. 1591–1066) killing one pregnant woman and two men, and wounding another man. Israel was condemned for this incident (24 December). The last three incidents were apparently reprisal attacks for the killing of
3900-491: Was designed to use waters of both of these rivers, and to make use of Lake Tiberias for storage purposes. The unified development of the Jordan Valley waters giving primary consideration to irrigation uses will result in diverting most of the Yarmuk and Jordan waters from the Tel Or plant and will make its operation entirely in-feasible. It is at present reported to be incapable of being operated, and its repair and replacement for permanent service seems to be entirely unjustified, if
3965-413: Was emphasised that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." (Article V) Iraq, whose forces took an active part in the war (although it has no common border with Israel), withdrew its forces from the region in March 1949. The front occupied by Iraqi forces was covered by the armistice agreement between Israel and Jordan, and there
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#17330846597324030-449: Was formed, named the Palestine Electric Corporation (PEC). The concession was then formalized on 5 March 1926 for a 70-year period and validated in Mandatory Palestine by the Electricity Concessions Ordinance 1927 and in the Emirate of Transjordan by the Electricity Concession Law, 1928. The plant was constructed between 1926 and 1933. About 3000 workers were employed during the construction. Rutenberg's original proposal explained that
4095-486: Was hurt. 3 September 1953: Sovereignty over the DMZ (Demarcation Zone) between Syria Israel is questioned when Israel start a creeping border attempt by using a water diversion in DMZ; USA threatens to end aid channelled to Israel by the Foreign Operations Administration. Israel moves intake out of DMZ. In September 1953 the General Headquarters orders Unit 101 to drive Bedouins out from the Negev and push them southward to Sinai. Unit 101 soldiers act aggressively: they raid
4160-528: Was no separate agreement with Iraq. The new military frontiers for Israel, as set by the agreements, encompassed about 78% of mandatory Palestine as it stood after the independence of Transjordan (now Jordan ) in 1946. The Arab populated areas not controlled by Israel prior to 1967 were the Jordanian ruled West Bank and the Egyptian occupied Gaza Strip . The armistice agreements were intended to serve only as interim agreements until replaced by permanent peace treaties. However, it took three decades to achieve
4225-486: Was signed on 20 July 1949. Syria withdrew its forces from most of the territories it controlled west of the international border, which became demilitarized zones . The territory retained by Syria that lay west of the 1923 Palestinian Mandate border and which had been allocated to the Jewish state under the UN partition plan comprised 66 square kilometers in the Jordan Valley. These territories were designated demilitarized zones (DMZs) and remained under Syrian control. It
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