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103-671: Naginatajutsu ( 長刀術 or 薙刀術 ) is the Japanese martial art of wielding the naginata ( 長刀 ) . The naginata is a weapon resembling the European glaive and the Chinese guan dao . Most naginatajutsu practiced today is in a modernized form, a gendai budō , in which competitions also are held. The naginata originates from development of the Japanese spear called hoko yari of the later 1st millennium AD. It has been suggested that it developed along

206-405: A Kendō club to offer Iaidō practice as well. Aikido ( 合氣道:あいきどう , aikidō ) means "the way to harmony with ki ". It is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba (植芝 盛平 Ueshiba Morihei , 1883 – 1969). The art consists of "striking", "throwing" and "joint locking" techniques and is known for its fluidity and blending with an attacker, rather than meeting "force with force". Emphasis

309-457: A battlefield. They would, however, be quite valuable to anyone confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire. Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as knives or tessen (鉄扇; iron fans) were included in the curriculum. Today, jujutsu is practiced in many forms, both ancient and modern. Various methods of jujutsu have been incorporated or synthesized into judo and aikido , as well as being exported throughout

412-557: A feminine art and the weapon serving as more of a symbol of devotion to a woman's family. With the end of the Samurai era and the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan was modernized and many of the old practices fell into disuse. During the Shōwa era , Naginata became part of the physical education school curriculum for girls. The practice at this time was called naginata-dō (薙刀道; lit. "way of

515-578: A few: Suiō-ryū , Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū , Tendō-ryū , Toda-ha Bukō-ryū , and the Yōshin-ryū . During the Tokugawa period (1603–1868), the naginata was transformed into a status symbol to distinguish women of samurai families, as well as being the primary means for a woman to defend her home while her husband was away in times of war. This period also saw the propagation of the naginata as

618-541: A heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield. Ideally, the samurai would be armed and would not need to rely on such techniques. In later times, other koryū developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of the jujutsu commonly seen today. These systems are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment. For this reason, they include extensive use of atemi waza (当て身技; vital-striking technique). These tactics would be of little use against an armored opponent on

721-566: A mokuroku, therefore Hokushin Ittō-ryū was a more accessible ryūha for poorer farmers and bushi. Also, a number of the students joined the coup of the Edo Bakufu with other students from newer ryūha, such as those from Shinto Munen-ryū. Chiba Shūnosuke Koretane restored the Edo-Genbukan in 1883 with the help of Inoue Hachirō and Yamaoka Tesshū. The Edo-Genbukan was closed between the 20th–30th year of

824-440: A mutual kill. This is not aiki . Aiki is epitomized by the notion of joining physically and mentally with the opponent for the express purpose of avoiding a direct clash of force. In practice, aiki is achieved by first joining with the motion of the opponent (the physical aspect) as well as the intent (the mental portion), then overcoming the will of the opponent, redirecting their motion and intent. Historically, this principle

927-533: A perfect technique should contain defence and offence in one action. Characteristic of the training is the use of onigote (heavily padded gloves) like in its ancestor styles Ono-ha Ittō-ryū and Nakanishi-ha Ittō-ryū, which are used in several kumitachi-kata (two person practice). This kind of training became more and more obsolete towards the end of the Edo period with the spread of gekiken (full contact duels with bamboo training swords and training armour) and

1030-456: A physical education exhibition sponsored by the ministry of education in 1917, and again in 1922. As a result, karate training was subsequently incorporated into Japan's public school system. It was also at this time that the white uniforms and the kyū / dan ranking system (both originally implemented by judo's founder, Kano Jigoro) were adopted. Karate practice is primarily characterized by linear punching and kicking techniques executed from

1133-529: A powerful system of new techniques and training methods, which famously culminated on June 11, 1886, in a tournament that would later be dramatized by celebrated Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa (黒沢 明 Kurosawa Akira , 1910–1998), in the film " Sanshiro Sugata " (1943). Judo became an Olympic sport in 1964, and has spread throughout the world. Kano Jigoro's original school, the " Kodokan ", has students worldwide, and many other schools have been founded by Kano's students. Kendo ( 剣道:けんどう , kendō ) , meaning

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1236-479: A skilled swordsman. Naginata are almost identical in appearance to both the glaive and the guan dao , and it is most likely result of parallel evolution. The oldest account of naginata is in the Kojiki and battle paintings by Tengyo no ran , in 980 AD ( Heian period ). The naginata was a weapon widely used mainly by Onna-musha (女武者, warrior women), Sôhei (僧兵; warrior monks), and Yamabushi (山伏, mountain monks). In

1339-487: A stable, fixed stance. Many styles of karate practiced today incorporate the forms ( kata ) originally developed by Funakoshi and his teachers and many different weapons traditionally concealed as farm implements by the peasants of Okinawa. Many karate practitioners also participate in light- and no-contact competitions while some (ex. kyokushin karate ) still compete in full-contact competitions with little or no protective gear. Shorinji Kempo ( 少林寺拳法 , shōrinji-kenpō )

1442-595: A steel blade and edge, is only used in demonstrations, with rare exceptions. Two types of Naginata are generally used for training: the first has instead of the blade two curved and very flexible bamboo strips that allow the absorption of the impact being used in contact training and championships and even in the practice of basic pre-ordered forms (Shikake -Ôji); the second is made of solid wood, suitable for training advanced pre-ordered forms ( Kata ). Atarashi Naginata practitioners dress with protectors during contact training and championships. Bōgu , as this protective clothing

1545-528: Is a little known martial art in Brazil. This art was practiced in the Japanese colony during the pre-World War II period, but there are practically no records about it. The most outstanding teacher at the time was Shizu Furumoto sensei. The current group of practitioners started their activities just over 30 years ago, when Professor Hatsue Takahashi came from Japan in 1987 and made demonstrations in São Paulo, forming

1648-440: Is a much stronger focus upon perfecting form. The primary technical aspects are smooth, controlled movements of drawing the sword from its scabbard, striking or cutting an opponent, removing blood from the blade, and then replacing the sword in the scabbard. Naginatajutsu ( 長刀術:なぎなたじゅつ ) is the Japanese art of wielding the naginata , a weapon resembling the medieval European glaive or guisarme . Most naginata practice today

1751-616: Is a post-World War II system of self-defense and self-improvement training (行: gyo or discipline) known as the modified version of Shaolin Kung Fu . There are two primary technique categories such as gōhō (剛法; strikes, kicks and blocks) and jūhō (柔法; pins, joint locks and dodges). It was established in 1947 by Doshin So ( 宗 道臣 , Sō Dōshin ) who had been in Manchuria during World War II and who on returning to his native Japan after World War II saw

1854-458: Is a teacher authorized by INF to teach the art of Atarashi Naginata: Yasue Morita Sensei, with a 4th Dan degree and have maintained a training group through ANB in São Paulo. Responsible for the dissemination of this martial art and for the guidance to people interested in learning it, in accordance with the principles of Atarashi Naginata and rules of INF. In Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Manaus and Porto Alegre there are study groups supervised by ANB. He

1957-438: Is a very intense duelling style which focuses on simple and fast techniques where no unnecessary movements are made. Controlling the enemy's centre line with the kiri-otoshi (cutting down the opponent's sword, a signature technique and principle of Ittō-ryū ) and dominating them with extremely fast tsuki-waza (sword thrusting techniques) are the signature techniques of this ryūha . The principles of this style are that

2060-780: Is also responsible for the study group formed in Argentina and Chile . In Brazil, Naginatajutsu of the Suio Ryu and Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto Ryu styles is practiced within the Brazilian Kobudo Confederation (CBKOb). Teaching within CBKob is done by its president, Sensei pt:Jorge Kishikawa , other teachers connected to him, Are affiliated with Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (headquarters in Tokyo, Japan) – NKK – and authorized to teach

2163-518: Is also sometimes called "the way of the empty hand" ( 空手道 , karatedō ) . It was originally called 唐手 ("Chinese hand"), also pronounced 'karate'. Karate originated in and, is technically, Okinawan , except for Kyokushin (an amalgamation of parts of Shotokan and Gojoryu), formerly known as the Ryūkyū Kingdom , but now a part of present-day Japan. Karate is a fusion of pre-existing Okinawan martial arts , called " te ", and Chinese martial arts . It

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2266-686: Is also the line of the school which is a member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai. Up until today, the Kozawa family is still preserving the teachings of its first headmaster at the Tobukan in Mito. In the Tobukan there is no Hokushin Ittō-ryū "Sōke". Instead there exists a Hokushin Ittō-ryū "representative" (as described in the Nikon Kobudo kyokai homepage). The family name "Kozawa" of the 3rd generation, Toyokichi, and

2369-575: Is an art that has been adopted and developed by practitioners on the Japanese main island of Honshu . Karate's route to Honshu began with Gichin Funakoshi (船越 義珍 Funakoshi Gichin , 1868–1957), who is called the father of karate, and is the founder of Shotokan karate. Although some Okinawan karate practitioners were already living and teaching in Honshū , Funakoshi gave public demonstrations of karate in Tokyo at

2472-632: Is called, comprises head and throat protectors (Men), wrists (Kote), trunk (Do) and shins / tibia (Suneate). Only hits targeted at these protected points are allowed. In comparison to Kendo , the Men has shorter side flaps, the Kote has articulation for the index finger, thus allowing for better handling of the weapon, and finally the use of the Suneate that is not used in Kendo . The Japanese Federation of Naginata has acted with

2575-517: Is for self-improvement, with self-defense as a secondary purpose. Additionally, many of the gendai budō have included a sporting element to them. Judo and kendo are both examples of this. Judo ( 柔道:じゅうどう , jūdō ) , literally meaning "gentle way" or "way of softness", is a grappling -based martial art, practiced primarily as a sport. It contains substantially the same emphasis on the personal, spiritual, and physical self-improvement of its practitioners as can be found throughout gendai budō . Judo

2678-498: Is in a modernized form ( gendai budō ) called the "way of naginata" ( naginata-dō ) or "new naginata" ( atarashii naginata ), in which competitions are also held. However, many koryu maintain naginatajutsu in their curriculum. Also of note, during the late Edo period , naginata were used to train women and ladies in waiting. Thus, most naginatajutsu styles are headed by women and most naginata practitioners in Japan are women. This has led to

2781-683: Is most common in Japan for Naginata to be practiced by women; in other countries, the gender balance is more even. Outside Japan, Naginata is practiced in Europe, Australia , North and South America. Naginata is governed in Japan by the All Japan Naginata Federation (AJNF), and outside Japan by the International Naginata Federation (INF). The first associations for the practice of Atarashi Naginata were formed in 1950, bringing together more than 15 different styles. In 1953,

2884-487: Is part of the 20th century emphasis upon personal and spiritual development; an evolution that took place in many martial arts. In the case of iaidō , some schools merely changed in name without altering the curriculum, and others embraced the wholesale change from a combat-orientation to spiritual growth. Similar to Kendō, Iaidō is largely practiced under the All Japan Kendo Federation and it's not unusual for

2987-435: Is particularly difficult to describe or explain. The most simple translation of aiki , as "joining energy", belies its philosophical depth. Generally, it is the principle of matching your opponent in order to defeat him. It is this concept of "matching", or "joining", or even "harmonizing" (all valid interpretations of ai ) that contains the complexity. One may "match" the opponent in a clash of force, possibly even resulting in

3090-426: Is somewhat unusual in its relative isolation. Compared with the rest of the world, the Japanese tools of war evolved slowly. Many people believe that this afforded the warrior class the opportunity to study their weapons in greater depth than other cultures. Nevertheless, the teaching and training of these martial arts did evolve. For example, in the early medieval period, the bow and the spear were emphasized, but during

3193-435: Is subject to some debate. As a rule of thumb, the primary purpose of a koryū martial art was for use in war. The most extreme example of a koryū school is one that preserves its traditional, and often ancient, martial practices even in the absence of continuing wars in which to test them. Other koryū schools may have made modifications to their practices that reflect the passage of time (which may or may not have resulted in

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3296-406: Is upon joining with the rhythm and intent of the opponent in order to find the optimal position and timing, when the opponent can be led without force. Aikidō is also known for emphasizing the personal development of its students, reflecting the spiritual background of its founder. Morihei Ueshiba developed aikido mainly from Daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu incorporating training movements such as those for

3399-623: The tantō (短刀; dagger), ryufundo kusari (weighted chain), jutte (十手; helmet-smasher), and kakushi buki (隠武器; secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in koryū jujutsu. Most of these were battlefield-based systems to be practiced as companion arts to the more common and vital weapon systems. At the time, these fighting arts went by many different names, including kogusoku , yawara , kumiuchi , and hakuda . In reality, these grappling systems were not really unarmed systems of combat, but are more accurately described as means whereby an unarmed or lightly armed warrior could defeat

3502-621: The Bujinkan . The practice and grading system varies from style to style, as well as the use or not of protectors for the practice of combat. Some of the most common known styles that incorporate naginata in their curriculum are: Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō Ryū is the oldest style of koryū, and Japan's only tradition recognized as bunkazai (文化財), or Japanese cultural treasure . The characteristics of this school are dynamic techniques and long katas, with movements such as jumps, turns with

3605-402: The Meiji Restoration (1868), respectively. Since gendai budō and koryū often share the same historical origin, one will find various types of martial arts (such as jujutsu , kenjutsu , or naginatajutsu ) on both sides of the divide. Koryū ( 古流:こりゅう ) , meaning "traditional school", or "old school", refers specifically to schools of martial arts, originating in Japan, either prior to

3708-641: The Mongolian invasions during the 13th century (which in particular saw the transition from mostly horseback archery to hand-to-hand ground fighting). This development of the sword is paralleled by the development of the methods used to wield it. During times of peace, the warriors trained with the sword, and invented new ways to implement it. During war, these theories were tested. After the war ended, those who survived examined what worked and what didn't, and passed their knowledge on. In 1600 AD, Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川 家康, 1543–1616) gained total control of all of Japan, and

3811-601: The Tokugawa period (1603–1867 CE), fewer large-scale battles took place, and the sword became the most prestigious weapon. Another trend that developed throughout Japanese history was that of increasing martial specialization as society became more stratified over time. The martial arts developed or originating in Japan are extraordinarily diverse, with vast differences in training tools, methods, and philosophy across innumerable schools and styles. That said, Japanese martial arts may generally be divided into koryū and gendai budō based on whether they existed prior to or after

3914-486: The Warring States Period (15th–17th centuries). Closely related to, but predating iaijutsu , battōjutsu training emphasizes defensive counter-attacking. Battōjutsu training technically incorporates kata , but generally consist of only a few moves, focusing on stepping up to an enemy, drawing, performing one or more cuts, and sheathing the weapon. Battōjutsu exercises tend to lack the elaborateness, as well as

4017-406: The yari (槍; spear), jō (杖; a short quarterstaff ), and perhaps also jūken (銃剣; bayonet ). Arguably the strongest influence is that of kenjutsu and in many ways, an aikidō practitioner moves as an empty handed swordsman. Kyūdō ( 弓道:きゅうどう ) , which means "way of the bow ", is the modern name for Japanese archery . Originally in Japan, kyujutsu, the "art of the bow", was a discipline of

4120-416: The "way of the sword", is based on Japanese sword-fighting. It is an evolution of the art of kenjutsu , and its exercises and practice are descended from several particular schools of swordsmanship. The primary technical influence in its development was the kenjutsu school of Ittō-ryū (founded c. 16th century), whose core philosophy revolved around the concept that all strikes in swordsmanship revolve around

4223-447: The 15th century. The samurai developed Suijutsu ( 水術 , (combat) water skills) , which was useful in case they were thrown overboard during naval conflicts. The samurai practiced Katchu gozen oyogi ( 甲冑御前游 , full armor swimming) , Tachi-oyogi ( 立ち泳ぎ , standing swimming) and Ina-tobi ( 鯔飛 , flying mullet) to board enemy vessels. Activities included strokes with swords, bows and firearms. Hands were kept dry above

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4326-679: The 4th generation, Takeshi are son-in-law taken into family with Ichiro's daughter (as described on the Tobukan homepage). (This dōjō is not to be mistaken for the Edo-Genbukan.) Kobayashi Seijiro was granted the Inka-jo from Chiba Michisaburo, and opened the Shisei-kan dōjō in Tokyo. He did not have a son, so he adopted Katsuura Shiro, who was later granted a Hokushin Ittō-ryū menkyo. He then went to Otaru, Hokkaido for musha-shugyo. The master of Otaru Nanburo, Noda Wasaburo, approved of his kenjutsu and personality. His daughter Haru married Shiro, and Shiro

4429-506: The 5th World Naginata Championships took place in Japan. In 2015, the 6th World Naginata Championships took place in Montreal , Canada . In 2019, the 7th World Naginata Championships took place in Wiesbaden , Germany . Teams from 14 countries participated. The European Naginata Championships were originally held once every four years, but are now held biannually. 12th – 2022, to be held in

4532-785: The Canadian Naginata Federation: two in Toronto , four in Montreal, and one in Edmonton. In 1995, the 1st World Naginata Championships took place in Tokyo, Japan. In 1999, the 2nd World Naginata Championships took place in Paris , France . In 2003, the 3rd World Naginata Championships took place in San Jose, California . In 2007, the 4th World Naginata Championships took place in Belgium . In 2011,

4635-698: The Hatsumokuroku (初目録), the Chūmokuroku-Menkyo (中目録免許) and the Daimokuroku-Kaiden (大目録皆伝), so written in the "Kenpo Hiketsu" by Chiba Shusaku (千葉周作「剣法秘訣」). During the Bakumatsu period, Hokushin Ittō-ryū was very popular due to the decreased number of mokuroku down to only 3, from the 8 of the Ono-ha Ittō-ryū. In all Bujutsu ryūha, students have to pay money or send gifts to the instructor when issued with

4738-469: The Meiji-period. The exact date is unknown. This Hokushin Ittō-ryū line ended with the 3rd generation headmaster, Chiba Michisaburo. However Shiina Kazue managed to find Chiba Michisaburo’s progeny, Chiba Yoshitane, who did not practice Hokushin Ittō-ryū. Shiina Kazue became Sōke in 2013. [2] At the middle of the Meiji-period there were many side branches, founded by pupils of the two main lines. One of

4841-673: The Nakanishi-ha's kata as revised by Takano Sasaburo ( 高野佐三郎 ) in 1908. In 1932, Noda Wasaburo ( 野田和三郎 ) and Kobayashi Sadayuki ( 小林定之 ) demonstrated seven kumitachi and three kodachi-gumi as Hokushin Ittō-ryū at Kyoto-Butokuden ( 京都武徳殿 ) . The number of kumitachi kata is two more than in the Gogyō-no-kata. Battōjutsu is not the Chiba family's Hokushin-ryū iai. The kata names and techniques were introduced by Konishi Shigejirō (refer to Kendo Nippon , Mar. 1978 12–15), but

4944-502: The Netherlands Japanese martial art The usage of the term budō (武道) to mean martial arts is a modern one: historically the term meant a way of life encompassing physical, spiritual and moral dimensions with a focus on self-improvement , fulfillment or personal growth . The terms bujutsu (武術) and bugei (武芸) have different meanings from budō , at least historically speaking. Bujutsu refers specifically to

5047-708: The West. Currently, the regulation of Atarashi Naginata is carried out worldwide by the International Federation of Naginata – INF. INF was created in 1990, bringing together several countries and is divided into three sections: Japan, Europe and the Americas. In Japan, Atarashi Naginata is governed by the All Japan Naginata Federation, represented in Brazil by the Naginata Association of Brazil. The real Naginata, with

5150-509: The Zen Nihon Naginata Renmei – Japanese Confederation of Naginata was established, which regulated the official style of this art, bringing together the techniques of the various existing styles, mainly Tendô Ryu and Jiki Shinkague Ryu. Atarashi Naginata started to be written, in Japanese, using the hiragana characters, instead of Kanji. Atarashi Naginata currently has more than 80,000 practitioners in Japan and several countries in

5253-431: The aesthetic considerations of iaijutsu or iaidō kata . Finally, note that use of the name alone is not dispositive; what is battōjutsu to one school may be iaijutsu to another. Iaijutsu ( 居合術:いあいじゅつ ) , approximately "the art/science of mental presence and immediate reaction", is also the Japanese art of drawing the sword. However, unlike battōjutsu , iaijutsu tends to be technically more complex, and there

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5356-499: The art of Naginata do Suio ryu by Soke (grandmaster) Yoshimitsu Katsuse. The practice within CBKob also covers shiai (fighting) using bogu equipped with sune (protection of the tibia). Combat is carried out between two Naginatas (Category Naginata) and between Naginatas and swords (Category Kobudô Ishu Jiai). In this practice, the rules and techniques used differ from those of Atarashi Naginata. There are seven Naginata dōjō in Canada, under

5459-675: The art of using indirect force, such as joint locks or throwing techniques, to defeat an opponent, as opposed to direct force such as a punch or a kick. This is not to imply that jujutsu does not teach or employ strikes, but rather that the art's aim is the ability to use an attacker's force against him or her, and counter-attack where they are weakest or least defended. Methods of combat included striking (kicking, punching), throwing (body throws, joint-lock throws, unbalance throws), restraining (pinning, strangulating, grappling, wrestling) and weaponry. Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off balancing, blending and escaping. Minor weapons such as

5562-635: The art or to encompass the art as a whole. Kenjutsu ( 剣術:けんじゅつ ) literally means "the art/science of the sword". Although the term has been used as a general term for swordsmanship as a whole, in modern times, kenjutsu refers more to the specific aspect of swordsmanship dealing with partnered sword training. It is the oldest form of training and, at its simplest level, consists of two partners with swords drawn, practicing combat drills. Historically practiced with wooden katana ( bokken ; 木剣), this most often consists of pre-determined forms, called kata (型), or sometimes called kumitachi (組太刀), and similar to

5665-420: The basis of their training methodology and equipment, though wide variation still exists within each. Sumo ( 相撲:すもう , sumō ) , considered by many to be Japan's national sport, has its origins in the distant past. The earliest written records of Japan, which are dated from the 8th century AD, record the first sumo match in 23 BC, occurring specifically at the request of the emperor and continuing until one man

5768-508: The beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, or the Haitōrei (Sword Abolishment Edict) in 1876. In modern usage, bujutsu ( 武術 ) , meaning military art/science , is typified by its practical application of technique to real-world or battlefield situations. The term also is used generally to indicate that a particular style or art is "traditional", rather than "modern". However, what it means for an art to be either "traditional" or "modern"

5871-485: The beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Aikido and judo are examples of gendai budō that were founded in the modern era, while iaidō represents the modernization of a practice that has existed for centuries. The core difference is, as was explained under " koryū ", above, that koryū arts are practiced as they were when their primary utility was for use in warfare, while the primary purpose of gendai budō

5974-423: The body and ascending and descending cuts used in alternation. Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō Ryū has seven kata with naginata, divided into two sets. Suiō Ryū Iai Kenpō is one of the most complete styles, with several weapons in its curriculum. The naginata occupies an important highlight, having been incorporated by the founder of the style, Mima Yochizaemon Kagenobu (1577–1665), who learned to use this weapon with

6077-469: The body, or forearms. Practitioners also compete in forms ( kata ) competitions, using either wooden or blunted metal swords, according to a set of forms promulgated by the AJKF. Iaidō ( 居合道:いあいどう ) , which would be "the way of mental presence and immediate reaction", is nominally the modernization of iaijutsu , but in practice is frequently identical to iaijutsu . The replacement of jutsu (術) with dō (道)

6180-427: The bow as the dominant battlefield weapon. As the bow lost its significance as a weapon of war, and under the influence of Buddhism , Shinto , Daoism and Confucianism , Japanese archery evolved into kyudō, the "way of the bow". In some schools kyudō is practiced as a highly refined contemplative practice, while in other schools it is practiced as a sport. Karate ( 空手 , karate ) literally means "empty hand". It

6283-419: The country entered a period of prolonged peace that would last until the Meiji Restoration . During this period, the techniques to use the sword underwent a transition from a primarily utilitarian art for killing, to one encompassing a philosophy of personal development and spiritual perfection. The terminology used in Japanese swordsmanship is somewhat ambiguous. Many names have been used for various aspects of

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6386-478: The early history of its use, the naginata was primarily used against cavalry, as its length kept the wielder a safe distance from horses and their riders. Its use became popular around the year 1000 AD. In the centuries that followed, the naginata's popularity rose and fell as tactics used in battle evolved. The importance of naginata for samurai can be attested by the relatively large number of styles of bujutsu that have incorporated it in their curriculum, to name

6489-469: The entire practice of kendo is governed by the All Japan Kendo Federation , founded in 1951. Competitions are judged by points, with the first competitor to score two points on their opponent declared the winner. One point may be scored with a successful and properly executed strike to any of several targets: a thrust to the throat, or a strike to the top of the head, sides of the head, sides of

6592-414: The famous folding process were first forged by the smith Amakuni Yasutsuna (天國 安綱, c. 700 AD). The primary development of the sword occurred between 987 AD and 1597 AD. This development is characterized by profound artistry during peaceful eras, and renewed focus on durability, utility, and mass production during the intermittent periods of warfare, most notably civil warfare during the 12th century and

6695-623: The first group of practitioners of this martial art. This small group gradually increased, with the guidance of the same teacher Takahashi, who sporadically came to Brazil. In 1993, the Association of Naginata do Brasil – ANB was created, which brings together practitioners and supporters of Atarashi Naginata, whose affiliation with the International Federation of Naginata – INF, was approved and accepted as its 8th member. This made it possible for Brazil to participate, officially in INF events. So in 1993 Brazil

6798-463: The following concept and principle: According to the Japanese Federation of Naginata, through the correct guidance of Atarashi Naginata one seeks to perfect the technique, cultivate the spirit, increase vitality and also: There are six elementary mudansha (sem dan) ranks, from the most basic, 6 kyū (rokkyū), to the most advanced, 1 kyū (ikkyū). There are five yudansha (com dan) ranks, from

6901-423: The form of a sport called "new Naginata" ( 新しいなぎなた , atarashii naginata ) , or simply "Naginata," which uses kendo -style protective equipment and wood or bamboo weapons. In Japanese, Naginata, the sport, is distinguished from the naginata, the weapon, by being rendered in hiragana (なぎなた) rather than in kanji (長刀). In other languages, the name "Naginata" is usually capitalized to make the same distinction. It

7004-485: The ground with a part of the body other than the bottom of the feet, or touch the ground outside the ring with any part of the body, loses. Six grand tournaments are held annually in Japan, and each professional fighter's name and relative ranking is published after each tournament in an official list, called the banzuke , which is followed religiously by sumo fans. Jujutsu ( 柔術:じゅうじゅつ , jūjutsu ) , literally translates to "soft skills". However, more accurately, it means

7107-730: The historical Matsushiro Literary and Military School (Bunbu-gakkō 文武学校). This building was built in the Bakumatsu period, the construction is based on the Kodōkan (弘道館) in Mito (水戸). Sakurada Sakuramaro 櫻田櫻麿 was the Sendai-han's instructor of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū in Edo period. ) He started the Chūka-Ittō-ryū (中和一刀流) in Sendai. In the 20th century, Tsumura Keiji claimed that he had inherited Sakurada Sakuramaro's Hokushin Ittō-ryū line. He posted

7210-399: The impression overseas that naginatajutsu is a martial art that was not used by male warriors. In fact, naginatajutsu was developed in early medieval Japan and for a time was widely used by samurai . Sōjutsu ( 槍術:そうじゅつ ) is the Japanese art of fighting with the spear ( yari ). For most of Japan's history, sōjutsu was practiced extensively by traditional schools. In times of war, it

7313-659: The inheritance of the line to his senior Miura Yoshikatsu, but Shigejirō later inherited it from Yoshikatsu in turn. In 1950, Shigejirō opened an outdoor dōjō in Zenpukuji temple park in Tokyo, and in the autumn constructed a proper dōjō, giving it the name Genbukan. Shigejirō died in 2009 at 90 years of age. The Chiba dōjō's 6th Sōke, Ōtsuka Yōichirō, was a student of Konishi Shigejirō. A student of Konishi Shigejirō, Tsukada Yoshikazu, Takano Sanetora (高野眞虎) teaches in his dōjō called Kotōkan in Nagano. They are training in gymnasiums and

7416-542: The left and right in various directions, promoting training with an emphasis on the form and beauty of the movement. Naginata is found as part of the curriculum of several styles of Kobudô. Many koryū ryūha , such as the Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu , Maniwa Nen-ryū , Jikishinkage-ryu Naginatajutsu , Tendō-ryū and Hokushin Ittō-ryū include naginatajutsu in their curriculum, as do arts such as Shidare Yanagi-ryū and budo organizations such as

7519-410: The long peace of the Tokugawa shogunate there was an increase in specialization with many schools identifying themselves with particular major battlefield weapons. However, there were many additional weapons employed by the warriors of feudal Japan, and an art to wielding each. Usually they were studied as secondary or tertiary weapons within a school but there are exceptions, such as the art of wielding

7622-510: The loss of " koryū " status in the eyes of its peers). This is as opposed to "modern" martial arts, whose primary focus is generally upon the self-improvement (mental, physical, or spiritual) of the individual practitioner, with varying degrees of emphasis on the practical application of the martial art for either sport or self-defence purposes. The following subsections represent not individual schools of martial arts, but rather generic "types" of martial arts. These are generally distinguishable on

7725-653: The lowest, 1 dan ( shodan ), to the highest, 5 dan (godan). Instructional shogo titles may be obtained after 5th dan: these are renshi, kyoshi, and hanshi. To be eligible for the shodan exam, a candidate must have already attained ikkyū rank. To continue through the dan ranks, practitioners must wait one year from the last exam before attempting 2nd dan, two years before 3rd dan, and three years each before 4th and 5th dan. The Australian Naginata Federation consists of three clubs, in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales , and Victoria . Atarashi Naginata

7828-690: The mastery of all naginatajutsu techniques of the school. Some names of the naginata kata are the same as those in the Hokushin Musō-ryū (北辰夢想流) densho (伝書). In the Tottori-han (鳥取藩), the Sadakichi line (定吉系) also awarded Hon-mokuroku (本目録) like Ono-ha Ittō-ryū (see the Sadakichi line's densho collected in Tottori prefectural museum (鳥取県立博物館) [1] ). However, the Shusaku line (周作系) had only three Mokuroku, which are

7931-852: The most famous was the Tobukan in Mito. It was established by Kozawa Torakichi, a student of the Edo-Genbukan. Kozawa Torakichi was also an instructor at the Kodokan (弘道館), the official clan school of the Mito-clan. After the Meiji-restoration and the abolishment of the traditional clan system the Kodokan was closed, so in order to continue teaching, Kozawa Torakichi opened his own Dōjō, the Tobukan. There he taught Hokushin Ittō-ryū together with Shin Tamiya-ryū (新田宮流抜刀術) and Suifu-ryū (水府流剣術). (Torakichi's second son Kozawa Jiro Atsunobu (小澤二郎篤信) inherited Suifu-ryū kenjutsu from his own other dōjō.) This Hokushin Ittō-ryū line

8034-460: The most prominent figures are: The Hokushin Ittō-ryū has three teaching steps: Like many other koryū, Hokushin Ittō-ryū traditionally awards makimono-scrolls and/or inka-jō. There is no modern dan/kyū system in this school. The traditional five scrolls of Hokushin Ittō-ryū are: The so-called Naginata Mokuroku 長刀目録 also exists and is normally issued together with the Menkyo (Chūmokuroku). It certifies

8137-481: The naginata"). After Japan's defeat in World War II , the practice was remodeled, resulting in two naginata practices: koryū naginata (古流薙刀; "old" or classical naginata) and atarashii naginata (新しいなぎなた; "new" or modern naginata). Despite the differences, the two ways of practicing naginata share many things in common. In both, the practice is systematized according to a tradition of strokes, cuts, and movements of

8240-456: The name that each one has is indicative of the mode or weapon with which they are executed. The combat methods that were developed and perfected are very diverse, among which are: Ordinarily, the development of combative techniques is intertwined with the tools used to execute those techniques. In a rapidly changing world, those tools are constantly changing, requiring that the techniques to use them be continuously reinvented. The history of Japan

8343-596: The need to overcome the devastation and re-build self-confidence of the Japanese people on a massive scale. Although Shorinji Kempo was originally introduced in Japan in the late 1940s and 1950s through large scale programmes involving employees of major national organizations (e.g. Japan Railways) it subsequently became popular in many other countries. Today, according to the World Shorinji Kempo Organization (WSKO), there are almost 1.5 million practitioners in 33 countries. The principle of aiki ( 合気 )

8446-474: The partner drills practiced in kendo. Among advanced students, kenjutsu training may also include increasing degrees of freestyle practice. Battōjutsu ( 抜刀術:ばっとうじゅつ ) , literally meaning "the art/science of drawing a sword", and developed in the mid-15th century, is the aspect of swordsmanship focused upon the efficient draw of the sword, cutting down one's enemy, and returning the sword to its scabbard ( saya ; 鞘). The term came into use specifically during

8549-463: The practical application of martial tactics and techniques in actual combat. Bugei refers to the adaptation or refinement of those tactics and techniques to facilitate systematic instruction and dissemination within a formal learning environment. Each child who grew up in a samurai family was expected to be a warrior when he grew up, so much of his childhood was spent practicing different martial arts . A complete samurai should be skilled at least in

8652-406: The public, enjoyed by both the upper class and commoners. Today, sumo retains much of its traditional trappings, including a referee dressed as a Shintō priest, and a ritual where the competitors clap hands, stomp their feet, and throw salt in the ring prior to each match. To win a match, competitors employ throwing and grappling techniques to force the other man to the ground; the first man to touch

8755-734: The same lines as Okinawan kobudō weapons as a modified farming tool. Others say that creative samurai in need of a longer weapon attached a sword to a pole. Perhaps the simplest explanation is the natural development of polearms . Polearms are intended as mass weapons, to be used not just by individual warriors, but by formations of soldiers together on field battles and not for dueling. When fighting in close order, two-handed cut-and-thrust weapons, such as halberds and glaives , are much more efficient than mere spears or swords because of their versatility compared to spears and longer reach compared to swords. Fighting in massed formation does not require similar individual weapon-handling skills as required by

8858-401: The samurai, the Japanese warrior class . The bow is a long range weapon that allowed a military unit to engage an opposing force while it was still far away. If the archers were mounted on horseback , they could be used to even more devastating effect as a mobile weapons platform. Archers were also used in sieges and sea battles. However, from the 16th century onward, firearms slowly displaced

8961-513: The short staff, ( jōdō ; 杖道) which was the primary art taught by the Shintō Musō-ryū . Other arts existed to teach military skills other than the use of weaponry. Examples of these include marine skills such as swimming and river-fording ( suijutsu ; 水術), equestrianism ( bajutsu ; 馬術), arson and demolition ( kajutsu ). Gendai budō ( 現代武道:げんだいぶどう ) , literally meaning "modern martial way", usually applies to arts founded after

9064-559: The subject of stories and legends through virtually all cultures in which it has been employed as a tool for violence. In Japan, the use of the katana is no different. Although originally the most important skills of the warrior class were proficiency at horse-riding and shooting the bow, this eventually gave way to swordsmanship. The earliest swords, which can be dated as far back as the Kofun era (3rd and 4th centuries) were primarily straight bladed. According to legend, curved swords made strong by

9167-399: The sōhei monks during the musha shugyō (武者修行; warrior pilgrimage) that he made in the first part of his life. Naginata kata are divided into three sets: naginata against sword, naginata against naginata, and solo forms in which techniques used on battlefields to slaughter horses are practiced. Other important traditions that teach Naginata are: Today, the naginata is most often used in

9270-401: The technique kiri-oroshi (vertical downward cut). Kendo really began to take shape with the introduction of bamboo swords, called shinai (竹刀), and the set of lightweight wooden armour, called bōgu (防具), by Naganuma Sirōzaemon Kunisato (長沼 四郎左衛門 国郷, 1688–1767), which allowed for the practice of strikes at full speed and power without risk of injury to the competitors. Today, virtually

9373-573: The techniques and the kata names differ from the Edo-Meiji period's densho texts. For example, Unryū-ken (雲龍剣), Hien-gaeshi (飛燕返) and Taihō-ken (大鵬剣). Towards the end of the Bakumatsu period (1853-1867), the Hokushin Ittō-ryū was one of the three biggest and most famous ryūha all over Japan. Swordsmen of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū had a strong influence on the development of modern kendō in the late 19th century. Also many famous and politically influential people were masters of this swordsmanship school. Some of

9476-694: The techniques. Some techniques are depicted in old papers in the Kumamoto prefectural library. It is a very simple form of iaijutsu , with 4 kata while seated (reacting to an enemy in front or behind), 4 kata while standing (reacting to an enemy in front or behind), and 3 kata with hiki-waza (stepping backwards). In the Noda-Konishi line, some kata have been added to Gogyō-no-kata ( 五行の形 ) and Battōjutsu ( 抜刀術 ) . Gogyō-no-kata has five kumitachi and three kodachi-gumi which look very similar to Koshi-Gogyō-no-kata ( 高師五行の形 ) , which were

9579-417: The use of bōgu (training armour) and shinai (bamboo training sword). Hokushin Ittō-ryū is also one of the remaining ryūha which still practices kumitachi with bokuto (wooden swords). The habiki kata is practiced using habiki (real swords with the sharp edge removed). Hokushin Ittō-ryū also includes Iaijutsu ( Hokushin-ryū iai ( 北辰流居合 ) ). Today only a few teachers know

9682-463: The use of the sword ( kenjutsu ), the bow and arrow ( kyujutsu ), the spear ( sojutsu , yarijutsu ), the halberd ( naginatajutsu ) and subsequently the use of firearms ( houjutsu ). Similarly, they were instructed in the use of these weapons while riding a horse. They were also expected to know how to swim and dive. Nihon Eiho ( 日本泳法 , Japanese swimming style) originates from the Sengoku period in

9785-502: The water to write messages with an ink brush on a paper scroll. This skill was useful for muskets which require dry gunpowder . Nihon Eiho is practiced by 28 schools and recognized by the Japan Swimming Federation . During the feudal era of Japan, various types of martial arts flourished, known in Japanese under the name of bujutsu ( 武術 ) . The term jutsu can be translated as "method", "art" or "technique" and

9888-420: The world and transformed into sport wrestling systems, adopted in whole or part by schools of karate or other unrelated martial arts, still practiced as they were centuries ago, or all of the above. Swordsmanship, the art of the sword , has an almost mythological ethos, and is believed by some to be the paramount martial art, surpassing all others. Regardless of the truth of that belief, the sword itself has been

9991-665: Was a primary skill of many soldiers. Today it is a minor art taught in very few schools. Shinobi no jutsu (aka Ninjutsu ) was developed by groups of people mainly from Iga, Mie and Kōka , Shiga of Japan who became noted for their skills as infiltrators , scouts, secret agents, and spies. The training of these shinobi (忍; ninja ) involves espionage , sabotage , disguise , escape , concealment , assassination , archery , medicine , explosives , poisons , and more. The early martial art schools of Japan were almost entirely " Sōgō bujutsu ", composite martial systems made up of an eclectic collection of skills and tools. With

10094-748: Was at the 3rd International Friendship Tournament held in Los Angeles – USA and at the 1st World Championship in Tokyo – Japan. In 1995 it was at the Seminar and Tournament in Yamagata – Japan. Present at the 2nd World Championship in Paris – France and in 1996 Brazil had the great honor of hosting the 4th International Friendship Tournament. In 2018, ANB was honored to host the International Naginata Seminar that took place in São Paulo. Currently in Brazil there

10197-456: Was created by Kano Jigoro (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō , 1860–1938) at the end of the 19th century. Kano took the koryū martial arts he learned (specifically Kitō-ryū and Tenjin Shin'yo-ryū jujutsu), and systematically reinvented them into a martial art with an emphasis on freestyle practice ( randori ) and competition, while removing harmful jujutsu techniques or limiting them to the kata . Kano devised

10300-426: Was founded in the late Edo period by Chiba Shusaku Narimasa ( 千葉周作成政 , 1794–1856) . He was one of the last masters who was called a kensei ( ' sword saint ' ) . The curriculum of this ryūha (martial arts style) contains mainly kenjutsu , iaijutsu / battōjutsu and naginatajutsu , but the main weapons used are the long and short swords ( katana and wakizashi ). Hokushin Ittō-ryū

10403-511: Was taken into family as Noda Shiro. In 1913, the Otaru Genbukan was constructed in Nanburo. Chiba Katsutaro (Michisaburo's second son) gave his permission to use the name Genbukan. In 1933, 14 year-old Konishi Shigejirō became a disciple of Otaru Genbukan, becoming an assistant instructor in 1937. In 1938, Shigejirō joined the war. In 1944, Noda Shiro died. After the war in 1945, Shigejirō conceded

10506-492: Was too wounded to continue . Beginning in 728 AD, the Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇, 701–756) began holding official sumo matches at the annual harvest festivals. This tradition of having matches in the presence of the emperor continued, but gradually spread, with matches also held at Shintō festivals, and sumo training was eventually incorporated into military training. By the 17th century, sumo was an organized professional sport, open to

10609-525: Was used for destructive purposes; to seize an advantage and kill one's opponent. The modern art of aikido is founded upon the principle that the control of the opponent achieved by the successful application of aiki may be used to defeat one's opponent without harming them. Hokushin Itt%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB Hokushin Ittō-ryū ( 北辰一刀流 ) is a koryū ( 古流 , school of traditional Japanese art, in this instance martial arts) that

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