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41-456: Until 18 July, 2020, Naddniprianske belonged to Kherson Municipality . The municipality as an administrative unit was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kherson Oblast to five. The area of Kherson Municipality was merged into Kherson Raion. Until 26 January 2024, Naddniprianske was designated urban-type settlement . On this day,

82-566: A new civilian-military regional administrator. The next day, Ukraine's Prosecutor General said that troops used tear gas and stun grenades to disperse a further pro-Ukraine rally in the city centre. In an indication of an intended split from Ukraine, on the 28th the new administration announced that from May it would switch the region's payments to the Russian ruble . Citing unnamed reports about alleged discrimination against Russian speakers, its deputy head, Kirill Stremousov , said that "reintegrating

123-599: A new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Naddniprianske became a rural settlement. The closest railway station, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the settlement, is Kherson-Skhidnyi , on the railway connecting Kherson and Snihurivka . There is infrequent passenger traffic. The settlement has road access to Kherson, as well as to Highway M14 , which connects Kherson with Mykolaiv and Melitopol . Kherson Municipality Kherson ( Ukrainian and Russian : Херсон , Ukrainian: [xerˈsɔn] ; Russian: [xʲɪrˈson] )

164-491: A piece of the shoreline and built houses, exchange offices, workshops and warehouses. There was substantial immigration of Poles and a Polish consulate was established in 1783. In 1791, Potemkin was buried in the newly built St. Catherine's Cathedral. In 1803 the city became the capital of the Kherson Governorate . Industry, beginning with breweries, tanneries and other food and agricultural processing, developed from

205-638: A result, Polish merchants and magnates were forced to find another trade route. Main Polish export at that time was agricultural produce from fertile lands of Polish Ukraine (see chernozem ). From 1768 Poland was a de facto Russian Empire protectorate. Furthermore, as a result of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) , the Russians seized Black Sea coast together with the Crimea , and gained free pass of their ships through

246-539: A seaport, Port of Kherson and a river port, Kherson River Port . Kherson is connected to the national railroad network of Ukraine. There are daily long-distance services to Kyiv , Lviv and other cities. Kherson is served by Kherson International Airport . It operates a 2,500 x 42-meter concrete runway, accommodating Boeing 737, Airbus 319/320 aircraft, and helicopters of all series. There are 77 high schools as well as 5 colleges. There are 15 institutions of higher education, including: The documentary Dixie Land

287-561: Is a port city in southern Ukraine that serves as the administrative centre of Kherson Oblast . Located by the Black Sea and on the Dnieper River , Kherson is the home to a major ship-building industry and is a regional economic centre. At the beginning of 2022, its population was estimated at 279,131. From March to November 2022, the city was occupied by Russian forces during their invasion of Ukraine . Ukrainian forces recaptured

328-622: The German occupation during the Second World War . The German occupation, which lasted from August 1941 to March 1944, contended with both Soviet and Ukrainian nationalist ( OUN ) underground cells. The Kherson district leadership of the OUN was headed by Bohdan Bandera  [ uk ] (brother of OUN leader Stepan Bandera ). The Germans operated a Nazi prison and the Stalag 370 prisoner-of-war camp in

369-694: The Kherson Oblast of which the city remained the administrative centre. A "City Profile", part of the SCORE (Social Cohesion and Reconciliation) Ukraine 2021 project funded by USAID , the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the European Union , concluded that "more than 80% of citizens in Kherson city feel their locality is a good place to live, work, and raise a family". This

410-674: The Russo-Turkish War and served the Zaporizhian Sich as an administrative center, run by local Cossacks . The Russian Empire annexed the territory from the Crimean Khanate in 1774, and a decree of Catherine the Great on 18 June 1778 founded Kherson on the high bank of the Dnieper as a central fortress of the Black Sea Fleet . 1783 saw the city granted the rights of a district town and

451-531: The Turkish Straits . Polish magnates decided to take advantage of this, and approached Russian government, asking for permission to use their Black Sea ports. In early 1783, Empress Catherine the Great allowed Poles to use the port of Kherson , built in 1775. Soon afterwards, a Polish consulate was opened there, together with a department store. No Russian duties were imposed on Polish goods at Kherson. In 1785, Antoni Protazy («Prot») Potocki purchased land in

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492-696: The United Jewish Socialist Workers Party . The Bolsheviks dissolved SR-dominated Assembly after its first sitting, and proceeded to force from Kiev the Central Council of Ukraine (Tsentralna Rada) whose response to the Leninist coup had been to proclaim the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR). But, before the Bolsheviks could secure Kherson, they were obliged to cede

533-697: The 10th Disciplinary Battalion) in the city. In the Russian Constituent Assembly election held in November 1917—the first and last free election in Kherson for 70 years—Bolsheviks who had seized power in Petrograd and Moscow received just 13.2 percent of the vote in the Governorate . The largest electoral bloc in the district, with 43 percent of the vote, was an alliance of Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), Russian Socialist Revolutionaries and

574-616: The 1850s. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic Countries from 1880, the city was mostly inhabited by Ukrainians , Greeks and Jews . According to the 1897 census, the population of the city was 59,076 of which, on the basis of their first language, 47.2% were recorded as Russian, 29.1% as Jewish, 19.6% Ukrainian, 1.7% Polish. During the revolution of 1905 there were workers' strikes and an army mutiny (an armed demonstration by soldiers of

615-767: The Commonwealth via the Black Sea ports. Kompania Handlowa Polska was formally opened by Antoni Protazy («Prot») Potocki on March 18, 1783 in Winnica, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now: Vinnytsia , Ukraine ). Following the First Partition of Poland (1772), the Commonwealth lost land connection with its major Baltic Sea port, Gdańsk . Polish goods, transported northwards along the Vistula , were subject to high Prussian duties, with tax offices located at Fordon and Kwidzyn . As

656-600: The Dnipro River, the city remains subject to frequent shelling. By the beginning of 2024, just 71,000 of the city's pre-war population of 300,000 remain. In late May 2024, the Russians started sending in small drones to purposefully target Kherson civilians in a terror campaign that became known as the ″ human safari ″. Russian drones, many of them funded by Russian civilians according to American freelance journalist Zarina Zabrisky , hit targets such as people at bus stops, commuters and children playing in parks, with footage of

697-707: The French and Greek garrison and precipitated the Allied evacuation from Odesa . In July, the Bolsheviks defeated Hryhoriv who had called upon the Ukrainian people to rise against the "Communist impostors" and their "Jewish commissars", and had perpetrated pogroms, including in the Kherson region. Kherson itself was occupied by the counter-revolutionary Whites before finally falling to the Bolshevik Red Army in February 1920. In 1922

738-614: The Kherson region back into a Nazi Ukraine is out of the question". On 30 September 2022, the Russian Federation claimed to have annexed Kherson Oblast. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the proclaimed annexations with a vote of 143–5 . Russian forces were ordered to withdraw from the city by defence minister Sergei Shoigu and regroup on the eastern side of the Dnieper on 9 November 2022. Ukrainian officials claimed that Russian troops were destroying bridges connecting

779-768: The National Security Council for alleged ties to the Kremlin . The Volodymyr Saldo Bloc dissolved; its deputies in Kyiv joined the newly formed faction "Support to the programs of the President of Ukraine ". From 26 April 2022, Volodymyr Saldo himself, who had been mayor of Kherson from 2002 to 2012, went on to serve the Russian occupiers, as head of the Kherson military–civilian administration . Kherson witnessed heavy fighting in

820-586: The Russian military sought to create a puppet Kherson People's Republic in the style of the Russian-backed separatist polities in the Donbas region and tried to coerce local councillors into endorsing the move, detaining those activists and officials who opposed their design. By 26 April 2022, Russian troops had taken over the city's administration headquarters and had appointed both a new mayor, former KGB agent Alexander Kobets , and ex-mayor Volodymyr Saldo as

861-547: The Turkish Straits. Polish historian Antoni Rolle argues however that ships of the Company Fleet used a traditional Polish banner (white eagle on red field), which was changed only for the passage through the straits. The development of Black Sea trade resulted in decrease in Polish exports through Baltic Sea ports of Gdańsk and Königsberg (Królewiec). Furthermore, prices of Ukrainian grains went up. The price of shares of

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902-508: The Ukrainian countryside. This changed the city's ethnic composition, increasing the Ukrainian share from 36% in 1926 to 63% in 1959, while reducing the Russian share from 36 to 29%. The Jewish population never recovered from the Holocaust visited by the Germans: accounting for 26% of residents in 1926, their number had fallen to just 6% in 1959. With a turnout of 83.4% of eligible voters, 90.1% of

943-653: The area. The 2014 pro-Russian unrest in eastern and southern Ukraine was marked in Kherson by a small demonstration of some 400 persons. Following the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014, Kherson housed the office of the Ukrainian President's representative in Crimea . In July 2020, as part of the general administrative reform of Ukraine, the Kherson Municipality was merged as Kherson urban hromada into newly established Kherson Raion , one of five raions in

984-556: The attacks being shared and celebrated on Russian social media. According to the Ukrainian National Census in 2001 , Kherson had a majority population of Ukrainians (76.5%), with a large minority of Russians (19.9%) and 3.6% others. The exact ethnic composition was as follows: There are three urban districts : Under the Köppen climate classification , Kherson has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ). Kherson has both

1025-676: The city and region was formally incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR a constituent republic of the Soviet Union . The population was radically reduced from 75,000 to 41,000 by the famine of 1921–1923 , but then rose steadily, reaching 97,200 in 1939. In 1940, the city was one of the sites of executions of Polish officers and intelligentsia committed by the Soviets as part of the Katyn massacre . Further devastation and population loss resulted from

1066-481: The city on 11 November 2022. In June 2023, the city was flooded following the Russian destruction of the nearby Kakhovka Dam . As the first new settlement in the "Greek project" of Empress Catherine and her favourite Grigory Potemkin , it was named after the Heraclea Pontic colony of Chersonesus ( Ancient Greek : Χερσόνησος , romanized :  Khersónēsos [kʰer.só.nɛː.sos] ) which

1107-536: The city to the other bank of the river. On 11 November, Ukraine announced that its forces had entered the city following the Russian withdrawal. Before retreating, the Russian army destroyed infrastructure facilities of the city (communications, water, heat, electricity, TV tower ), looted two main museums ( Local History Museum and the Art Museum ), transporting their items to Crimean museums, and took away several monuments to historical figures. In June 2023,

1148-576: The city was flooded following the Russian destruction of the nearby Kakhovka Dam . On 23 October 2023, online voting concluded on the renaming of numerous streets and localities in Kherson for purposes of decolonization and derussification . This was in accordance with Law of Ukraine "On Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and Decolonization of Toponymy" , giving local councils six months to remove problematic toponymy. With Russian forces entrenched just across

1189-705: The city. In the post-war decades, which saw substantial industrial growth, the population more than doubled, reaching 261,000 by 1970. The new factories, including the Comintern Shipbuilding and Repairs Complex, the Kuibyshev Ship Repair Complex, and the Kherson Cotton Textile Manufacturing Complex (one of the largest textile plants in the Soviet Union), and Kherson's growing grain-exporting port, drew in labour from

1230-409: The company transported its goods only to Kherson, where they were loaded on Russian ships, and transported to Western European ports. Later on, the company bought several ships, with mostly international crews. First ship of Trade Company Poland was Św. Michał ; in 1784, Polska , Ukraina , Podole , Jampol and Św. Prot were bought. As a result of these purchases, first regular Polish merchant fleet

1271-440: The company was estimated at 1000 red zlotys , with maximum number of ten shares per a shareholder. Its statute allowed foreigners to purchase shares, and the company was personally supported by King Stanisław August Poniatowski , who himself negotiated with Catherine the Great the conditions of usage of the port of Kherson. Furthermore, it enjoyed the support of Primate Michał Jerzy Poniatowski . The development of Black Sea trade

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1312-473: The first days of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ( Kherson offensive ). As of 2 March the city was under Russian control, and as early as 8 March the Russian FSB was reported to be tasked with crushing resistance. Under the Russian occupation, locals continued to stage street protests against the invading army's presence and in support of the unity of Ukraine. According to the Ukrainian government,

1353-609: The opening of a local shipyard where the hulls of the Russian Black Sea fleet were laid. Within a year the Kherson Shipping Company began operations. By the end of the 18th century, the port had established trade with France, Italy, Spain and other European countries. Between 1783 and 1793 Poland's maritime trade via the Black Sea was conducted through Kherson by the Kompania Handlowa Polska . The Poles leased

1394-738: The region under the terms of the March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the German and Austrian controlled Ukrainian State . After the withdrawal of German and Austrian forces in November 1918, the efforts of the UPR (the Petluirites ) to assert authority were frustrated by a French-led Allied intervention which occupied Kherson in January 1919. In March 1919, the Green Army of local warlord Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv ousted

1435-518: The results of Kherson City Council elections were as follows: The parties widely perceived as pro-Russian , and Euro-skeptic , Opposition Platform , Volodymyr Saldo Bloc , and Party of Shariy (3.9%) had a combined vote of just over 30% of the total, and secured 20 out of the 54 seats on the city council. In the wake of the invasion, the Opposition Platform and the Party of Shariy were banned by

1476-549: The town of Jampol , and built there the Dniester river port, together with warehouses. Potocki personally talked to a number of magnates and merchants, urging them to abandon the Vistula river trade, and move southwards, to Polish Ukraine. He was supported by Michał Ossowski , a merchant from Pomerelia , Potocki's friend and adviser. Ossowski was chief agent of Prot Potocki 's bank, also operating company's office in Kherson. At first

1517-516: The votes cast in Kherson Oblast affirmed Ukrainian independence in the national referendum of 1 December 1991. With the collapse of the Soviet Union , Kherson and its industries experienced severe dislocation. Over the following three decades, the population of both the city and the region declined, reflecting both a significant excess of deaths over live births and persistent net-emigration from

1558-422: Was created. Its ships sailed mostly from Kherson to Marseilles , but also to Barcelona , and Alexandria . Ships of the Company Fleet used a modified Russian Navy Ensign , with a blue St. Andrew's Cross and a Polish eagle on a red rectangle in upper left corner. This banner was a compromise: according to international treaties, only ships equipped with Habsburg and Russian banners were allowed to pass through

1599-503: Was despite a low level of trust in the local authorities in whom corruption was perceived to be high. It also found that, while more inclined to express support for co-operation with Russia than for membership of the EU, "citizens in Kherson feel attached to their Ukrainian identity". In the last free elections before the 2022 Russian invasion, the Ukrainian local elections held on 25 October 2020,

1640-557: Was filmed at a music school in Kherson. Kompania Handlowa Polska Polish Trade Company ( Polish : Kompania Handlowa Polska ), also known as Black Sea Trade Company ( Polish : Kompania Handlu Czarnomorskiego ), Black Sea Company ( Polish : Kompania Czarnomorska ), and Kherson Company ( Polish : Kompania Chersońska ) was a Joint-stock company which existed in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1783–1793. It controlled international trade of

1681-523: Was located on the Crimean Peninsula , meaning 'peninsular shore'. Kherson was preceded by the town of Bilechowisce , first marked on a map by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan from 1648. Bilchowisce was listed as one of the three chief towns of Yedisan in a 1701 book by English cartographer Herman Moll . A French-language map of the site in 1769 (inset) shows a Russian-built fort or sconce named St. Alexandre. This had been built in 1737 during

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