30-583: Many, see text The Nacophorini are one of the smaller tribes of geometer moths in the subfamily Ennominae . They are the most diverse Ennominae of Australia and are widespread in the Americas. If the African genera tentatively placed herein indeed belong here, the distribution of the Nacophorini is distinctly Gondwanan , with their probable origin either of Australia, South America or even Antarctica (which
60-445: A spine at the tip of their foreleg tibia . The hindleg tibia is usually swollen in males, which also often have a "penciltip" of hairs tucked into a groove. Together with a comb of setae on the third abdominal segment, these structures probably serve to distribute pheromones , and while the abdominal comb is found in many Ennominae , the full set of structures is rarely found outside of the Nacophorini, which usually possess at least
90-415: A swollen tibia or tibial "pencil", and often both. Wnile the female genitalia are rather nondescript, there are a number of features of the male genitalia that are usually not exclusive to Nacophorini, but in combination are quite characteristic. Like in most Boarmiini , the valval costa typically has a batch of bristles on its underside near the tip, whereas the harpe or "clasper" of Nacophorini lacks
120-490: A toothed margin). The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in several genera, the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly coloured, and numerous. Scientists hypothesize that the family Myrtaceae arose between 60 and 56 million years ago (Mya) during the Paleocene era. Pollen fossils have been sourced to the ancient supercontinent Gondwana . The breakup of Gondwana during
150-651: A tribe merely by the presence of one of the standard suffixes: Accordingly, working within animals alone, subfamily -inae , tribe -ini, and subtribe -ina are unique suffixes to their specific taxonomic ranks. At the other extreme, working within algae alone, -eae suffixes class -phyceae , suborder -ineae , family -aceae , subfamily -oideae , and tribe -eae . The longer suffixes themselves suffixed with -eae must first be eliminated before recognizing an unfamiliar -eae designation as belonging to rank tribe. Myrtaceae About 130; see list Myrtaceae ( / m ə r ˈ t eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / ),
180-607: A tribe, the genus list should be considered preliminary. As noted above, Acalyphes , Dirce and possibly Archiearides would seem to need moving here from the Archiearinae , and at least some Lithinini and perhaps Campaeini seem to belong here too. Tribe (biology) In biology , a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus , but below family and subfamily . It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes . By convention, all taxa ranked above species are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe. In zoology ,
210-579: The Cretaceous period (145 to 66 Mya) geographically isolated disjunct taxa and allowed for rapid speciation; in particular, genera once considered members of the now-defunct Leptospermoideae alliance are now isolated within Oceania . Generally, experts agree that vicariance is responsible for the differentiation of Myrtaceae taxa, except in the cases of Leptospermum species now located on New Zealand and New Caledonia , islands which may have been submerged at
240-548: The Tasmanian Ennominae traditionally placed in the Archiearinae also have such symmetrical furcae, indicating the close relationship between them and the Nacophorini. Larval food plants are mainly Rosidae . Caterpillars of the Australian and South American genera feed predominantly on Myrtaceae , including Campomanesia , Eucalyptus , Eugenia and guavas ( Psidium ). A rather notorious nacophorine species from
270-444: The myrtle family , is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales . Myrtle , pōhutukawa , bay rum tree , clove , guava , acca (feijoa) , allspice , and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All species are woody, contain essential oils , and have flower parts in multiples of four or five. The leaves are evergreen , alternate to mostly opposite, simple, and usually entire (i.e., without
300-495: The paraphyletic Metrocampa (at least "M." ada and "M." biplaga ) appear very close to nacophorine genera – to Thalaina , and to Conosara and Corula , respectively. The Lithinini and the Nacophorini share the same apomorphies of the male genitalia, and their caterpillars are also very similar. It is unknown whether the somewhat more distinct Campaeini would warrant inclusion in this group too. The Tasmanian genera Acalyphes and Dirce and possibly
330-621: The Americas, apart from Metrosideros in Chile and Argentina . Genera with fleshy fruits have their greatest concentrations in eastern Australia and Malesia (the Australasian realm ) and the Neotropics . Eucalyptus is a dominant, nearly ubiquitous genus in the more mesic parts of Australia and extends north sporadically to the Philippines . Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest flowering plant in
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#1732891784950360-457: The Nacophorini, have been found on Myrtaceae (eucalyptus, Kunzea and Leptospermum ), Pinaceae – larches ( Larix ), pines ( Pinus , notably Monterey pine , P. radiata ) and coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) –, and southern beeches (Nothofagaceae). In addition, they were found on a species of Olearia , the only euasterid recorded as food plant of Nacophorini to date. The genera Oratha , usually placed in
390-561: The Nacophorini, is in many aspects suspiciously similar to Pero of the Azelinini and Rhinodia of the Caberini . It is liable to be moved to either of these tribes. Phaeoura , which includes Nacophora nowadays, appears to be closer to the Ennomini . As this includes the type species Phaeoura quernaria , Lithinini which might warrant merging with the Nacophorini would then supersede
420-545: The Nacophorini. The Azelinini , Ennomini and perhaps the Caberini are probably their closest living relatives, and a more radical approach to monophyly would be to merge the Nacophorini, Lithinini and possibly the Campaeini into the Ennomini. Nacophorini are generally robust and quite hairy geometer moths , though some species are more delicate. Exceptional among their subfamily , many have slim wings. They typically rest with
450-503: The South American Archiearides , traditionally placed in the subfamily Archiearinae , seem to be close relatives of the Australian nacophorines Niceteria and Paralaea and would probably need to be moved to the present tribe. And finally, there are some African genera as well as Declana from New Zealand which are tentatively assigned to the Nacophorini. As numerous ennomine genera have not yet been assigned to
480-575: The baccate (fleshy) fruits evolved twice from capsular fruits and, as such, the two-subfamily classification does not accurately portray the phylogenetic history of the family. Thus, many workers are now using a recent analysis by Wilson et al. (2001) as a starting point for further analyses of the family. This study pronounced both Leptospermoideae and Myrtoideae invalid, but retained several smaller suballiances shown to be monophyletic through matK analysis. The genera Heteropyxis and Psiloxylon have been separated as separate families by many authors in
510-631: The complex modifications found in Boarmiini. The aedeagus has a pointed tip in almost all members of this tribe, displaying little of the variation found in related geometer moths. The anellus usually has extensions at the side, which extend from the edge of the juxta and can be lobes or spines, small or large, covered in bristles or nude. But unlike the similar-looking but probably analogous structures found in Ourapterygini these "furcae" are entirely or almost symmetrical in Nacophorini. The Lithinini and
540-407: The hindwings tucked under the forewings. Nacophorini have long antennae , and most if not all have terminal sensillae shaped like stout pegs and sensillae basiconicae on the flagellomeres or rami . The "horn" between the antenna sockets which is present in many geometer moths is usually exceptionally well developed in the Nacophorini. Some have a crest of thorns on their thorax , and a few have
570-422: The mature seed pods of Corymbia torelliana , resulting in mellitochory as the seeds get stuck onto the corbiculae of the bees and sometimes are successfully disposed of by colony members that remove them. But usually, they get stuck in the hives or near hive entrances instead, hence also making it a minor nuisance for some keepers as they can take up a lot of space. Fortunately, this is only known to occur in
600-531: The name "Nacophorini", which would become a junior synonym of the Ennomini. The enigmatic genus Hoplosauris , of uncertain placement in the Ennominae , is in some respects intermediate between the Nacophorini and the Ennomini. While the taxonomic and systematic questions are in need of thorough study, the situation regarding the Lithinini is more clear. Their genus Idiodes and some species formerly placed in
630-447: The name of a botanical tribe is "-eae". Examples include the tribes Acalypheae and Hyacintheae . The tribe Hyacintheae is divided into subtribes, including the subtribe Massoniinae. The standard ending for the name of a botanical subtribe is "-inae". In bacteriology , the form of tribe names is as in botany, e.g., Pseudomonadeae, based on the genus name Pseudomonas . An unfamiliar taxonomic rank cannot necessarily be identified as
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#1732891784950660-481: The past as Heteropyxidaceae and Psiloxylaceae. However, Wilson et al. included them in Myrtaceae. These two genera are presently believed to be the earliest arising and surviving lineages of Myrtaceae. The most recent classification recognizes 17 tribes and two subfamilies, Myrtoideae and Psiloxyloideae, based on a phylogenetic analysis of plastid DNA. Many new species are being described annually from throughout
690-461: The range of Myrtaceae. Likewise, new genera are being described nearly yearly. Following Wilson (2011) Subfamily Psiloxyloideae Subfamily Myrtoideae 127 genera are currently accepted: Myrtaceae is foraged by many stingless bees, especially by species such as Melipona bicolor which gather pollen from this plant family. Some Australian species such as Tetragonula hockingsi and T. carbonaria are also known to collect resin from
720-410: The standard ending for the name of a zoological tribe is "-ini". Examples include the tribes Caprini (goat-antelopes), Hominini (hominins), Bombini (bumblebees), and Thunnini (tunas). The tribe Hominini is divided into subtribes by some scientists; subtribe Hominina then comprises "humans". The standard ending for the name of a zoological subtribe is "-ina". In botany , the standard ending for
750-420: The time of late Eocene differentiation. Recent estimates suggest the Myrtaceae include about 5,950 species in about 132 genera. The family has a wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world, and is common in many of the world's biodiversity hotspots . Genera with capsular fruits such as Eucalyptus , Corymbia , Angophora , Leptospermum , and Melaleuca are absent from
780-511: The tropical Americas is the Brazilian eucalyptus brown looper ( Thyrinteina arnobia ), which can be a commercially significant pest in eucalyptus plantations. Faboideae and Mimosoideae have also been recorded as food plants. Caterpillars of the African species tentatively placed in this tribe have been recorded from Cunoniaceae , Ericaceae , Fabaceae and Thymelaceae . Caterpillars of Declana from New Zealand, also tentatively placed in
810-400: The world. Other important Australian genera are Callistemon (bottlebrushes), Syzygium , and Melaleuca (paperbarks). Species of the genus Osbornia , native to Australasia, are mangroves . Eugenia , Myrcia , and Calyptranthes are among the larger genera in the neotropics. Historically, the Myrtaceae were divided into two subfamilies. Subfamily Myrtoideae (about 75 genera)
840-498: Was not ice-covered until a few million years ago ). In Eurasia , they are rare by comparison. Despite the lack of thorough study of this tribe in modern times, as traditionally delimited they are probably nearly monophyletic , requiring only a few genera to be moved in and out of this group to make it correspond to a clade ; as this involves the type species , the correct name for this clade might be Lithinini or maybe Campaeini , which are both liable to be eventually merged with
870-781: Was recognized as having dry, dehiscent fruits (capsules) and leaves arranged spirally or alternate. The Leptospermoideae are found mostly in Australasia, with a centre of diversity in Australia. Many genera in Western Australia have greatly reduced leaves and flowers typical of more xeric habitats. The division of the Myrtaceae into Leptospermoideae and Myrtoideae was challenged by a number of authors, including Johnson and Briggs (1984), who identified 14 tribes or clades within Myrtaceae, and found Myrtoideae to be polyphyletic. Molecular studies by several groups of authors, as of 2008, have confirmed
900-507: Was recognized as having fleshy fruits and opposite, entire leaves. Most genera in this subfamily have one of three easily recognized types of embryos. The genera of Myrtoideae can be very difficult to distinguish in the absence of mature fruits. Myrtoideae are found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions, with centers of diversity in the Neotropics, northeastern Australia, and Malesia. In contrast, subfamily Leptospermoideae (about 80 genera)
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