148-596: International figure skating competition NRW Trophy [REDACTED] Location: [REDACTED] Germany The NRW Trophy (also known as the NRW Summer Trophy or the NRW Autumn Trophy ) is an annual international figure skating competition organized by the Skating Union of North Rhine-Westphalia . Since 2007, it has been sanctioned by
296-662: A French colonial empire rise. Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the House of Habsburg and the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots . France was successful in the Thirty Years' War and further increased its influence during the reign of Louis XIV . The French Revolution of 1789 overthrew the Ancien Régime and produced the Declaration of
444-728: A general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic . Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies . Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler . Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and
592-505: A sustainable energy supply, the debt brake for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate ( pronatalism ), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0 . During the 2015 European migrant crisis , the country took in over a million refugees and migrants. Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe . It borders Denmark to
740-555: A temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north and west to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely,
888-814: A Christian in the event of victory against the Visigothic Kingdom , which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis regained the southwest from the Visigoths and was baptised in 508. Clovis I was the first Germanic conqueror after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy, and French kings called "the Most Christian Kings of France". The Franks embraced
1036-425: A European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a supranational Europe , favouring sovereign nations . The revolt of May 1968 had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although
1184-455: A NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban . In the 2005 elections , Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009, the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration , the energy transition ( Energiewende ) for
1332-638: A centralised totalitarian state , withdrew from the League of Nations , and dramatically increased the country's rearmament . A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the Autobahn . In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of
1480-674: A combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancien Régime proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the convocation of the Estates General , which was converted into a National Assembly in June. The Storming of the Bastille on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the abolition of feudalism , state control over
1628-559: A coup and civil war. During the May 1958 crisis , the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic , which included a strengthened presidency. The war concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 which led to Algerian independence , at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2 million internally-displaced Algerians. Around one million Pied-Noirs and Harkis fled from Algeria to France. A vestige of empire
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#17329245425311776-599: A framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat ; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law , are valid in perpetuity. The president , currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier ,
1924-415: A global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts the fourth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the world's leading tourist destination , receiving 100 million foreign visitors in 2023 . A developed country , France has a high nominal per capita income globally , and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world . It is a great power , being one of
2072-658: A joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States. Germany's military, the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence), is organised into the Heer (Army and special forces KSK ), Marine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force) and Cyber- und Informationsraum (Cyber and Information Domain Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military spending in 2023
2220-744: A maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea . Its eighteen integral regions (five of which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km (248,573 sq mi) and have a total population of 68.4 million as of January 2024 . France
2368-537: A provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary. West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a " social market economy ". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the American Marshall Plan . Konrad Adenauer was elected the first federal chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ( Wirtschaftswunder ) beginning in
2516-565: A series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet . The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of the Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle , Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as empress consort when her husband, Francis I , became emperor. From 1740, dualism between
2664-615: A state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process culminating in the Two Plus Four Treaty under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of
2812-692: A symbol of the Cold War . Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt 's Ostpolitik . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria , causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as
2960-613: A universal health care system , and tuition-free university education . Germany is a member of the United Nations , Council of Europe , NATO and OECD , and a founding member of the European Union, G7 and G20 . It has the third-highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites , 54 , of which 51 are cultural. The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for
3108-668: Is a semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Metropolitan France was settled during the Iron Age by Celtic tribes known as Gauls before Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, leading to a distinct Gallo-Roman culture . In the Early Middle Ages , the Franks formed the Kingdom of Francia , which became the heartland of
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#17329245425313256-637: Is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure. Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches , oaks , and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers , particularly spruce and pine . There are many species of ferns , flowers , fungi , and mosses . Wild animals include roe deer , wild boar , mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox , badger , hare , and small numbers of
3404-799: Is different from Wikidata Germany – in Europe (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union (light green) Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe . It lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen constituent states have a total population of over 82 million in an area of 357,596 km (138,069 sq mi), making it
3552-599: Is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. As of 2017 , Germany is divided into 401 districts ( Kreise ) at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts . Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law . The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review . Germany's specialized supreme court system includes
3700-508: Is the French overseas departments and territories . During the Cold War , de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the Western and Eastern blocs . He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a nuclear development programme and made France the fourth nuclear power . He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create
3848-627: Is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident ( President of the Bundestag ), who is elected by
3996-483: Is vested in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the Bundesrat represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under
4144-457: The Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II , Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary ;
4292-484: The Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the Bundestag . The chancellor, currently Olaf Scholz , is the head of government and exercises executive power through his Cabinet . Since 1949,
4440-512: The 1973 oil crisis , which now accounts for 75 per cent of its electricity production and results in less pollution. According to the 2020 Environmental Performance Index conducted by Yale and Columbia , France was the fifth most environmentally conscious country in the world. Like all European Union state members, France agreed to cut carbon emissions by at least 20% of 1990 levels by 2020. As of 2009 , French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China. The country
4588-552: The 1995 public transport bombings , France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the Charlie Hebdo attack in 2015 which provoked the largest public rallies in French history, gathering 4.4 million people, the November 2015 Paris attacks which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II and the deadliest in the European Union since
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4736-802: The Allies de jure abolished the German state and partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom , and the United States , were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland ); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR) ( German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik ; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as
4884-607: The Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia , Greece and the Soviet Union . By 1942, Germany and its allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa , but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad , the Allied reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944,
5032-594: The Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet was crowned king of the Franks . His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the Capetian rulers began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of
5180-578: The Berchtesgaden National Park . In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves , and 105 nature parks . More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo , which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. Germany is a federal , parliamentary , representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power
5328-574: The British Isles and Switzerland . The wars were ended by Henry IV 's Edict of Nantes , which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. Spanish troops, assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The war cost France 300,000 casualties. Under Louis XIII , Cardinal Richelieu promoted centralisation of
5476-437: The Carolingian Empire . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia evolving into the Kingdom of France . In the High Middle Ages , France was a powerful but decentralized feudal kingdom, but from the mid-14th to the mid-15th centuries, France was plunged into a dynastic conflict with England known as the Hundred Years' War . In the 16th century, the French Renaissance saw culture flourish and
5624-417: The Catholic Church in France , and a declaration of rights . The next three years were dominated by struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression . Military defeats following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792 resulted in the insurrection of 10 August 1792 . The monarchy was abolished and replaced by the French First Republic in September, while Louis XVI
5772-435: The Consulate seized power in a coup led by Napoleon . Napoleon became First Consul in 1799 and later Emperor of the French Empire (1804–1814; 1815). Changing sets of European coalitions declared wars on Napoleon's empire . His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt and Austerlitz . Members of the Bonaparte family were appointed monarchs in some of
5920-22928: The Deutsche Eislauf Union and the International Skating Union . It is held every autumn at the Westfalenhallen in Dortmund, Germany . Medals may be awarded in men's singles, women's singles , pair skating , and ice dance . The competition is held in two parts: The Ice Dance Trophy is held in early November, while the Figure Skating Trophy is held for singles and pair skating in late November or early December. Senior results [ edit ] Men's singles [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2007 [REDACTED] Konstantin Menshov [REDACTED] Ivan Tretiakov [REDACTED] Christian Rauchbauer 2008 [REDACTED] Kevin van der Perren [REDACTED] Samuel Contesti [REDACTED] Javier Fernández 2009 [REDACTED] Yannick Ponsero [REDACTED] Samuel Contesti [REDACTED] Kevin van der Perren 2010 [REDACTED] Alexander Majorov [REDACTED] Ivan Tretiakov [REDACTED] Pavel Kaška 2011 [REDACTED] Samuel Contesti [REDACTED] Peter Liebers [REDACTED] Kento Nakamura 2012 [REDACTED] Konstantin Menshov [REDACTED] Michal Březina [REDACTED] Peter Liebers 2013 [REDACTED] Alexander Majorov [REDACTED] Brian Joubert [REDACTED] Jorik Hendrickx 2014 [REDACTED] Franz Streubel [REDACTED] Ivan Pavlov [REDACTED] Adrien Tesson 2015 [REDACTED] Jorik Hendrickx [REDACTED] Denis Ten [REDACTED] Sergei Voronov 2016 [REDACTED] Alexander Majorov [REDACTED] Paul Fentz [REDACTED] Romain Ponsart 2020 [REDACTED] Jari Kessler [REDACTED] Paul Fentz [REDACTED] Lukas Britschgi 2021 [REDACTED] Lukas Britschgi [REDACTED] Nikolaj Majorov [REDACTED] Nikita Starostin 2022 [REDACTED] Nikita Starostin [REDACTED] Kai Jagoda [REDACTED] Oliver Praetorius 2023 [REDACTED] Tomàs-Llorenç Guarino Sabaté [REDACTED] Donovan Carrillo [REDACTED] Jari Kessler Women's singles [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2007 [REDACTED] Katharina Gierok [REDACTED] Mira Sonnenberg [REDACTED] Hristina Vassileva 2008 [REDACTED] Elena Gedevanishvili [REDACTED] Francesca Rio [REDACTED] Constanze Paulinus 2009 [REDACTED] Valentina Marchei [REDACTED] Katarina Gerboldt [REDACTED] Jenna McCorkell 2010 [REDACTED] Shoko Ishikawa [REDACTED] Sarah Hecken [REDACTED] Yrétha Silété 2011 [REDACTED] Viktoria Helgesson [REDACTED] Yuki Nishino [REDACTED] Kako Tomotaki 2012 [REDACTED] Kim Yuna [REDACTED] Ksenia Makarova [REDACTED] Viktoria Helgesson 2013 [REDACTED] Jelena Glebova [REDACTED] Polina Agafonova [REDACTED] Nicole Rajičová 2014 [REDACTED] Nicole Schott [REDACTED] Fleur Maxwell [REDACTED] Kerstin Frank 2015 [REDACTED] Laurine Lecavelier [REDACTED] Elizaveta Ukolova [REDACTED] Anna Dušková 2016 [REDACTED] Nicole Schott [REDACTED] Loena Hendrickx [REDACTED] Nathalie Weinzierl 2020 [REDACTED] Lindsay van Zundert [REDACTED] Josefin Taljegård [REDACTED] Jenni Saarinen 2021 [REDACTED] Lindsay van Zundert [REDACTED] Léa Serna [REDACTED] Josefin Taljegård 2022 [REDACTED] Jade Hovine [REDACTED] Stefanie Pesendorfer [REDACTED] Kristina Isaev 2023 [REDACTED] Andrea Montesinos Cantú [REDACTED] Nina Fredriksson [REDACTED] Lovissa Aav Pairs [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2008 [REDACTED] Nicole Della Monica Yannick Kocon [REDACTED] Mari Vartmann Florian Just [REDACTED] Ekaterina Sokolova Fedor Sokolov 2009 [REDACTED] Nicole Della Monica Yannick Kocon [REDACTED] Stefania Berton Ondřej Hotárek [REDACTED] Mari Vartmann Florian Just 2010 [REDACTED] Stefania Berton Ondřej Hotárek [REDACTED] Katharina Gierok Florian Just [REDACTED] Adeline Canac Yannick Bonheur 2011 [REDACTED] Mari Vartmann Aaron Van Cleave [REDACTED] Lubov Bakirova Mikalai Kamianchuk [REDACTED] Natalya Zabiyako Sergei Kulbach 2012 [REDACTED] Aliona Savchenko Robin Szolkowy [REDACTED] Stefania Berton Ondřej Hotárek [REDACTED] Vanessa James Morgan Ciprès 2013 [REDACTED] Vera Bazarova Yuri Larionov [REDACTED] Maylin Wende Daniel Wende [REDACTED] Mari Vartmann Aaron Van Cleave 2014 [REDACTED] Marin Ono Hon Lam To [REDACTED] Alexandra Herbríková Nicolas Roulet [REDACTED] Minerva Fabienne Hase Nolan Seegert 2015 [REDACTED] Minerva Hase Nolan Seegert No other competitors 2016 [REDACTED] Minerva Hase Nolan Seegert [REDACTED] Lola Esbrat Andrei Novoselov [REDACTED] Ioulia Chtchetinina Noah Scherer 2020 [REDACTED] Annika Hocke Robert Kunkel [REDACTED] Minerva Fabienne Hase Nolan Seegert [REDACTED] Daria Danilova Michel Tsiba 2021 [REDACTED] Daria Danilova Michel Tsiba [REDACTED] Nika Osipova Dmitry Epstein No other competitors Ice dance [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2007 [REDACTED] Kamila Hájková David Vincour [REDACTED] Leonie Krail Oscar Peter [REDACTED] Maria Borounov Evgeni Borounov 2008 [REDACTED] Anastasia Platonova Alexander Grachev [REDACTED] Carolina Hermann Daniel Hermann [REDACTED] Joanna Budner Jan Mościcki 2009 [REDACTED] Pernelle Carron Lloyd Jones [REDACTED] Carolina Hermann Daniel Hermann [REDACTED] Christina Chitwood Mark Hanretty 2010 [REDACTED] Pernelle Carron Lloyd Jones [REDACTED] Nelli Zhiganshina Alexander Gazsi [REDACTED] Isabella Tobias Deividas Stagniūnas 2011 [REDACTED] Tanja Kolbe Stefano Caruso [REDACTED] Charlene Guignard Marco Fabbri [REDACTED] Carolina Hermann Daniel Hermann 2012 [REDACTED] Pernelle Carron Lloyd Jones [REDACTED] Cathy Reed Chris Reed [REDACTED] Valeria Starygina Ivan Volobuiev 2013 [REDACTED] Charlène Guignard Marco Fabbri [REDACTED] Alisa Agafonova Alper Uçar [REDACTED] Kharis Ralph Asher Hill 2014 [REDACTED] Penny Coomes Nicholas Buckland [REDACTED] Olivia Smart Joseph Buckland [REDACTED] Olesia Karmi Max Lindholm 2015 [REDACTED] Alisa Agafonova Alper Uçar [REDACTED] Barbora Silná Juri Kurakin [REDACTED] Katharina Müller Tim Dieck 2016 [REDACTED] Katharina Müller Tim Dieck [REDACTED] Kavita Lorenz Panagiotis Polizoakis [REDACTED] Jasmine Tessari Francesco Fioretti 2018 [REDACTED] Katharina Müller Tim Dieck [REDACTED] Jasmine Tessari Francesco Fioretti [REDACTED] Shari Koch Christian Nüchtern 2019 [REDACTED] Ksenia Konkina Pavel Drozd [REDACTED] Darya Popova Volodymyr Byelikov [REDACTED] Mina Zdravkova Christopher M. Davis 2020 [REDACTED] Katharina Müller Tim Dieck [REDACTED] Fiona Pernas German Shamraev [REDACTED] Chelsea Verhaegh Sherim van Geffen 2021 [REDACTED] Yuka Orihara Juho Pirinen [REDACTED] Natacha Lagouge Arnaud Caffa [REDACTED] Jasmine Tessari Stéphane Walker 2022 [REDACTED] Maria Kazakova Georgy Reviya [REDACTED] Anastasia Polibina Pavel Golovishnikov [REDACTED] Charise Matthaei Max Liebers 2023 [REDACTED] Solène Mazingue Marko Jevgeni Gaidajenko [REDACTED] Giorgia Galimberti Matteo-Libasse Mandelli [REDACTED] Philomene Sabourin Raul Bermejo Junior results [ edit ] Men's singles [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2007 [REDACTED] Denis Ten [REDACTED] Gordei Gorshkov [REDACTED] Murad Kurbanov 2008 [REDACTED] Denis Wieczorek [REDACTED] Saverio Giacomelli [REDACTED] Jorik Hendrickx 2009 [REDACTED] Artem Grigoriev [REDACTED] Jorik Hendrickx [REDACTED] Daniel Dotzauer 2010 [REDACTED] Paul Fentz [REDACTED] Viktor Zubik [REDACTED] Matthias Versluis 2011 [REDACTED] Niko Ulanovsky [REDACTED] Matthias Versluis [REDACTED] Maurizio Zandron 2012 [REDACTED] Vladislav Smirnov [REDACTED] Feodosiy Efremenkov [REDACTED] Moris Kvitelashvili 2013 [REDACTED] Roman Savosin [REDACTED] Daniil Bernadiner [REDACTED] Dmitriy Mikhaylov 2014 [REDACTED] Illya Solomin [REDACTED] Matyáš Bělohradský [REDACTED] Dave Kötting 2015 [REDACTED] Roman Savosin [REDACTED] Catalin Dimitrescu [REDACTED] Kai Jagoda 2016 [REDACTED] Andrei Mozalev [REDACTED] Dmitriy Shutkov [REDACTED] Ilya Mironov 2018 [REDACTED] Nikita Starostin [REDACTED] Denis Gurdzhi [REDACTED] Jonathan Hess 2019 [REDACTED] Denis Gurdzhi [REDACTED] Nikita Manko [REDACTED] Oliver Praetorius 2020 [REDACTED] Denis Gurdzhi [REDACTED] Louis Weissert [REDACTED] Leon Kraiczyk 2021 [REDACTED] Matteo Nalbone [REDACTED] Raffaele Zich [REDACTED] Denis Gurdzhi 2022 [REDACTED] Hugo Herrmann [REDACTED] Luca Fünfer [REDACTED] Tim England 2023 [REDACTED] Aurélian Chervet [REDACTED] Elias Sayed [REDACTED] Jakub Lofek Women's singles [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2007 [REDACTED] Isabel Drescher [REDACTED] Barbara Klerk [REDACTED] Katja Grohmann 2008 [REDACTED] Roberta Rodeghiero [REDACTED] Nicole Gurny [REDACTED] Isabel Drescher 2009 [REDACTED] Léna Marrocco [REDACTED] Timila Shrestha [REDACTED] Jessica Füssinger 2010 [REDACTED] Alexandra Deeva [REDACTED] Timila Shrestha [REDACTED] Jessica Füssinger 2011 [REDACTED] Angelika Dubinski [REDACTED] Elizaveta Ukolova [REDACTED] Yasmine Kimiko Yamada 2012 [REDACTED] Elizaveta Ukolova [REDACTED] Guia Tagliapietra [REDACTED] Sara Casella 2013 [REDACTED] Elizaveta Iushenko [REDACTED] Alsu Kaiumova [REDACTED] Aleksandra Golovkina 2014 [REDACTED] Elizabet Tursynbayeva [REDACTED] Anni Järvenpää [REDACTED] Lea Johanna Dastich 2015 [REDACTED] Annika Hocke [REDACTED] Lea Johanna Dastich [REDACTED] Anastasia Schneider 2016 [REDACTED] Alexandrina Degtiareva [REDACTED] Lea Johanna Dastich [REDACTED] Elisabetta Leccardi 2018 [REDACTED] Alexandra Feigin [REDACTED] Paulina Ramanauskaitė [REDACTED] Elodie Eudine 2019 [REDACTED] Aya Hatakawa [REDACTED] Mariia Seniuk [REDACTED] Nargiz Süleymanova 2020 [REDACTED] Kimmy Repond [REDACTED] Aya Hatakawa [REDACTED] Carmen Wolf 2021 [REDACTED] Kimmy Repond [REDACTED] Anna Pezzetta [REDACTED] Linnea Kilsand 2022 [REDACTED] Iida Karhunen [REDACTED] Olesya Ray [REDACTED] Barbora Vránková 2023 [REDACTED] Amanda Ghezzo [REDACTED] Angel Delevaque [REDACTED] Giulia Barucchi Pairs [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2008 [REDACTED] Tatiana Novik Konstantin Medovikov [REDACTED] Carolina Gillespie Daniel Aggiano [REDACTED] Marylie Jorg Ben Koenderink 2009 [REDACTED] Irina Moiseeva Vladimir Morozov [REDACTED] Juliana Gurdzhi Alexander Völler [REDACTED] Evgenia Krapivina Konstantin Medovikov 2010 [REDACTED] Rachel Epstein Dmitry Epstein No other competitors 2011 [REDACTED] Lina Fedorova Maxim Miroshkin [REDACTED] Anastasia Dolidze Vadim Ivanov [REDACTED] Maria Deryabina Vladimir Arkhipov 2012 [REDACTED] Annabelle Prolss Ruben Blommaert [REDACTED] Arina Cherniavskaia Antonio Souza-Kordeyru [REDACTED] Anastasia Dolidze Vadim Ivanov 2013 [REDACTED] Arina Cherniavskaia Antonio Souza-Kordeyru [REDACTED] Rinata Murasova Sergei Alexeev [REDACTED] Vlada Mishina Vadim Ivanov 2014 [REDACTED] Anna Dušková Martin Bidař [REDACTED] Christina Bogdanova No other competitors 2015 [REDACTED] Alina Ustimkina Nikita Volodin [REDACTED] Anna Dušková Martin Bidař [REDACTED] Minori Yuge Jannis Bronisefski 2016 [REDACTED] Talisa Thomalla Robert Kunkel [REDACTED] Irma Caldara Edoardo Caputo No other competitors 2020 [REDACTED] Daniela Muntean Artem Rotar No other competitors 2021 [REDACTED] Josephine Lossius Artem Rotar Ice dance [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2006 [REDACTED] Nadezhda Frolenkova Mikhail Kasalo [REDACTED] Carolina Hermann Daniel Hermann [REDACTED] Saskia Brall Tim Giesen 2007 [REDACTED] Anastasia Gavrylovych Maciej Bernadowski [REDACTED] Lucie Myslivečková Matěj Novák [REDACTED] Ashley Foy Benjamin Blum 2008 [REDACTED] Ekaterina Riazanova Jonathan Guerreiro [REDACTED] Victoria Sinitsina Ruslan Zhiganshin [REDACTED] Siobhan Heekin-Canedy Dmitri Zyzak 2009 [REDACTED] Ekaterina Pushkash John Guerreiro [REDACTED] Alexandra Stepanova Ivan Bukin [REDACTED] Ruslana Yurchenko Oleksandr Lyubchenko 2010 [REDACTED] Tiffany Zahorski Alexis Miart [REDACTED] Tatiana Baturintseva Sergey Mozgov [REDACTED] Valeria Loseva Denis Lunin 2011 [REDACTED] Ksenia Korobkova Daniil Gleikhengauz [REDACTED] Shari Koch Christian Nüchtern [REDACTED] Valeria Loseva Denis Lunin 2012 [REDACTED] Shari Koch Christian Nüchtern [REDACTED] Gabriella Papadakis Guillaume Cizeron [REDACTED] Sofia Sforza Francesco Fioretti 2013 [REDACTED] Rebeka Kim Kirill Minov [REDACTED] Eva Khachaturian Igor Eremenko [REDACTED] Olivia Smart Joseph Buckland 2014 [REDACTED] Katharina Müller Tim Dieck [REDACTED] Sara Ghislandi Giona Terzo Ortenzi [REDACTED] Sofia Polishchuk Alexander Vakhnov 2015 [REDACTED] Sara Ghislandi Giona Terzo Ortenzi [REDACTED] Eva Khachaturian Andrei Bagin [REDACTED] Ria Schwendinger Valentin Wunderlich 2016 [REDACTED] Sofia Shevchenko Igor Eremenko [REDACTED] Natacha Lagouge Corentin Rahier [REDACTED] Ria Schwendinger Valentin Wunderlich 2018 [REDACTED] Darya Popova Volodymyr Byelikov [REDACTED] Lara Luft Asaf Kazimov [REDACTED] Irina Khavronina Dario Cirisano 2019 [REDACTED] Maria Kazakova Georgy Reviya [REDACTED] Sofia Kachushkina Egor Goncharov [REDACTED] Angelina Zimina Aleksandr Gnedin 2020 [REDACTED] Lea Enderlein Malte Brandt [REDACTED] Anne Marie Wolf Max Liebers [REDACTED] Lilia Schubert Kiran Wagner 2021 [REDACTED] Ekaterina Rybakova Ivan Makhnonosov [REDACTED] Nicole Calderari Marco Cilli [REDACTED] Noemi Tali Stefano Frasca 2022 [REDACTED] Karla Karl Kai Hoferichter [REDACTED] Noemi Tali Stefano Frasca [REDACTED] Darya Grimm Michail Savitskiy 2023 [REDACTED] Noemie Maria Tali Noah Elias Lafornara [REDACTED] Dania Mouaden Théo Bigot [REDACTED] Beatrice Ventura Stefano Frasca References [ edit ] ^ 2007 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from
6068-430: The Eurasian beaver . The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol . The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park , the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park , the Müritz National Park , the Wadden Sea National Parks , the Harz National Park , the Hainich National Park , the Black Forest National Park , the Saxon Switzerland National Park , the Bavarian Forest National Park and
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6216-485: The Fall of Communism , the dissolution of the Soviet Union , German reunification and Die Wende ("the turning point"). United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of
6364-411: The German Revolution of 1918–1919 , the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic . The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship , World War II , and the Holocaust . In 1949, after the war and a period of Allied occupation , Germany was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany , and
6512-569: The Hercynian uplift in the Paleozoic Era , the Armorican Massif , the Massif Central , the Morvan , the Vosges and Ardennes ranges and the island of Corsica were formed. These massifs delineate several sedimentary basins such as the Aquitaine Basin in the southwest and the Paris Basin in the north. Various routes of natural passage, such as the Rhône Valley , allow easy communication. The Alpine, Pyrenean and Jura mountains are much younger and have less eroded forms. At 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level, Mont Blanc , located in
6660-405: The House of Plantagenet , rulers of the County of Anjou , established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine , then built an "empire" from England to the Pyrenees , covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the Plantagenet empire would last a hundred years, until Philip II of France conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of
6808-422: The Investiture controversy . Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east ( Ostsiedlung ). Members of the Hanseatic League , mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. The population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–1350. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided
6956-428: The Jastorf culture during the Nordic Bronze Age or early Iron Age . From southern Scandinavia and northern Germany , they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic , Iranian , Baltic , and Slavic tribes. Southern Germany was inhabited by Celtic-speaking peoples, who belonged to the wider La Tène culture . They were later assimilated by the Germanic conquerors. Under Augustus ,
7104-406: The Madrid train bombings in 2004 . Opération Chammal , France's military efforts to contain ISIS , killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015. The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called Metropolitan France . It is bordered by the North Sea in the north, the English Channel in the northwest, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and
7252-402: The Mediterranean Sea in the southeast. Its land borders consist of Belgium and Luxembourg in the northeast, Germany and Switzerland in the east, Italy and Monaco in the southeast, and Andorra and Spain in the south and southwest. Except for the northeast, most of France's land borders are roughly delineated by natural boundaries and geographic features: to the south and southeast,
7400-467: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland , beginning World War II in Europe ; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , and France , forcing the French government to sign an armistice . The British repelled German air attacks in
7548-459: The Popular Front government (e.g., annual leave , eight-hour workdays , women in government ). In 1940, France was invaded and quickly defeated by Nazi Germany . France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north, an Italian occupation zone and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of the southern France and the French empire. The Vichy government , an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled
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#17329245425317696-529: The Roman Empire began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania and is thus considered one of the most important events in European history . By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania , Germanic tribes had settled along
7844-430: The Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people. In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated
7992-488: The Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Its European territory kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as Lorraine and Corsica . Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the French Revolution . Louis XVI (r. 1774–1793) supported America with money, fleets and armies , helping them win independence from Great Britain . France gained revenge, but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to
8140-450: The Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa , German South West Africa , Togoland , and Kamerun . Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in
8288-409: The former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990 . Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy ; it has the largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP . As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer . As a developed country , it offers social security ,
8436-417: The inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice for civil and criminal cases, along with the Federal Labour Court , Federal Social Court , Federal Fiscal Court , and Federal Administrative Court for other matters. Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of
8584-470: The official language of France and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the House of Habsburg during the Italian Wars , which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the French colonial empire . The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the French Wars of Religion . This forced Huguenots to flee to Protestant regions such as
8732-428: The revolutions of 1848 in the German states , raising the German question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement. King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864 ;
8880-403: The trap-bath split such as Received Pronunciation , though it can be also heard in some other dialects such as Cardiff English . The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8 million years ago. Neanderthals occupied the region into the Upper Paleolithic era but were slowly replaced by Homo sapiens around 35,000 BC. This period witnessed
9028-428: The "Evangelical" faith ( Lutheranism ), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ( cuius regio, eius religio ). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population. The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates . The legal system initiated by
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#17329245425319176-459: The 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the Maghreb , in northwest Africa) to permanently settle in France with their families and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates. The government had a policy of assimilation of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms. Since
9324-402: The 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as Franj . French Crusaders imported French into the Levant , making Old French the base of the lingua franca ("Frankish language") of the Crusader states . The Albigensian Crusade was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars in the southwest of modern-day France. From the 11th century,
9472-420: The 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity. In 312, Emperor Constantine I converted to Christianity . Christians, who had been persecuted, increased. But from the 5th century, the Barbarian Invasions resumed. Teutonic tribes invaded the region, the Visigoths settling in the southwest, the Burgundians along the Rhine River Valley, and the Franks in the north. In Late antiquity , ancient Gaul
9620-438: The Alps on the France–Italy border , is the highest point in Western Europe. Although 60% of municipalities are classified as having seismic risks (though moderate). The coastlines offer contrasting landscapes: mountain ranges along the French Riviera , coastal cliffs such as the Côte d'Albâtre , and wide sandy plains in the Languedoc . Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast. France has an extensive river system consisting of
9768-414: The Alps. Subsequently, the Holy Roman Empire emerged from it. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies . In 996, Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III , whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through
9916-457: The Atlantic Ocean. Other water courses drain towards the Meuse and Rhine along the northeastern borders. France has 11,000,000 km (4,200,000 sq mi) of marine waters within three oceans under its jurisdiction, of which 97% are overseas. France was one of the first countries to create an environment ministry, in 1971. France is ranked 19th by carbon dioxide emissions due to the country's heavy investment in nuclear power following
10064-411: The Austrian Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire , agreed to the Partitions of Poland . During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars , the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet , most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories;
10212-504: The Christian Gallo-Roman culture , and ancient Gaul was renamed Francia ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages . Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty , but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, Orléans , Soissons , and Rheims . The last Merovingian kings lost power to their mayors of
10360-405: The Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria . Areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes. Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 . The eastern successor kingdom of East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North Sea to
10508-421: The Franks was known as the francisca ), although these weapons may have been named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around. In English, 'France' is pronounced / f r æ n s / FRANSS in American English and / f r ɑː n s / FRAHNSS or / f r æ n s / FRANSS in British English. The pronunciation with / ɑː / is mostly confined to accents with
10656-521: The Franks". Later kings expanded their directly possessed domaine royal to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a hierarchically conceived society distinguishing nobility , clergy, and commoners . The nobility played a prominent role in Crusades to restore Christian access to the Holy Land . French knights made up most reinforcements in
10804-521: The French government's longtime historical association with the Catholic Church , Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, Louis I kept the empire united, however in 843, it was divided between Louis' three sons, into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and
10952-496: The German Bundestag , though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election , the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time. Germany is a federation and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as Länder . Each state ( Land ) has its own constitution, and
11100-614: The German Democratic Republic, or East Germany . Berlin continued its de jure Four Power status . The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union , while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact . After the fall of the communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw
11248-538: The Holocaust , the German government persecuted minorities , including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. The regime systematically murdered 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani , 275,000 disabled , thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses , thousands of homosexuals , and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents . Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in
11396-628: The Neolithic, including the Carnac stones site (approximately 3,300 BC). In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (present-day Marseille ). Celtic tribes penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC. Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his troops made their way to Roman Italy , defeated
11544-620: The North Atlantic, the French West Indies , and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean , giving it one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world . Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north, Germany to the northeast, Switzerland to the east, Italy and Monaco to the southeast, Andorra and Spain to the south, and
11692-617: The Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia ), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide . The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I . After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed,
11840-664: The Pacific. On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution . In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria , but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch . Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and
11988-735: The Pyrenees and the Alps and the Jura, respectively, and to the east, the Rhine river. Metropolitan France includes various coastal islands, of which the largest is Corsica . Metropolitan France is situated mostly between latitudes 41° and 51° N , and longitudes 6° W and 10° E , on the western edge of Europe, and thus lies within the northern temperate zone. Its continental part covers about 1000 km from north to south and from east to west. Metropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935 sq mi),
12136-583: The Reichstag after a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire , a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. On 23 March 1933, the Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution, and marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. His government established
12284-516: The Revolution. Some of the Enlightenment occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the naming of oxygen (1778) and the first hot air balloon carrying passengers (1783), were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the voyages of scientific exploration through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as
12432-571: The Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden-Württemberg , southern Bavaria , southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces . Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest:
12580-663: The Rights of Man , which expresses the nation's ideals to this day. France reached its political and military zenith in the early 19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte , subjugating part of continental Europe and establishing the First French Empire . The collapse of the empire initiated a period of relative decline, in which France endured the Bourbon Restoration until the founding of the French Second Republic which
12728-606: The Romans in the Battle of the Allia , and besieged and ransomed Rome. This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty. But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries. Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), which evolved into Provence in French. Julius Caesar conquered
12876-653: The Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe ; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive . Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin , Germany signed the surrender document on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe and Nazi Germany. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials . In what later became known as
13024-863: The centre of the Protestant Reformation . Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia -led North German Confederation , which became the German Empire in 1871. After World War I and
13172-522: The communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany , supported by the Stasi , an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall , built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming
13320-789: The constitutional July Monarchy ; French troops began the conquest of Algeria . Unrest led to the French Revolution of 1848 and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte , Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the Second Empire , as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Crimea , Mexico and Italy . Napoleon III
13468-626: The constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors . Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge . In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation and his translation of the Bible began the standardization of the language; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated
13616-697: The country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2024, Germany reported $ 97.7 billion to NATO, exceeding the NATO target of 2% at 2.12% of GDP. France – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) France , officially the French Republic , is a country located primarily in Western Europe . Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America , Saint Pierre and Miquelon in
13764-462: The creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties , an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning 's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the largest party in
13912-466: The creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies . Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism . After 1990, Germany and Russia worked together to establish a "strategic partnership" in which energy development became one of
14060-536: The criminal and the protection of the public. With the exceptions of petty crimes, tried by a single professional judge, and of serious political crimes, all charges are adjudicated by mixed tribunals where lay judges ( Schöffen ) and professional judges preside together. As of 2016, Germany's murder rate stood at a low of 1.18 murders per 100,000. In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Germany since 2017, and LGBT rights are generally protected in
14208-461: The deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles , 1.3 million Ukrainians , 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war . German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory. After Nazi Germany surrendered,
14356-497: The early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community . On 1 January 1957, the Saarland joined West Germany. East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the Soviet Union via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact . Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ( Politbüro ) of
14504-624: The ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars . Following the fall of Napoleon , the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states . The appointment of the emperor of Austria as
14652-718: The emergence of cave painting in the Dordogne and Pyrenees , including at Lascaux , dated to c. 18,000 BC. At the end of the Last Glacial Period (10,000 BC), the climate became milder; from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the Neolithic era, and its inhabitants became sedentary . After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, metallurgy appeared , initially working gold, copper and bronze , then later iron . France has numerous megalithic sites from
14800-516: The empire, leaving England and Aquitaine to the Plantagenets. Charles IV the Fair died without an heir in 1328. The crown passed to Philip of Valois , rather than Edward of Plantagenet, who became Edward III of England . During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power. However Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward in 1337, and England and France entered
14948-594: The ensuing uprising of European monarchies against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars . After his brief return from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo , and the Bourbon monarchy was restored with new constitutional limitations. The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July Revolution of 1830, which established
15096-545: The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state . France is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the eurozone , as well as a member of the Group of Seven , North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and Francophonie . Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire ,
15244-534: The forefront of the development of a supranational European Union , notably by signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, establishing the eurozone in 1999 and signing the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007. France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars. Since the 19th century, France has received many immigrants , often male foreign workers from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed. During
15392-880: The four major rivers Seine , the Loire , the Garonne , the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. The Rhône divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the Camargue . The Garonne meets the Dordogne just after Bordeaux, forming the Gironde estuary , the largest estuary in Western Europe which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into
15540-538: The government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the East German economy was scheduled to last until 2019. Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union , signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the eurozone . Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of
15688-485: The largest among European Union members. France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding Adélie Land ), is 643,801 km (248,573 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the Alps in the southeast, the Massif Central in the south-central and Pyrenees in
15836-469: The most important factors. As a result of the cooperation, Germany imported most of its natural gas and crude oil from Russia. Germany's development policy functions as a distinct sector within its foreign policy framework. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as
15984-568: The most populous member state of the European Union . It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France , Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt ; the largest urban area is the Ruhr . Settlement in
16132-484: The most-used language in diplomacy, science, and literature until the 20th century. France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes , forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the Code Noir providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies. Under the wars of Louis XV (r. 1715–1774), France lost New France and most Indian possessions after its defeat in
16280-418: The name France comes from the Latin Francia , or "realm of the Franks ". The name of the Franks is related to the English word frank ("free"): the latter stems from the Old French franc ("free, noble, sincere"), and ultimately from the Medieval Latin word francus ("free, exempt from service; freeman, Frank"), a generalisation of the tribal name that emerged as a Late Latin borrowing of
16428-409: The nation. Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO , the OECD , the G7 , the G20 , the World Bank and the IMF . It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes
16576-405: The newly established kingdoms. These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the metric system , Napoleonic Code and Declaration of the Rights of Man. In 1812 Napoleon attacked Russia , reaching Moscow. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and
16724-435: The north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France , Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers 357,596 km (138,069 sq mi). Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in
16872-448: The off-and-on Hundred Years' War . Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English Kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders, such as Joan of Arc , French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the Black Death , from which half of the 17 million population died. The French Renaissance saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became
17020-404: The original on 2008-05-03. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from the original on 2009-12-16. ^ 2008 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from
17168-473: The original on 2009-12-17. ^ 2009 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from the original on 2009-12-16. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01 . Retrieved 2009-12-03 . ^ 2010 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from
17316-524: The original on 2010-10-22. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. ^ 2011 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from the original on 2011-10-30. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. ^ 2012 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from
17464-1921: The original on 2012-11-27. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Archived from the original on 2012-12-08. ^ 2013 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. ^ 2014 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. ^ 2015 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. "Singles & Pairs" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. ^ 2016 NRW Trophy "Ice Dance" . Eissport-Verband Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. "Singles & Pairs" . ^ "NRW Autumn Trophy 2020" . German Ice Skating Union . ^ "NRW Autumn Trophy 2021" . German Ice Skating Union . ^ "NRW Autumn Trophy 2022" . German Ice Skating Union . ^ "NRW Trophy 2023" . German Ice Skating Union . ^ "NRW Summer Trophy 2018" . German Ice Skating Union . ^ "NRW Summer Trophy 2019" . German Ice Skating Union . ^ "2006 NRW Trophy - Ice Dance" . Figure Skating Corner. External links [ edit ] NRW Trophy at SkatingScores.com Official Youtube channel Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NRW_Trophy&oldid=1231745860 " Categories : Figure skating competitions International figure skating competitions hosted by Germany Sport in Dortmund Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
17612-464: The palace (head of household). One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel , defeated an Umayyad invasion of Gaul at the Battle of Tours (732). His son, Pepin the Short , seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty . Pepin's son, Charlemagne , reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and Central Europe . Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus establishing
17760-404: The party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany . So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance 90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments . Since 2007, the democratic socialist party The Left has been a staple in
17908-507: The people' (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus ), derived from * þeudō , descended from Proto-Indo-European * tewtéh₂- 'people', from which the word Teutons also originates. Pre-human ancestors, the Danuvius guggenmosi , who were present in Germany over 11 million years ago, are theorized to be among the earliest ones to walk on two legs. Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal )
18056-456: The peoples east of the Rhine . The German term Deutschland , originally diutisciu land ('the German lands'), is derived from deutsch ( cf. Dutch ), descended from Old High German diutisc 'of the people' (from diot or diota 'people'), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants . This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic * þiudiskaz 'of
18204-421: The permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia 's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich . The Zollverein , a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe , intellectuals and commoners started
18352-506: The primary source of legitimacy , undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the Estates General of 1789 , and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate . Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of liberal democracy , while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse. Its causes were
18500-465: The reconstructed Frankish endonym * Frank . It has been suggested that the meaning "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul , only Franks were free of taxation, or more generally because they had the status of freemen in contrast to servants or slaves. The etymology of *Frank is uncertain. It is traditionally derived from the Proto-Germanic word * frankōn , which translates as "javelin" or "lance" (the throwing axe of
18648-413: The remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix in 52 BC. Gaul was divided by Augustus into provinces and many cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period , including Lugdunum (present-day Lyon ), the capital of the Gauls. In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its fortified borders attacked by barbarians . The situation improved in the first half of
18796-399: The revolt was a political failure (the Gaullist party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned. In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed economies in the world but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at
18944-436: The second-largest behind the British Empire . Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13 million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the Belle Époque , the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, state secularism was officially established . France
19092-549: The south to the shores of the North Sea ( Nordsee ) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ( Ostsee ) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande , Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level ) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash , timber, lignite , uranium , copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel. Most of Germany has
19240-756: The southeast regions have more extreme temperatures. From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions : Atlantic mixed forests , Baltic mixed forests , Central European mixed forests , Western European broadleaf forests , and Alps conifer and mixed forests . As of 2016 , 51% of Germany's land area
19388-421: The southwest. Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered across the planet, France possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 km (4,261,000 sq mi). Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world. Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. During
19536-488: The state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force". France fought in the Thirty Years' War , supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the transatlantic slave trade . During Louis XIV 's minority, trouble known as The Fronde occurred. This rebellion
19684-429: The subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria . After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War , the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital. In
19832-449: The territory of modern Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic , with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century, northern German regions became
19980-424: The unoccupied territory. Free France , the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle , was set up in London. From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around 75,000 Jews , were deported to death and concentration camps . On 6 June 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy , and in August they invaded Provence . The Allies and French Resistance emerged victorious, and French sovereignty
20128-401: Was invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain at the start of World War I in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the Allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. Interwar was marked by intense international tensions and social reforms introduced by
20276-410: Was a founding member of NATO and attempted to regain control of French Indochina , but was defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954. France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria , then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ( Pied-Noir ). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control. This conflict nearly led to
20424-503: Was among the Allies of World War II , but it surrendered and was occupied in 1940. Following its liberation in 1944 , the short-lived Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the defeat in the Algerian War . The current Fifth Republic was formed in 1958 by Charles de Gaulle . Algeria and most French colonies became independent in the 1960s, with the majority retaining close economic and military ties with France . France retains its centuries-long status as
20572-454: Was discovered in the Neander Valley . Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura , including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man , and the 41,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels . The Nebra sky disk , created during the European Bronze Age , has been attributed to a German site. The Germanic peoples are thought to have emerged from
20720-451: Was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. Celtic Britons , fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain , settled in west Armorica ; the Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany and Celtic culture was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was Clovis I , who began his reign as king of the Salian Franks in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised
20868-479: Was driven by feudal lords and sovereign courts as a reaction to the royal absolute power . The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV. By turning lords into courtiers at the Palace of Versailles , his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the most populous European country and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became
21016-405: Was executed in January 1793. After another revolt in June 1793 , the constitution was suspended and power passed from the National Convention to the Committee of Public Safety . About 16,000 people were executed in a Reign of Terror , which ended in July 1794 . Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the Directory . Four years later in 1799,
21164-414: Was its precursor. During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by Viking invasions , France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and authority of the king became more religious than secular, and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established feudalism in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After
21312-453: Was restored with the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to wage war against Germany and to purge collaborators from office . It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a social security system. A new constitution resulted in the Fourth Republic (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth ( les Trente Glorieuses ). France
21460-608: Was set to impose a carbon tax in 2009; however, the plan was abandoned due to fears of burdening French businesses. Forests account for 31 per cent of France's land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—representing an increase of 7 per cent since 1990. French forests are some of the most diverse in Europe, comprising more than 140 species of trees. France had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.52/10, ranking it 123rd globally. There are nine national parks and 46 natural parks in France. A regional nature park (French: parc naturel régional or PNR)
21608-461: Was succeeded by the Second French Empire upon Napoleon III 's takeover. His empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. This led to the establishment of the Third French Republic , and subsequent decades saw a period of economic prosperity and cultural and scientific flourishing known as the Belle Époque . France was one of the major participants of World War I , from which it emerged victorious at great human and economic cost. It
21756-444: Was the seventh-highest in the world . In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021. In 2023, military spending according to NATO criteria amounted to $ 73.1 billion, or 1.64% of
21904-404: Was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and his regime replaced by the Third Republic . By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence. France had colonial possessions since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became
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