NLNG is a liquefied natural gas (LNG)-producing company and a liquefied natural gas plant on Bonny Island , Nigeria .
31-479: NLNG Limited was incorporated as a limited liability company on 17 May 1989, to produce LNG and natural gas liquids (NGL) for export. The plant was built by TSKJ consortium, which was led by former Halliburton 's subsidiary KBR . Other participants of the consortium were Snamprogetti , Technip and JGC Corporation . The first train came into operation in 1999. In September 1999, the Bonny plant started production and
62-465: A byproduct of natural gas extraction. It is also known as "condensate", "natural gasoline", "casing head gas", "raw gas", "white gas" and "liquid gold". Drip gas is defined in the United States Code of Federal Regulations as consisting of butane , pentane , and hexane hydrocarbons . Within set ranges of distillation , drip gas may be extracted and used to denature fuel alcohol. Drip gas
93-732: A mention in Terrence Malick's movie Badlands . Drip gas was sold commercially at gas stations and hardware stores in North America until the early 1950s. The white gas sold today is a similar product but is produced at refineries with the carcinogen benzene removed. In 1975, the New Mexico State Police's drip gas detail – three men in pickup trucks – began patrolling oil and gas fields, catching thieves and recovering barrels of stolen gas. The detail stopped its work in 1987. The use of drip gas in cars and trucks
124-824: Is also referred to by the shortened name condy by many workers on gas installations. Raw natural gas used to create condensate may come from any type of gas well such as: There are many condensate sources, and each has its own unique gas condensate composition. In general, gas condensate has a specific gravity ranging from 0.5 to 0.8, and is composed of hydrocarbons such as propane , butane , pentane , and hexane . Natural gas compounds with more than two carbon atoms exist as liquids at ambient temperatures and pressures. Propane , butane , and isobutane are liquid at normal temperatures only under pressure. Additionally, condensate may contain: There are hundreds of different equipment configurations to separate natural gas condensate from raw natural gas. The schematic flow diagram to
155-400: Is also used as a cleaner and solvent as well as a lantern and stove fuel. Some early internal combustion engines —such as the first types made by Karl Benz , and early Wright brothers aircraft engines—used natural gasoline , which could be either drip gas or a similar range of hydrocarbons distilled from crude oil. Natural gasoline has an octane rating of about 30 to 50, sufficient for
186-526: Is an incorporated joint-venture of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Shell Gas B.V. , TotalEnergies Gaz & Electricite Holdings and Eni International N.A. N. V. S.àr.l . It owns and operates a number of LNG tankers. Bonny Gas Transport Limited, initially named Enellengee Limited, was incorporated in 1989 following the incorporation of Nigeria LNG Limited (NLNG), to provide shipping capacity for NLNG. BGT owns and operates LNG tankers that transport NLNG’s products to its buyers. The Company
217-424: Is dangerous for crew due to the danger of explosions, oxygen displacement and the threat of asphyxiating and anaesthetizing, which can occur within a few human breaths. Because condensate is typically liquid in ambient conditions and also has very low viscosity, condensate is often used to dilute highly viscous heavier oils that cannot otherwise be efficiently transported via pipelines . In particular, condensate
248-422: Is frequently mixed with bitumen from oil sands to create dilbit . In 2013, the increased use of condensate as diluent significantly increased its price in certain regions. Drip gas , so named because it can be drawn off the bottom of small chambers (called drips ) sometimes installed in pipelines from gas wells, is another name for natural-gas condensate, a naturally occurring form of gasoline obtained as
279-406: Is now illegal in many states. It is also harmful to modern engines due to its low octane rating, much higher combustion temperature than that of gasoline, and lack of additives. It has a distinctive smell when used as a fuel, which allowed police to sometimes catch people using drip gas illegally. Bonny Gas Transport Bonny Gas Transport is a subsidiary of Nigeria LNG or NLNG which itself
310-607: The Nigerian Academy of Science and the Nigerian Academy of Letters) sponsors Nigeria Prize for Science and the Nigeria Prize for Literature . 4°25′33″N 7°09′11″E / 4.4258°N 7.1531°E / 4.4258; 7.1531 Natural gas liquids Natural-gas condensate , also called natural gas liquids , is a low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids that are present as gaseous components in
341-626: The TSKJ consortium to Nigerian government officials. Snamprogetti will pay $ 240 million in fines to avoid prosecution by the United States Department of Justice for violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act . In addition, Eni and Snamprogetti will pay $ 125 million to settle a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission case. In 2013, NLNG signed an agreement with Samsung Heavy Industries and Hyundai Heavy Industries for
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#1733093707137372-493: The base project. The NLNGPlus project (Trains 4 & 5) cost US$ 2.2 billion and was funded with a combination of internally generated revenue and third party loans amounting to US$ 1.06 billion. Train 6 (NLNGSix project) cost US$ 1.748 billion, financing was handled by shareholders. The total cost of building six LNG trains was US$ 9.348 billion. The company has a wholly–owned subsidiary set up in 1989, Bonny Gas Transport (BGT) Limited, which provides shipping services for NLNG. BGT
403-455: The company for 5 years and returned to Shell International in the Hague, Netherlands, after his departure. In August 2016, Shell declared Force majeure on most of its feed gas to the facility after a gas leak on Shell's Eastern Gas Gathering System (EGGS-1), but production kept going thanks to alternative sources of gas supplies. In July 2021, the board of directors appointed Philip Mshelbila as
434-471: The delivery of 4 LNG carrier ships that cost US$ 1.2 billion and that brought NLNG's total fleet to 23 ships. In 2015, NLNG reported a 36.6% drop in its revenue due to declining oil and gas prices (US$ 6.84 billion in 2015, US$ 10.8 billion in 2014). 2015 was the year that NLNG reached the threshold of US$ 85 billion of LNG exports in 15 years of business. In July 2016, Tony Attah was named managing director and CEO of Nigeria LNG. He replaced Babs Omotowa who led
465-422: The fuel. Most were also equipped with thermosiphon cooling systems that used no water pumps. Natural convection allowed the water to flow up and out of the engine block and into the top of the radiator, where it cooled and dropped and fell to continue the cycle. Woody Guthrie 's autobiographical novel Seeds of Man begins with Woody and his uncle Jeff tapping a natural gas pipeline for drip gas. The gas also has
496-419: The heavy fuel would flow to the carburetor. Shutters or curtains were typically used to restrict airflow to the radiator, keeping the engine sufficiently hot for efficient operation. Coolant temperatures in the 200 degree F range were normal. John Deere two-cylinder all-fuel tractors worked well on heavy fuel, as their long piston strokes, slow engine speeds and low compression ratios allowed for effective use of
527-411: The heavy fuel. They were equipped with a small gasoline tank and a large fuel tank, both of which fed into a common valve supplying the fuel to the carburetor. The engine would be started on gasoline and the tractor would then be worked until the engine was sufficiently warm to change over. At that point, the fuel valve would be turned to switch the fuel supply from the gasoline tank to the fuel tank and
558-493: The high and low pressure separators may need to be processed to remove hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ) before the water can be disposed of underground or reused in some fashion. Some of the raw natural gas may be re-injected into the producing formation to help maintain the reservoir pressure, or for storage pending later installation of a pipeline. Natural gas condensate is generally more flammable and explosive than normal crude oil. Operating in areas where condensate has escaped
589-561: The low pressure separator is sent to a "booster" compressor that raises the gas pressure and sends it through a cooler, and then to the main gas compressor. At the raw natural gas processing plant, the gas will be dehydrated and acid gases and other impurities will be removed from the gas. Then, the ethane ( C 2 ), propane ( C 3 ), butanes ( C 4 ), and pentanes ( C 5 )—plus higher molecular weight hydrocarbons referred to as C 5+ —will also be removed and recovered as byproducts. The water removed from both
620-461: The low-compression engines of the early 20th century. By 1930, improved engines and higher compression ratios required higher-octane, refined gasolines to produce power without knocking or detonation. Beginning in the Great Depression , drip gas was used as a replacement for commercial gasoline by people in oil-producing areas. "In the days of simple engines in automobiles and farm tractors it
651-802: The new Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the company. He took over from Tony Attah who was appointed by the board in July 2016. In February 2022, the board of directors appointed Olalekan Olufemi Ogunleye as the new deputy managing director of the company. He took over from Sadeeq Mai-Bornu who was appointed by the board in April 2016. NLNG is jointly owned in the following proportions: Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) owns 49%, Shell Gas B.V. owns 25.6%, Total LNG Nigeria Ltd owns 15% and Eni International owns 10.4%. NLNG Limited operates six liquefaction units (LNG trains) producing 22 million tonnes per year of LNG. This amounts to roughly 10% of
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#1733093707137682-420: The operating pressure of and the distance to the raw natural gas processing plant and may require a multi-stage compressor. The gas condensate from the high pressure separator flows through a throttling control valve to a low pressure separator. The reduction in pressure across the control valve causes the condensate to undergo a partial vaporization referred to as flash vaporization . The raw natural gas from
713-568: The period 1994–2004 to obtain contracts worth more than $ 6 billion to win the contract to build Nigeria LNG facilities. KBR pleaded guilty, in February 2009, to paying bribes to Nigerian government officials to secure four contracts to build and expand the Nigeria LNG terminal. In Italy, Milan's prosecutors office has begun legal proceedings to bar Eni and Saipem, owners of Snamprogetti, from doing business with NNPC because of these alleged bribes paid by
744-419: The raw natural gas produced from many natural gas fields . Some gas species within the raw natural gas will condense to a liquid state if the temperature is reduced to below the hydrocarbon dew point temperature at a set pressure. The natural gas condensate is also called condensate , or gas condensate , or sometimes natural gasoline because it contains hydrocarbons within the gasoline boiling range, and
775-409: The right depicts just one of the possible configurations. The raw natural gas feedstock from a gas well or a group of wells is cooled to lower the gas temperature to below its hydrocarbon dew point at the feedstock pressure. This condenses a large part of the gas condensate hydrocarbons. The feedstock mixture of gas, liquid condensate and water is then routed to a high pressure separator vessel where
806-425: The tractors were referred to as "all-fuel". The most important factor in burning heavy fuels in a spark-ignition engine is proper fuel vaporization. Tractors designed to run on those fuels usually used a "hot" intake air manifold that allowed exhaust heat to warm the manifold and carburetor to aid vaporization. Given the poor vaporization at low temperatures, all-fuel tractors were started on gasoline, then switched to
837-404: The water and the raw natural gas are separated and removed. If a pressure boost is required, the raw natural gas from the high pressure separator is sent to the main gas compressor , which raises the pressure of the gases to whatever pressure is required for the pipeline transportation of the gas to the raw natural gas processing plant. The main gas compressor discharge pressure will depend upon
868-437: The world's LNG consumption. Trains 1, 2 and 3 have production capacities of 3.2 million tonnes per year, whilst trains 4, 5 and 6 have capacities of 4.1 million tonnes per year each. The base project (Trains 1 and 2) which cost US$ 3.6 billion, was financed by NLNG's shareholders. The third train (expansion project), including additional storage, cost US$ 1.8 billion and was funded by shareholders as well as reinvested revenue from
899-508: Was expected to send its first shipment in October. It started with sales contracts with Enel for 3.5 billion bcm/y, Enagás for 1.6 bcm/y, BOTAŞ for 1.2 bcm/y, and Gaz de France for 500 million cu m/year. The feed gas was provided by Shell, Elf Aquitaine and Agip . There are investigations concerning alleged bribes of $ 180 million paid by the TSKJ consortium of engineering companies to Nigerian government officials (not Nigeria LNG staff) in
930-603: Was not uncommon for anyone having access to a condensate well to fill his tank with 'drip,'" according to the Oklahoma Historical Society. Sometimes it worked fine. "At other times it might cause thundering backfires and clouds of foul-smelling smoke." Certain manufacturers such as John Deere made farm tractors specifically designed to run on heavy, low-octane fuels which were commonly called " distillate " or "tractor fuel". Other names were tractor vaporising oil (United Kingdom) and "power kerosene" (Australia). Often
961-474: Was set up in Bermuda with an ordinary equity holding from Nigeria LNG Limited and preferential equity holding from the sponsors, NLNG's shareholders. Another wholly owned subsidiary of Nigeria LNG Limited is Nigeria LNG Ship Manning Limited (NSML), which was set up in 2008 to give dedicated attention to providing, developing and managing high calibre personnel for NLNG's maritime business. NLNG (in partnership with