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56-562: The NHS Low Income Scheme is intended to reduce the cost of NHS prescription charges , NHS dentistry , sight tests , glasses and contact lenses, necessary costs of travel to receive NHS treatment , NHS wigs and fabric supports , i.e. spinal or abdominal supports or surgical brassieres supplied through a hospital. It is administered by the NHS Business Services Authority . It is not necessary to be in receipt of any benefits in order to qualify. An online application system

112-399: A bull on the reverse side. The first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The pre-decimal Irish shilling coin (which was retained for some time after decimalisation) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, when a smaller five-pence coin was introduced. One abbreviation for shilling is s (for solidus , see £sd ). Often it

168-557: A charge applied to each item prescribed. In 1961 it was doubled to 2 s . Charges were abolished by the Wilson Government on 1 February 1965, but reintroduced on 10 June 1968 at the higher rate of 2s 6 d , but with a wider range of exemptions. As of May 2024 , the prescription charge in England is £9.90. Prescription charges and exemptions are administered by the NHS Business Services Authority . The existing list of medical exemptions

224-473: A cost approximately equivalent to one prescription per month. Some over-the-counter medicines cost less than the prescription charge. Refunds are available for charges made to people who qualify for free prescriptions: "Where any person who is entitled to a repayment of any charge paid under the Charges Regulations presents an NHS pharmacist with a valid claim for the repayment within three months of

280-438: A disability element are entitled to a certificate. The introduction of Universal Credit led to complications. People entitled to Universal Credit who had net earnings of less than £435 in a month (or £935 or less if they have a child element or had limited capability for work) should receive free prescriptions on the same basis as other people in receipt of other means tested benefits. However, as of December 2017, at which point

336-477: A division of the NHS Business Services Authority . A person who claims exemption without having a valid exemption certificate is liable for a penalty charge, which is five times what they should have paid, up to a maximum of £100, plus the original charge itself. If they do not prove entitlement to help with health costs, and do not pay the amount stated in the penalty charge notice, the NHS may take court action to recover

392-494: A maximum of €20 per family per calendar month. The levy was reduced to €1.50 from April 2019 for medical card holders over the age of 70. The Over 70s prescription charge was reduced to €1, and the Drugs Payment Scheme cap reduced to €114, in 2020. The Long Term Illness Scheme provides free drugs, medicines and medical and surgical appliances for the treatment of specified conditions: Shilling The shilling

448-411: A month's supply of prescribed medicines and medical appliances. Family means a person or a couple and their children aged under 18 (or under 23 if in full-time education) and any family member who has a physical or intellectual disability or an illness and is unable to fully maintain themself. Those who are entitled to a medical card pay a government levy for each item dispensed. The levy is €2.00 up to

504-552: A prescription during 2007 due to cost. In 2008, 88% of patients in England got medicines free. Prime Minister Gordon Brown introduced an exemption for cancer patients in 2009, and promised free prescriptions for people with long-term conditions. The Prescription Charges Coalition, a campaigning organisation of which the Royal Pharmaceutical Society and numerous organisations of disabled people are members, launched

560-562: A silver coin until 1946, although the silver content was debased from 1920 onwards. A shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII (or Edward VI around 1550). The shilling continued in use after the Acts of Union of 1707 created a new United Kingdom from the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, and under Article 16 of the Articles of Union, a common currency for the new United Kingdom

616-550: A survey investigating the impact of prescription charges on people in England with long-term conditions in March 2017. It advocates free prescriptions for everyone with long-term conditions. In July 2017 they said a third of patients of working age had not collected a prescription because of cost. The Royal College of General Practitioners launched a campaign in May 2017 to scrap mental health prescription charges for students. In April 2021

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672-411: A third of the fines issued, worth £188 million. The committee commented on the "breathtaking complacency" of the fining system. 21,497 penalty notices were withdrawn in 2018/2019 because the patient had actually paid. For those who do not qualify for free prescriptions, Prescription Prepayment Certificates (PPC) are available, covering all prescription charges for a period of three or twelve months, at

728-409: A valid medical exemption certificate (MedEx) are entitled to free prescriptions, for all conditions, not merely the qualifying condition: Medical Exemption Certificates last for five years, and are not applicable to NHS wigs or fabric supports. Medicines administered at an NHS hospital or an NHS walk-in centre, personally administered by a GP , contraceptives or supplied at a hospital or clinic for

784-502: Is a historical coin, and the name of a unit of modern currencies formerly used in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , other British Commonwealth countries and Ireland , where they were generally equivalent to 12 pence or one-twentieth of a pound before being phased out during the 1960s and 1970s. Currently the shilling is used as a currency in five east African countries: Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Somalia , and

840-496: Is compared to assessed requirements but includes housing costs and council tax which income support does not. There is a capital limit (between the claimant and their partner, if they have one) of £23,250 for those permanently in a care home (£24,000 in Wales) and £16,000 for everyone else. The HC2 certificate for full help (which includes free NHS prescriptions), is issued if weekly income is less than or equal to requirements, or income

896-508: Is essentially a list of conditions for which long-term life-saving medication was available in 1968, and it has never been revised since. The policy on prescription charges was dismissed as a "dog's dinner" by the Social Market Foundation , who said in 2003 that the current rules on who pays for medicines and who does not are unfair and illogical. In 2007, a survey conducted by Ipsos Mori found that 800,000 people failed to collect

952-458: Is expected to come to an end as soon as the Central Bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector. The Somaliland shilling is the official currency of Somaliland , a self-declared republic that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia . The currency is not recognised as legal tender by

1008-434: Is greater than requirements by no more than half the current English prescription charge. The HC3 certificate for partial help is issued if income is greater than requirements by more than half the current English prescription charge. This shows the payment liability for health costs. It is possible to apply for a refund of charges already paid when an application for a certificate is made. Prescription charges When

1064-514: Is mentioned in the earliest recorded Germanic law codes, those of Æthelberht of Kent . The Germanic root of the term Shilling, (s)kelH- , has been theorized to come from a foreign currency; most probably the Phoenician Shekel . Recent discoveries of antique British tin off the coasts of Israel and Turkey has confirmed probable trade between the middle-east and the British isles. In origin,

1120-581: Is the official currency of Somalia . It is subdivided into 100 cents (English), senti (Somali, also سنت) or centesimi (Italian). The Somali shilling has been the currency of parts of Somalia since 1921, when the East African shilling was introduced to the former British Somaliland protectorate . Following independence in 1960, the somalo of Italian Somaliland and the East African shilling (which were equal in value) were replaced at par in 1962 by

1176-687: The Kenyan shilling , the Ugandan shilling and the Tanzanian shilling , respectively. Though all these currencies have different values at present, there were plans to reintroduce the East African shilling as a new common currency by 2009, although this has not come about. In the thirteen British colonies that became the United States in 1776, British money was often in circulation. Each colony issued its own paper money , with pounds, shillings, and pence used as

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1232-519: The Korean War , leading Bevan to resign in protest. Charges on medications were introduced in 1952, by the Conservative government of Winston Churchill , at a rate of one shilling per prescription. There were exemptions for people in receipt of National Assistance or War Disablement Pension , children under 16 or at school, and venereal disease patients. In 1956 the rules were changed so that

1288-731: The National Health Service was established in 1948 all prescriptions were free. The power to make a charge was introduced in the NHS Amendment Act 1949 under pressure from Chancellor of the Exchequer Stafford Cripps , but Minister of Health Aneurin Bevan managed to block their implementation by threatening to resign. In 1951 Cripps's successor Hugh Gaitskell and Foreign Secretary Herbert Morrison did introduce NHS charges for dentures and spectacles in order to help fund

1344-533: The civil war , which began in the early 1990s, the value of the Somali shilling was disrupted. The Central Bank of Somalia, the nation's monetary authority, also shut down operations. Rival producers of the local currency, including autonomous regional entities such as the Somaliland territory, subsequently emerged. Somalia's newly established Transitional Federal Government revived the defunct Central Bank of Somalia in

1400-461: The de facto country of Somaliland . The East African Community additionally plans to introduce an East African shilling . The word shilling comes from Anglo-Saxon phrase "Scilling", a monetary term meaning literally "twentieth of a pound", from the Proto-Germanic root skiljaną meaning literally "to separate, split, divide", from (s)kelH- meaning "to cut, split." The word "Scilling"

1456-493: The rupee in 1852, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to half a rupee. On the decimalisation of the currency in 1969, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to 50 Ceylon cents. The term continued to be used colloquially until the late 20th century. The East African shilling was in use in the British colonies and protectorates of British Somaliland , Kenya , Tanganyika , Uganda and Zanzibar from 1920, when it replaced

1512-734: The rupee , until after those countries became independent, and in Tanzania after that country was formed by the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Upon independence in 1960, the East African shilling in the British Somaliland and the Somali somalo in the Trust Territory of Somalia were replaced by the Somali shilling . In 1966, the East African Monetary Union broke up, and the member countries replaced their currencies with

1568-567: The "black hog", as opposed to the 12-pence English shillings which were known as "white hogs". In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland , the shilling coin was issued as scilling (the Irish language equivalent). It was worth 1/20 of an Irish pound , and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland . The coin featured

1624-627: The 16th century, numerous different types of schilling were minted in Europe . The English shilling was a successor of the testoon coin first minted during the reign of Edward VI in 1551, which consisted of 92.5% "sterling" silver. By the 17th century, further devaluation resulted in schillings in the Holy Roman Empire being minted in billon (majority base metal content) instead of silver , with 48 schillings to one Reichsthaler . The English (later British) shilling continued to be minted as

1680-540: The 1760s and 1840s in Lower Canada , both French and British-based pounds coexisted as units of account, the French livre being close in value to the British shilling. A variety of coinage circulated. By 1858, a decimal Canadian dollar came into use. Other parts of British North America decimalized shortly afterwards and Canadian confederation in 1867 passed control of currency to the federal government. The Somali shilling

1736-464: The 1960s included the legend "ONE SHILLING" on the reverse. Smaller ten-cent coins were introduced in 2006. The shilling ( Maltese : xelin , pl. xelini ) was used in Malta , prior to decimalisation in 1972, and had a face value of five Maltese cents . In British Ceylon , a shilling ( Sinhala : Silima , Tamil : Silin ) was equivalent to eight fanams . With the replacement of the rixdollar by

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1792-550: The Carolingian period, and gold schillings (equivalent to twelve silver pfennigs ) were very rare. In the 12th century, larger silver coins of multiple pfennig weight were minted, known as denarii grossi or groschen ( groats ). These heavier coins were valued at between 4 and 20 of the silver denarii . In the late medieval period, states of the Holy Roman Empire began minting similar silver coins of multiple pfennig weight, some of them denominated as schilling . In

1848-460: The NHS more than providing free prescriptions. An online tool to help patients understand the eligibility criteria for free prescriptions was launched in September 2018, and prescription exemptions were digitised to allow eligibility for exemption to be checked before they are dispensed. Pharmacies or other dispensers are reimbursed for the cost of the medicines through NHS Prescription Services ,

1904-593: The Somali shilling. Names used for the denominations were cent, centesimo (plural: centesimi) and سنت (plurals: سنتيمات and سنتيما) together with shilling, scellino (plural: scellini) and شلن. That same year, the Banca Nazionale Somala issued notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 scellini/shillings. In 1975, the Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Bank) introduced notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 shilin/shillings. These were followed in 1978 by notes of

1960-408: The abbreviation for denarius , a penny). The shilling itself was equal to twelve pence. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, making 240 pence in a pound. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include "bob" and "hog". While the derivation of "bob" is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says

2016-528: The charge was raised to £9.35 for up to a three-month supply of each item. In 2022, for the first time since 2010, the charge was not increased. Normal practice was to prescribe on a 28-day basis but in 2022 Community Pharmacy Wales asked GPs in Wales to extend repeat prescription intervals from 28 days to 56 days, to free up community pharmacists ' time. Prescriptions in England are free for: The prescription exemption forms were not initially updated to include

2072-562: The coins of King George VI . This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin (Australian) , where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar . The slang term for a shilling coin in Australia was "deener". The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was "bob", the same as in the United Kingdom . After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by ten-cent coins of

2128-422: The date on which the charge was paid, the NHS pharmacist must make the repayment." (Regulation 96 of the NHS (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013) . This may apply, for example, to people actually exempt who pay for a prescription to avoid a possible fine. Refunds can be obtained through any NHS England pharmacy on presentation of a valid FP57 form along with proof of exemption. If

2184-449: The debt. The penalty charge is increased by 50 percent of the penalty charge if they do not pay within 28 days of the date the penalty charge notice is sent. 979,210 people were fined in 2016–17, double the number, 494,129, in 2015–16. Most had failed to renew their certificate, as there was no effective reminder system. The Public Accounts Committee found in 2019 that 1.7 million incorrect penalties had been overturned since 2014, almost

2240-551: The international community, and it currently has no official exchange rate . It is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland , Somaliland's central bank . Although the authorities in Somaliland have attempted to bar usage of the Somali shilling, Somalia's official currency is still in circulation in some regions. Elsewhere in the former British Empire, forms of the word shilling remain in informal use. In Vanuatu and Solomon Islands , selen

2296-514: The introduction of universal credit (which started in April 2013) was well under way, the prescription form did not mention it. Claimants were officially advised by NHS England to tick the box for income-based jobseeker's allowance. Charges are not made for prescriptions, wigs or fabric supports in Scotland or Wales. The assessment of means uses similar principles to those of income support . Weekly income

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2352-544: The late 2000s. In terms of financial management, the monetary authority is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing monetary policy. Owing to a lack of confidence in the Somali shilling, the US dollar is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. Dollarization notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fueled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. This inflationary environment, however,

2408-406: The mint was instructed to coin one troy pound (weighing 5760 grains or 373 g) of sterling silver (0.925 fine) into 66 shillings, or its equivalent in other denominations. This set the weight of the shilling at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, when it was demonetised in favour of a new smaller 5p coin of the same value. At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin

2464-673: The new Universal Credit , and patients were advised to tick the Income based Jobseeker's Allowance box. Universal Credit was finally included in January 2020, seven years after its introduction. In July 2022 the roll-out of the Department for Work and Pensions 'Real Time Exemption Checking' system meant eligible patients no longer needed to complete an exemption declaration, as more than 80% of community pharmacies in England can digitally check eligibility. Patients with any of these conditions who have

2520-465: The original version was "bobstick" and speculates that it may be connected with Sir Robert Walpole . Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound , were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram's head design was introduced for

2576-619: The prescriber has the appropriate prescribing rights, any food, drug, toiletry or cosmetic may be prescribed on an NHS prescription unless it is listed in the blacklist – Schedule 1 to the NHS (General Medical Services Contracts) (Prescription of Drugs etc.) Regulations 2004, reproduced in Part XVIIIA of the Drug Tariff. The Drugs Payment Scheme ensures that a family ordinarily resident in Ireland has to pay no more than €100 per calendar month for

2632-502: The same denominations issued by the Bankiga Dhexe Ee Soomaaliya ( Central Bank of Somalia ). 50 shilin/shillings notes were introduced in 1983, followed by 500 shilin/shillings in 1989 and 1000 shilin/shillings in 1990. Also in 1990 there was an attempt to reform the currency at 100 to 1, with new banknotes of 20 and 50 new shilin prepared for the redenomination. Following the breakdown in central authority that accompanied

2688-403: The same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound , were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying a taiaha "in a warlike attitude" on the reverse. In 1967, New Zealand's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten-cent coin of the same size and weight. Ten-cent coins minted through the remainder of

2744-503: The standard units of account . Some coins were minted in the colonies, such as the pine tree shilling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony . After the United States adopted the dollar as its unit of currency and accepted the gold standard , one British shilling was worth 24 US cents . Due to ongoing shortages of US coins in some regions, shillings continued to circulate well into the nineteenth century. Shillings are described as

2800-476: The standard monetary unit throughout the autobiography of Solomon Northup (1853) and mentioned several times in the Horatio Alger Jr. story Ragged Dick (1868). Prices in an 1859 advertisement in a Chicago newspaper were given in dollars and shillings. In Canada , £sd currencies were in use both during the French period ( New France livre ) and after the British conquest ( Canadian pound ). Between

2856-454: The treatment of a sexually transmitted infection or tuberculosis are always free. War pensioners do not pay if the prescription is for their war disability. There is concern that exemptions are arbitrary and many chronic illnesses are not included in the list. Some people on low income cannot easily afford their prescriptions and do not collect prescribed medicines when short of money, often leading to avoidable hospitalisation, which may cost

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2912-509: The word schilling designated the solidus of Late Antiquity, the gold coin that replaced the aureus in the 4th century. The Anglo-Saxon scillingas of the 7th century were still small gold coins. In 796, Charlemagne passed a monetary reform, based on the Carolingian silver pound (about 406.5 grams). The schilling was one-twentieth of a pound or about 20.3 grams of silver. One schilling had 12 denarii or deniers ("pennies"). There were, however, no silver schilling coins in

2968-524: Was created. The term shilling ( Scots : schilling ) was in use in Scotland from early medieval times. The common currency for Great Britain , created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union between England and Scotland, continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. During the Great Recoinage of 1816 (following the Acts of Union 1800 that united the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland),

3024-447: Was expressed by a solidus symbol ( / ) (which may have begun as a substitute for ſ (' long s ') ) thus '1/9' means "one shilling and ninepence". A price expressed as a number of shillings with no additional pence was often written as the number, a solidus and a dash: thus for example ten shillings was written '10/-'. Two shillings and sixpence (half a crown, or an eighth of a £) was written as '2/6', rarely as '2s   6d' ('d' being

3080-424: Was superseded by the new five-pence piece , which initially was of identical size and weight and had the same value. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991. Three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. They were: Between 1701 and the unification of the currencies in 1825, the Irish shilling was valued at 13 pence and known as

3136-563: Was under trial in 2022. It is restricted to people who do not have capital or savings of over £6,000. People entitled to most means-tested benefits do not need to use the scheme as they are exempt from these charges. People who receive working tax credit or child tax credit are automatically assessed and, if entitled, issued with an NHS Tax Credit Exemption Certificate. Tax credit beneficiaries with an income of less than £15,276 (2013 figure), people who receive working tax credit and child tax credit and those who receive working tax credit with

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