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100-449: The lower level of the sheds are used to store the rail cars when they are not in use. The upper level is mostly empty space, consisting of the concrete troughs where tracks once stood and their platforms. However, some of it is used for offices, a train operators' lounge and storage. Numerous proposals for adaptive reuse of the unused portion of the upper level of the terminal sheds have been floated publicly by various parties, including:

200-404: A "predicted useful life" of a building by considering a series of physical, economic, functional, technological, social, legal and political characteristics. These characteristics are used to derive an "annual obsolescence rate" and "environmental obsolescence". These outcomes are necessary to determine an optimum point at which adaptive reuse intervention should occur. Obsolescence is advanced as

300-425: A Buffalo based developer, announced the start of construction of two South Aud Block parcels. Their plans include two 6-story buildings with 71,000-square-feet of retail and office space along with 64 market rate and affordable apartments, with canal access, and are to be the first residences within the district. It’s scheduled for completion in mid-2024. And Shark Girl, the popular sculpture, and photo sensation spot,

400-432: A brand-new building in its place can lead to high energy requirement for the demolition, building material waste management, new material procurement, construction and operation. On the other hand, sustainably retrofitting an existing built asset only requires a fraction of this energy. It is important to keep in mind that many of the old building may not have the best of operational energy use efficiency. Therefore, to achieve

500-418: A budget is prepared. Building owners or developers can approach any of the financing sources such as insurance companies, foundations and funds, savings banks, building loan societies, endowment funds, Real Estate Investment Trusts, etc. In most adaptive reuse projects, it is the architect who is the leader with the imagination of how an abandoned warehouse can become an office building or an abandoned hospital

600-430: A building must first make sure that the finished product will serve the need of the market, that it will be completely useful for its new purpose, and that it will be competitively priced. Adaptive reuse is defined as the aesthetic process that adapts buildings for new uses while retaining their historic features. Using an adaptive reuse model can prolong a building's life, from cradle-to-grave, by retaining all or most of

700-477: A building should be conserved and remodeled for a different use or just demolished for the land it sits on, then develop a new building on that land. These decisions are governed by the following criteria: The decision to reuse or demolish built assets is driven by economic considerations such as development costs, project costs, investment returns and market. The economic costs differ from project to project and some professionals go as far as to assert that "new build

800-514: A casino, a farmers market and loft apartments, while the lower floor is currently undergoing reconstruction to accommodate a new Metro Rail station . In 1982, an addition was built on the east end of the terminal building, which has a modern rail maintenance shop for servicing the rail fleet. This addition also contains some administrative offices. The terminal was built by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad in 1917. The station served as

900-435: A collaborative approach, will allow stakeholders with diverse interests regarding adaptive reuse to come together and participate either directly or indirectly in any stage of the decision-making process. There are four typical categories of stakeholders involved in an adaptive reuse decision-making process: i) investors; ii) producers; iii) regulators; and iv) users. Identification of Parameters: identified parameters for

1000-473: A commitment to sustainability and urban regeneration". However, this solution has several harmful implications and forcing an adaptive reuse directive on to the industry and its clients was deemed to be heavy handed and could be counterproductive. The existing building codes and regulations for fire safety and building access to disabled make it difficult to work around the adaptive reuse of old constructed buildings. In this civilized world, buildings have become

1100-436: A condominium. Since the architect has a deep involvement in the success of a project, he must perform his work under a clearly defined contract. Under this contract, the architect and the owner are under the obligation of the contract and must abide by it. Progress of design, site visits and evaluation are some of the basic actions that the architect performs under this contract. There are different types of contracts, ranging from

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1200-453: A cost vs benefits analysis is essential to determine the return on investment of an adaptive reuse project. The most important governing factors of adaptive reuse decision making with respect to asset condition were observed to be the building's structural integrity, its residual service life, its spatial layout, its location and the ease of retrofitting or installing new building components to the existing built form. According to Bullen and Love,

1300-557: A de facto union station , as several railroad companies used the terminal as a passenger station: the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway (acquired by Baltimore & Ohio in 1932), Pere Marquette Railway (however, its passenger trains ceased reaching the terminal by 1932), the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad ("Nickel Plate Road"), and the Wabash Railroad . The station

1400-446: A fixed fee contract, percentage of construction cost contract and fee plus expenses contract. All stakeholders may collectively decide on the most suitable type of contract for the project. Before the architect and engineer begin the final designing for the building, they make a thorough structural, mechanical and architectural survey of the existing building. The architect and engineer may look for signs of cracking of masonry wall or

1500-421: A masonry-and-steel open structure that recalls a historic 19th-century building. It will have approximately 1,000 square feet of enclosed space for toilets and concessions, as well as an approximately 2,000-square-foot elevated outdoor deck above. The pavilion will have the ability to lengthen Canalside's programming seasons, and house seasonal markets, recurring programming, and private events. Plans also call for

1600-465: A negative exponential decay function linked to a building’s physical life expectancy". According to their study, a building reaches its maximum potential for adaptive reuse at a point when the building's age and its useful life merge or meet. At this point, the building's adaptive reuse potential is either an upward curve or a downward curve which can determine whether the potential is high, medium or low. The adaptive reuse potential calculator establishes

1700-412: A neighborhood which may be otherwise decaying or be at a threat of vandalism. This upward trend may create lucrative rent opportunities for building owners and dwellers of the neighborhood. This survey can be in the form of a physical inspection of the neighborhood and/or a detailed study of the zoning map of that region. Pedestrian activity, presence of sidewalks, street lights, benches and public parks and

1800-400: A new use or purpose for obsolete buildings can be a wonderful resource to a community by "keeping neighborhoods occupied and vital". According to Yung and Chan, "adaptive reuse is a new kind of maintainable rebirth of city, as it covers the building’s lifetime and evades destruction waste, encourages recycles of the embodied dynamism and also delivers substantial social and economic profits to

1900-466: A part of our cultural heritage ; they should be preserved because of their "architectural beauty" and the "character and scale they add to the built environment". Retention and rehabilitation of existing buildings also reduces the consumption of building materials , resources, energy and water needed for new construction. Building owners, architects, developers and other stakeholders undergo an in-depth process of decision making before determining whether

2000-511: A percentage. This decay curve in buildings can be used to establish an ARP score, which is expressed in percentage. Cities can rank their existing buildings as per their adaptive reuse potential and this data can be used by government authorities at any point in time. An adaptive reuse score of 50% or above is considered high. A low ARP score is anything below 20%. Anything between that range is considered moderate. Shen and Langston devised this concept of ARP as "rising from zero to its maximum score at

2100-519: A second building called the Union Block Building which will have an approximately 2,800-square-foot one-story ground level that will be fully enclosed and environmentally controlled and an open 1,800-square-foot crawl space at the slip tow path below and an open-air roof of approximately 3,000 square feet partially enclosed on three sides by masonry walls recalling window portals to enable outdoor gathering uses, including observation of Canalside and

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2200-487: A successful adaptive reuse project, the designers must keep the building's energy use intensity at utmost importance. Building materials are generally procured from the Earth's strata or are end products of processed natural components. These resources are limited. Irresponsible extraction of natural compounds for building material manufacture can deplete these natural compounds from the earth. Moreover, extraction can cause harm to

2300-458: A suitable concept to objectively reduce the expected physical life of a building to its expected useful life. A discounting philosophy is adopted, whereby the annual obsolescence rate across all criteria is the "discount rate" that performs this transformation. An algorithm based on a standard decay (negative exponential) curve produces an index of reuse potential (known as the ARP score) and is expressed as

2400-464: A survey conducted by Bullen and Love, it was observed that building owners and operators were most concerned about a multitude of financial considerations, while deciding whether to reuse their built assets. These include development and construction costs, marketing and maintenance costs. Most adaptive reuse projects depend on their economic feasibility determined by the building's existing physical configuration and condition. According to Bullen and Love,

2500-533: A sustainable way, through transforming these buildings into usable and accessible units. The adaptive reuse strategy would also enable the local authority and owners of older vacant buildings in urban areas to minimize their economic, social and environmental costs, in a quest for a continued urban expansion and development. The current climate change reality requires integrating the global sustainability challenge of conserving natural resources for future generations with improving resilience and adaptive capacity within

2600-431: A thorough inspection and was identified with extreme corrosion in its exterior steel columns (100% of web loss and 40% of flange loss). This condition posed a threat to the public safety and had to undergo immediate restriction of live load in spite of additional bracing of critical bents. Such inspections conclude with the preparation of a detailed report summarizing the findings of the investigation. The direct inspection of

2700-430: A very important aspect of any urban regeneration scheme. The adaptation process implies selecting relevant novel technologies and design concepts that will support the older buildings to adjust successfully to contemporary requirements without destroying the existing urban form. Adopting the adaptive reuse approach for the redevelopment of older vacant buildings provides added benefits to the regeneration of an urban area in

2800-561: Is a mixed-use recreational and entertainment district in downtown Buffalo, New York . It is the recreation of the western terminus of the Erie Canal , which was destroyed in the early 20th century. Canalside is situated on the Buffalo River , in an area that was historically home to the Seneca people . In the early 20th century, the predominantly Italian area known as Dante Place and Canal Street

2900-406: Is adaptive reuse". They studied that "a huge focus on economic factors alone has led to the destruction of buildings well short of their physical lives". Shen and Langston developed an integrated model for the assessment of adaptive reuse potential by comparing case studies of one urban and one non-urban setting. The basis of this model lies in that "opportunity rises and falls within the confines of

3000-613: Is always more economical" and "renovation is universally more expensive" due to their own involvement with adaptive reuse projects. Others claim that the return on investment is enhanced when using an older building because of the savings involved. One Canadian developer claims that reusing buildings generally represents a saving of between 10 and 12% over building new. In terms of profitability, there are also assertions that adaptive reuse projects often have an uncertainty to their profitably that newer developments lack. When looking for funding to build, these considerations must be addressed. In

3100-464: Is an important component in building construction. Water is needed at every stage of a building's life, from building material extraction to manufacture, on-site construction processes such as concrete mixing, cleaning, etc., operational phase in the form of plumbing for human use and landscaping and fire safety, and at the end of its life for recycling building materials or disposing them. Selecting adaptive reuse over brand new construction can help relieve

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3200-609: Is back at her usual location, sitting on her rock, after her much-needed rehab in the form of artwork conservation. Canalside is served by various modes of transportation, including public transit, intercity rail and several highways. Canalside station of the Buffalo Metro Rail lies directly on Main Street. Amtrak 's Buffalo–Exchange Street station is less than a mile to the east, underneath Interstate 190 which forms Canalside's northern border. A bike ferry also provides access to

3300-467: Is important that the condition of the existing building is thoroughly assessed. A condition assessment primarily inspects a building's structural integrity, roofing, masonry, plaster, wood-work, tiling and the mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems. The in-depth inspection of buildings can be expensive. Nevertheless, building condition assessment is critical to the success of an adaptive reuse project and must not be avoided at any cost because this expense

3400-579: Is important to examine these exterior walls for future fenestration and air conditioning ducts. Buildings undergoing adaptive reuse often lack modern and energy efficient MEP systems and appliances. Heating: Determining the capacity of the heating plant for the new building use and occupancy. Existing heating systems involving boilers and burners and metal piping could be salvaged for recycling. Ventilation: Office and commercial buildings require ventilation. Toilets and kitchens also need ventilation. The floor height must be able to accommodate fan equipment. If

3500-821: Is important to the society because old buildings are critical to the image and history of a society. They agreed that historical buildings add to the aesthetics of a townscape and should be preserved and reused. Buildings consume high amounts of energy during their life-cycle. New construction requires new building materials and other resources which possess high embodied energy (throughout their extraction, manufacture, transportation, packaging and assembly phases). Additionally, they also cause high environmental damage such as global warming , eutrophication , ocean acidification , ozone layer depletion , carbon emission which in turn harms human health and quality of life. From this standpoint, there are several environmental benefits associated with building recycling or adaptive reuse. Water

3600-581: Is insignificant relative to the injury or loss of life that a building failure might cause. One logical reason, as explained by the American Society of Civil Engineers, is that even a very well constructed building could undergo serious deterioration and eventually failure, if proper maintenance is not performed in the operational phase of the building. For example, in the year 1984, the New York City Passenger Ship Terminal went through

3700-408: Is limited flexibility in the building codes , limited plot ratio bonuses and an overall "lack of encouragement" by state and local governments to implement innovative adaptive reuse designs. Suggested solutions from some survey respondents include establishing a mandate to only lease buildings that have undergone adaptive reuse with a high Energy Star rating. Some of the architects thought that there

3800-544: Is open to visitors of all ages. It opened in 2019. In 2018, the State of New York committed $ 14 million to two projects at Canalside. $ 10 million was designated for the recreation of the historic street grid, underground parking and infrastructure within the North Aud Block, and $ 4 million was earmarked for the creation of "Longshed," an interactive building and exhibit surrounding a replica 19th-century packet boat that sailed on

3900-669: The Buffalo Memorial Auditorium on the former northeastern portion of the neighborhood. The last remnants of the former Canal Street/Dante Place neighborhood were demolished in 1950. The "Fairhaven Village" project was revived as the Dante Place Projects. Now known as the Marine Drive Apartments, they were completed in 1952. The New York State Thruway and the Skyway was later built in 1955. The Commercial Slip

4000-580: The "portal to the west," the Erie Canal Harbor served as the terminus for the passage of goods and passengers from the East Coast across the Great Lakes for much of the 19th century. More importantly for Buffalo, the commercial activity fueled by the harbor helped transform the city into a thriving metropolis. Buffalo's notorious Canal Street was a short distance from the canal terminus. The area had been

4100-486: The Buffalo Skyway. In 2004, a new plan was created, centered around the creation of historically-aligned canals and mixed-use development . Several delays and controversies surrounding the planning, redevelopment and construction of the district drew reaction from the public, notably the inclusion of a flagship Bass Pro Shops store in 2007 that was later scrapped. The Memorial Auditorium was demolished by July 2009, and

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4200-600: The Canal-era neighborhood and restored the Commercial Slip, which formed the original natural outlet of Little Buffalo Creek into the Buffalo River . Completed in 2008, Phase 2 of inner harbor plan laid out by the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation consisted of a re-watered navigable Commercial Slip in alignment with the original Commercial Slip, towpath/walkway on the west and east sides of

4300-453: The Commercial Slip was buried and forgotten. In the late 1990s, public authorities began showing an interest in reviving Buffalo's Erie Canal heritage. Initially, plans called for re-creating some buried elements of the Canal. However a public outcry, with pressure from citizens' groups and the local media, convinced the planners to excavate and restore actual portions of the district, including

4400-402: The Commercial Slip, construction of a bowstring truss bridge , reconstructed Commercial Street, Steamboat Hotel and Lloyd Street ruins uncovered and preserved as an archeological site with a combination hard and grass surface, and the site of the former Union Block as an interpreted site with a grassy, sloped lawn. From 2008 to 2009, the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium was demolished, as it

4500-529: The Commercial Slip. In 2005, $ 279 million over 50 years was made available for the project via a re-licensing deal with the New York Power Authority that re-licensed the Niagara Power Project . The deal also established the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation to manage the funds and projects on the waterfront. The Erie Canal Redevelopment project unearthed building foundations from

4600-625: The DLW's the Chicago and New York Express, and westbound the DLW's Chicago Limited connecting at Lackawanna Terminal with Wabash #1-11 through Southwestern Ontario to Lackawanna Terminal); then, DLW trains completing the trip from Buffalo to Hoboken. The B&O operated both day and nighttime trains on the BR&;P line to Pittsburgh via East Salamanca and DuBois. 1955 was the final year for B&O service to Pittsburgh. Passenger service in 1964: The EL abandoned

4700-476: The Erie Canal. In 2021, a rare three-row highly restored vintage 1924 Buffalo Heritage Carousel begun operations in a new 6,400-square-foot octagonal-shaped pavilion. It comes with tall windows and a 13-foot wide walkway around the inside of the roundhouse, and powered by solar panels on its double-pitched roof that will supply enough energy to power the carousel, and which was donated by Tesla. Sinatra and Company,

4800-660: The Nickel Plate's 1964 merger into the Norfolk & Western until the trains' termination in 1965, these trains were carried under the Norfolk & Western name. Into the 1930s, the Wabash Railroad had Chicago to New York service in similar fashion: the Wabash operating trains from Chicago and Detroit to Buffalo (Wabash #6 eastbound, through Southwestern Ontario , connecting at Buffalo with

4900-444: The adaptive reuse decision making was fundamentally driven by a "desire for short-term profits". However, most of the survey respondents were rarely concerned about the sustainability and environmental concerns associated with adaptive reuse decision making. Nevertheless, many of these developers were aware of the positive impact that building reuse and sustainability can have on their corporate image. Building owners are concerned with

5000-434: The adaptive reuse of a building which included finding tenants, the threat of building not meeting the demand of the end users, lack of structural stability and structure and material decay during the reconstruction phase of the project. In Bullen and Love's survey, many respondents thought that there was not enough support and incentives from the government for carrying out adaptive reuse of built assets. They felt that there

5100-493: The adaptive reuse style. This varying perception of a building's form, function and style depended on the occupant age group. Sometimes, built assets cannot be considered suitable for adaptive reuse, simply because of the nature of their built form or the condition that they are in. For example, one cannot make the most out of a highly compartmentalized, single use building such as a prison. Mid 1900s low-rise apartments that have low floor area ratios (FAR) and which may be in some of

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5200-529: The area. In 1938 there were plans to build new housing in the area dubbed "Fairhaven Village" which called for accommodations for 962 families with a total of 2,942 rooms at $ 17.50 a room including utilities with a 500 car underground garage. The effects of the Great Depression and World War II limited the construction funds needed to make the project a reality. Around the same time, Buffalo city officials used Works Progress Administration funds to build

5300-520: The bars and brothels that sprang up in the district, known variously as "Canal Street", "Five Points" "the Flats" and "the Hooks". There were 93 saloons, 15 concert-hall dives, and hundreds of dance-hall girls. The song " Buffalo Gals " was written by John Hodges in 1844 and refers to the women who lived in the canal district. In the early 20th century, after the Erie Canal was deepened and shortened in 1895 and as

5400-603: The building into a multi-modal site with turning the upper level of the building into commercial space with a pedestrian bridge to KeyBank Center and its parking garage as well as a new Metro Rail station inside the building on the lower level, with public access to Riverwalk. The plan, estimated to cost $ 42 million and later approved by NFTA, also includes docks on the Buffalo River. [REDACTED] Media related to Lackawanna Terminal (Buffalo, New York) at Wikimedia Commons Adaptive reuse Adaptive reuse refers to

5500-401: The building system, including the structure, the shell and even the interior materials. This type of revitalization is not restricted to buildings of historic significance and can be a strategy adopted in case of obsolete buildings. Some urban planners see adaptive reuse as an effective way of reducing urban sprawl and environmental impact. Revitalizing the existing built fabric by finding

5600-458: The buildings of the 1960s and 1970s in Perth were badly constructed, used ineffective thermal insulation materials and details and have low suitability for adaptive reuse. On the other hand, the built form of the 1980s was deemed to be engineered to specifications and could accommodate an adaptive reuse model. The survey respondents expressed several concerns and risks that could arise during and after

5700-464: The built environment. The adaptive reuse of existing buildings can be adopted to facilitate climate change mitigation progressively. explored the applicability of the adaptive reuse concept as a sustainable tool for climate change mitigation. In an adaptive reuse decision-making setting, there is usually an occurrence of conflicting beliefs, opinions, interests, and resources among relevant stakeholders. Knowing who these stakeholders are and why, through

5800-414: The canal traffic moved to the railroads the district became the home of Italian immigrants, mostly Sicilian. Canal Street's name was changed to Dante Place and the neighborhood became known as Dante Place or "Little Italy." Most of the bars and brothels gave way to three- and four-story brick tenements, each housing multiple families. By the late 1920s, the Canal had been filled in by New York State who saw

5900-412: The cities' prime locations cannot be considered profitable for adaptive reuse. In such scenarios, it would be more profitable for the developers to demolish and replace the existing building with a high-rise that has more space to sell. Often, when building owners cannot find an obvious use for a building, it is left to degenerate and decay and eventually collapse. This may pose as a threat to the safety of

6000-446: The commercial performance of buildings in terms of "tenant needs, investment returns, maintenance, repair costs, operational costs, productivity levels, employee retention rates, aesthetics of building and its market value". Building stakeholders often marketed their reused built assets centered around "epoch and utility" and "character and ambiance". Some end users were more attracted to modern architecture while others were more into

6100-486: The core of a society. Cities and communities grow organically around important buildings followed by the commercial development of those neighborhoods. These buildings and the development around them soon become the heart of a community upon which people's life depends. Therefore, regular maintenance and reuse of existing structures can help communities avoid the trauma caused by dilapidation, abandonment and clearance. As these heritage settlements have been getting crowded in

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6200-403: The development of a performance-based framework, to prioritise the most suitable historical building options for adaptive reuse intervention from a list of underutilised buildings. Framework Validation: balanced the diverse interests of all stakeholders in the adaptive reuse decision-making process. According to Zaitzevsky and Bunnell, old buildings physically link us to our past and become

6300-511: The excavation site of the original Steamship Hotel building foundations, which are presented alongside several interpretive exhibits showcasing the historical significance of the Erie Canal. The Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation planned the overall framework of Canalside for seven years and presented the DGEIS to the public in October 2009. This plan included several amenities that would complement

6400-488: The existing building consists some duct work, it should be tested for obstructions, deterioration and air leakage. Air conditioning: Air conditioning ducting and equipment can be expensive and demand a lot of ceiling space. These economical implications must be considered for the new use of the building before deciding the installation of an air conditioning system. Plumbing: Old buildings used galvanized iron pipes for plumbing which may be subject to serious deterioration over

6500-568: The land it occupied was subdivided into the historically aligned parcels from the 19th century, now known as the North and South Aud Block. Since 2010, the district has seen an uptick in construction projects and touring concerts and events. Projects completed or underway in the vicinity include LECOM Harborcenter adjacent to Main Street and Explore & More Children's Museum on the South Aud Block. Originally built in Buffalo, New York in 1825 as

6600-487: The latter scrapped Bass Pro Shops flagship store. Canals that function as reflecting pools with a freezing system were built to replicate the historic Erie Canal and Main-Hamburg Canals. The canals were constructed on the old Memorial Auditorium site and were completed in 2014. The canals have water in the spring and summer and ice in the winter for skating and ice biking. The first major private development in Canalside

6700-785: The life expectancy of built assets, their energy and environmental performance and the high operating costs which may appear due to poor mechanical equipment, services, building materials and construction. Developers saw a thorough potential in saving groundwork and excavation costs by using an adaptive reuse model for their property. Additionally, they thought that "in Central Business District locations, built assets are an attractive investment option for reuse projects, as premium prices and rents can be obtained for an office space". Best rents can be obtained only when these remodeled buildings hold "high-quality finishes" and have high Energy Star rating appliances. Building owners also considered

6800-523: The natural habitat and biodiversity of the region where materials are extracted. Therefore, a project that uses minimum new building material and uses more of recycled materials is a more sustainable and responsible choice for a building material. According to Chusid's "urban ore" concept, existing buildings that are fast approaching dilapidation or disuse are a "mine of raw materials for new projects". Shen and Langston built upon this idea and said that "an even more effective solution than raw material recovery

6900-495: The neighborhood. Decaying buildings may even be subject to vandalism and become spaces for anti-social activities and may have a negative impact on the value of the properties in their vicinity. Bullen and Love's survey respondents thought that "the benefits of reusing their existing facility could include avoiding the disruption of relocation, reducing maintenance and running costs". A reuse project should not compromise on satisfying user needs. The survey respondents suggested that

7000-610: The original Canal district, such as the Commercial Slip, which served as the historic juncture between the Erie Canal and the Great Lakes ; the wooden-plank Central Wharf, which stretched from the foot of Main Street to the Commercial Slip; the award-winning Whipple Truss foot bridge, which accurately resembles traditional canal spans and connects the Central Wharf to the cobblestone Commercial Street; prominent canal-era buildings, which house various naval and military artifacts; as well as

7100-591: The past decades, people have been looking for farther lands for development. This rapid urbanization and urban sprawl cause several harms to our planet and the society. Lack of adaptive reuse of existing built assets, on a societal level, has caused disturbance due to dislocation of residents, economic decline and disruption of community life, eventually leading to abandoned and obsolete neighborhoods. Old buildings are often found in fully developed neighborhoods where public amenities like sewers, water lines, roads, etc. have already been established. Adaptive reuse means that

7200-420: The planet of such water loads. Just as water is needed in every stage of a building's life, so is energy. This energy is conventionally obtained from non-renewable sources and causes high carbon emission. Minimizing fossil fuel depletion and carbon emission can be huge contributing factors to reducing global warming and mitigating climate change . Choosing to demolish an existing built asset and then constructing

7300-608: The point of its useful life, and then falling back to zero as it approaches physical life". When the "current building age" is identified to be close to or end of its useful life, is the right time for builders to commence redesign. Buildings have a high impact on the environment, the economy and our society. Adaptive reuse has several benefits to mitigate those high impacts. Adaptive reuse projects are, in many ways, different from conventional new construction projects and must be planned and managed differently. Before starting an adaptive reuse project and even considering refurbishment, it

7400-474: The potential to work in phases or parts. A major advantage of renovating an existing building is that a refurbished portion of the building becomes suitable for occupancy before completion of the whole project. This provides as a huge advantage for private developers as it keeps the cash inflow during while the rest of the project undergoes construction. Keeping in mind the conclusions from structural and architectural survey, neighborhood survey and marketing survey,

7500-416: The presence of well-occupied shops and buildings can tell us a lot about neighborhoods. After the neighborhood has been established to be stable and safe and free of any infringing decay, the next step is to determine what amenities it has to offer in terms of roadways, public transportation, shopping and eating, hospitals, schools and libraries and so on. As discussed previously, adaptive reuse projects have

7600-715: The process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for. It is also known as recycling and conversion. Adaptive reuse is an effective strategy for optimizing the operational and commercial performance of built assets. Adaptive reuse of buildings can be an attractive alternative to new construction in terms of sustainability and a circular economy . It has prevented thousands of buildings' demolition and has allowed them to become critical components of urban regeneration . Not every old building can qualify for adaptive reuse. Architects, developers, builders and entrepreneurs who wish to become involved in rejuvenating and reconstructing

7700-490: The progression of cultural evidence to the past. In a fast-growing urbanizing world, these heritage values viewed as public goods could aid the significance of a town's cultural heritage and unique competitiveness. Heritage preservation charters mandate that when historical buildings with heritage values are being redeveloped, their architectural and heritage character should be maintained and conserved for sustainability. Accordingly, this mandate on heritage preservation has led to

7800-617: The project began in March 2013. The building contains two NHL sized hockey rinks, a parking garage, restaurants, a Marriott hotel and retail space. The building was fully completed in 2015. On June 24, 2016, Canalside hosted the FanFest for the 2016 NHL Draft which was hosted next door in First Niagara Center . Future plans for Canalside include a pavilion near the commercial slip which will be about 5,000 square feet and be constructed as

7900-509: The scheduling of several heritage buildings into district plans, thereby protecting them from unsympathetic alterations or demolition through regulations. Built heritage conservation through adaptive reuse could therefore be used to promote sustainable historical and cultural development of urban areas. Parameters to prioritise historical buildings for adaptive reuse and the characterisation of adaptive reuse stakeholders are also noted. The reuse of older vacant buildings for other purposes forms

8000-468: The settling of basement floors or upper floors which direct them to a problem in the foundation. These signs can also be detected from window sills and cornices. Appropriate survey instruments such as plumb bobs and spirit levels are recommended for use instead of a naked eye inspection. If the problem seems too severe, a test boring may reveal the cause of the problem. Additionally, the building code should be examined for fireproofing requirements. Analyzing

8100-400: The sides. The second waiting room was fitted with accommodations for about 200 persons. Off the waiting room was a women's parlor, furnished in soft brown with wicker furniture. There were rugs on the floor and a writing desk. On the other side of the stairs was a smoking room. The middle of the east side of the waiting room had the entrance to the train concourse. Also next to the waiting room

8200-525: The site of the original Village of Buffalo, near a Seneca Indian village on Buffalo Creek . The city eventually expanded outward from the waterfront location. The Canal, completed in 1825, opened up the western United States to travelers and trade from the east coast. With it came a tremendous increase in Great Lakes freighter traffic at Buffalo harbor, and with that an influx of canal and freighter crewmen who were often paid off in Buffalo and spent freely in

8300-608: The skyway was placed. In 1960, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad merged with the Erie Railroad . The new resulting railroad known as the Erie Lackawanna Railroad or the "EL". Lackawanna Terminal hosted trains of its owner Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, as well as The Nickel Plate named night trains to Buffalo afforded the continuation of trips to the DLW's Hoboken Terminal via DLW trains. Briefly, from

8400-424: The stagnant and polluted canal waters as a public health risk. Throughout its existence, the neighborhood suffered numerous fires, explosions, and other disasters. The most notable occurred on January 1, 1936 very early in the morning. Joseph Lopresti at 40 LeCouteulx just across the street from Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church came home from Mass, lit a candle, and went into his tenement basement to get some wine. He

8500-431: The stakeholders of the built asset are relieving governments and municipalities off the load of having to supply these public amenities on distant plots. In a survey conducted by researcher Sheila Conejos, several architects, developers and building stakeholders were asked about their opinion on the social implications of adaptive reuse of existing buildings. It was observed that most respondents thought that adaptive reuse

8600-496: The structural strength of the existing building. The floor system in old buildings is usually strong enough to satisfy present codes. If not, additional supporting members may be necessary. The floor and ceiling height should be able to accommodate additional stairways, vertical plumbing, electrical and HVAC. In some cases, an elevator may have to be installed. The building envelope should be examined thoroughly for cracks, watertightness (infiltration or leaks) and mortar joints. It

8700-619: The structural strength requires expertise and is one of the most crucial in terms of occupant safety. On-site inspection along with a study of existing floor plans can help engineers determine the structural stability. In some case, when the building drawings may not be available, engineers may have to scrape off the plaster to reveal the underlying structure. Wooden members of the structural system should be especially checked for rot or termite infestation. Iron or steel must be checked for corrosion and loose bearings or bolting. Additional future dead and live loads must be kept in mind while designing with

8800-442: The structural system is required to a certain degree which is decided by the judgement of an experienced civil engineer. After identifying the stability and soundness of a building, it is important to survey the neighborhood to find the potential use and function of the adaptive reuse project for that segment of the market or region that the building owners wish to attract. In many cases, an adaptive reuse project might help stabilize

8900-476: The terminal soon after when, in 1968, it ended the overnight Owl service from Hoboken to Buffalo and New York Mail heading back. After years of abandonment, the head house of the terminal was demolished in 1979 in preparation for the installation of the Buffalo Metro Rail. With the redevelopment around the terminal of Canalside , LECOM Harborcenter , and KeyBank Center , work is underway to redevelop

9000-462: The waterfront, public programming, private events, and/or interpretive gatherings. Restrooms, visitor information, and public programming spaces are proposed at the ground level. In 2017, construction began on the Explore & More Children's Museum at Canalside on the South Aud Block. The museum houses a café and museum, retail space, along with four floors of dedicated uses and a rooftop terrace which

9100-1157: The world". Benefits: Typically categorised under economic , social , cultural and historical , and environmental benefits . The most significant benefits of adaptive reuse of existing buildings include increased economic opportunities, urban regeneration, preserved cultural and historical heritage values, reduced landfill demolition waste, increased energy efficiency , extended building usefulness, and cost-effectiveness, enhanced property value, improved life quality, reduced carbon emissions, and lesser energy consumption. Challenges: Typically categorised under building regulatory requirements and governance , financial , management , and complexities and uncertainties challenges . The most significant challenges of adaptive reuse of existing buildings include structural integrity issues, compliance with building code regulations, government anti-adaptive reuse policies, lack of awareness, high maintenance cost, uncertainties surrounding existing building information, lack of incentives, and lack of decision-making tools and stakeholder participation. A majority of historical buildings provide physical links and

9200-564: The years. Proper connection to municipal sewers must be evaluated and fixed if broken. Electrical: While the electrical wiring may still be intact, the panel boards, junction boxes and electrical feeders may not be as per the present day fire codes. Additionally, the switch boards may be outdated and have to be replaced. The architect and engineers must also determine of additional transformer vaults and feeder lines are necessary. Canalside District, Buffalo Canalside , formerly known as Canal Side and also referred to as Erie Canal Harbor ,

9300-609: Was a high dependency and credit given to energy and green building rating systems such as the "Green Star Environment Rating System" but not enough credit was given to the improvements carried out during adaptive reuse and its sustainable outcomes such as the recycling of building materials, reduced energy and water consumption and reduced environmental impacts like global warming potential , lake eutrophication potential and ozone layer depletion . One architect thought that "undertaking exemplar adaptive reuse demonstration projects for industry professionals to assess and emulate would display

9400-458: Was a newsstand, telegraph and parcel booths, and restaurant. On a mezzanine floor were the rooms for railroad employees, a waiting room for immigrants, and a room for railroad business mail. On the third floor were various offices, including those for the superintendent and the train dispatcher. The construction of the Buffalo Skyway led to the demolition of the line north of the terminal where

9500-481: Was a remnant of Little Buffalo Creek, which flowed into the Buffalo River just before the larger stream entered Lake Erie . The Commercial Slip formed one boundary of Buffalo's infamous Canal District, and was filled in when the district was marked for urban renewal in the 1950s. By that time, the New York State Thruway and the Skyway and Buffalo Memorial Auditorium had been built over the Canal district, and

9600-400: Was an ailing structure. Initially, plans were in place to construct a Bass Pro store on the location. The plans eventually were scrapped as Bass Pro decided against the location. As the culmination of nearly a decade's worth of effort, the first phase of the historic canal harbor area redevelopment opened to the public in 2008. It included the recreation of several distinctive features of

9700-409: Was built for both boat and rail travel. Passengers arriving by boat entered the station from the south side entrance which faced the Buffalo River . The building was three stories high and built of brownstone. There were waiting rooms on the ground floor and on the second floor which were connected by a grand double staircase. The ground floor had one ticket office and checking counter with benches along

9800-455: Was outside accessing the basement doors when the building exploded. This brought national attention to slum areas and new legislation was passed by New York State that allowed cities the right to condemn and demolish "unsafe and unsanitary" buildings. That began the urban renewal process leading to the beginning of the demolition of the tenements of Dante Place and by 1937, over 160 buildings had been demolished. By 1948, only 90 families remained in

9900-584: Was subjected to the forces of urban renewal , and the canals were filled in and dense neighborhoods were razed. The Buffalo Skyway , Buffalo Memorial Auditorium and Niagara Thruway took its place, with parking lots interspersed. With the completion of Marine Midland Arena (now KeyBank Center ) in 1996, the Memorial Auditorium stood vacant. Empire State Development Corporation created a master plan for an Erie Canal Harbor redevelopment project in 1999, which addressed developing parcels of land underneath

10000-598: Was the renovation of the Donovan State Office Building , now known as One Canalside. This project consisted of a hotel, restaurant and office space. Construction began in 2012 and was completed by 2014. The second major development was the Buffalo Sabres' hockey themed LECOM Harborcenter . The development is the most expensive privately funded single building in the history of the City of Buffalo. Construction of

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