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60-568: In 1997 the NCSF was founded by Susan Wright, under the auspices of the New York SM Activists. Black Rose , The Eulenspiegel Society , Gay Male S/M Activists, National Leather Association International , and the Society of Janus were its founding coalition partners. The NCSF's mission as described on its web page is: The NCSF is committed to creating a political, legal and social environment in

120-451: A psychoanalyst and a contemporary of Krafft-Ebing, noted that both were often found in the same individuals, and combined the two into a single dichotomous entity known as "sadomasochism". French philosopher Gilles Deleuze argued that the concurrence of sadism and masochism proposed in Freud's model is the result of "careless reasoning," and should not be taken for granted. Freud introduced

180-527: A BDSM-based hate crime. Nitke v. Gonzales : On December 11, 2001, the NCSF filed a lawsuit in New York City's federal court with Barbara Nitke, a New York City artist who has been exploring issues of sexual relationship and desire through photography since 1982. This historic lawsuit against The United States of America challenged the constitutionality of the CDA's obscenity statutes on the grounds that they violate

240-517: A brief as amicus curiae in support of appellant's petition for grant of review in a military case involving a marine who engaged in a consensual threesome and because of that was convicted of adultery, attempted consensual sodomy and indecent conduct, a “crime” based solely on undefined sexual conduct inconsistent with “common propriety.” NCSF argued in its amicus curiae that the conviction of LCpl Miles for attempted consensual sodomy under Article 134, UMCJ, violated his constitutional liberty as defined by

300-666: A case of a woman who submitted herself to the whipping and beating of the followers of Pan . Early libertine writers like John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester espoused ideals that modern times are associated with sadomasochism. The modern conceptualization of sadomasochism was introduced to the medical field by German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his 1886 compilation of case studies Psychopathia Sexualis . Pain and physical violence are not essential in Krafft-Ebing's conception, and he defined "masochism" (German Masochismus ) entirely in terms of control. Sigmund Freud ,

360-456: A code employed usually among gay male casual-sex seekers or BDSM practitioners in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Europe. Wearing the handkerchief on the left indicates the top, dominant, or active partner; right indicates the bottom, submissive, or passive partner. Negotiation with a prospective partner remains important as people may wear hankies of any color "only because the idea of

420-619: A disorder when the sexual interests cause no harm or distress. Sexual sadism disorder however, listed within the DSM-5, is where arousal patterns involving consenting and non‐consenting others are not distinguished. On 18 June 2018, the WHO ( World Health Organization ) published ICD-11 , in which sadomasochism, together with fetishism and fetishistic transvestism ( cross-dressing for sexual pleasure) were removed as psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, discrimination against fetish-having and BDSM individuals

480-544: A first step in de-pathologizing consensual BDSM, NCSF urged that the APA separate sexual behaviors (paraphilias) from the mental disorders (Paraphilic Disorders). The APA's Paraphilias Subworkgroup posted its proposed revisions to the DSM-5 in February 2010, that differentiated consensual paraphilias from paraphilic disorders, and this was largely successful in changing the way BDSM behavior by

540-591: A parent is considered by family courts during a child custody hearing, typically removing BDSM behavior as a detrimental factor in those cases. As word spread with the publication of the DSM-5 in May 2013, the number of cases reported to NCSF's IRR dropped significantly, from 124 parents reporting issues with child custody in 2008 down to 15 parents in 2017. NCSF's 1998 Violence & Discrimination Survey documented incidents of discrimination, harassment, and physical attacks against BDSM-identified individuals and BDSM groups: 36% of

600-691: A peripheral rivalry that has developed around the actual love-object. Rejection is not desired by a primary masochist in the same way feigned rejection occurring within a mutually consensual sadomasochistic relationship is, or during instances where the masochist is the one having actual initiative power . In Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World , René Girard attempts to resuscitate and reinterpret Freud's distinction of primary and secondary masochism, in connection with his own philosophy. People find sexual sadomasochism pleasurable for reasons dependent on

660-644: A preference towards sadism. In contrast to frameworks seeking to explain and categorise sadomasochistic behaviours and desires through psychological, psychoanalytic, medical, or forensic approaches, Romana Byrne suggests that, in the context of sexual behaviours, such practices can be seen as examples of " aesthetic sexuality", in which a founding physiological or psychological impulse is irrelevant. Rather, according to Byrne, sadism and masochism may be practiced through choice and deliberation, driven by certain aesthetic goals tied to style, pleasure, and identity, which in certain circumstances, she claims can be compared with

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720-421: A secondary masochism, by contrast, the masochist experiences a less serious, more feigned rejection and punishment by the model. Both Krafft-Ebing and Freud assumed that sadism in men resulted from the distortion of the aggressive component of the male sexual instinct. Masochism in men, however, was seen as a more significant aberration, contrary to the nature of male sexuality. Freud doubted that masochism in men

780-441: Is a portmanteau of the words sadism and masochism . These terms originate from the names of two authors whose works explored situations in which individuals experienced or inflicted pain or humiliation. Sadism is named after Marquis de Sade (1740–1814), whose major works include graphic descriptions of violent sex acts, rape, torture, and murder, and whose characters often derive pleasure from inflicting pain on others. Sade

840-425: Is an integral part of human culture. Some propose that it was already present among non-human primate and primitive human communities before emerging in ancient cultures. One of the oldest surviving narratives citing its practice is an Egyptian love song, sung by a man expressing a desire to be subjugated by a woman so he could experience pleasure as she treats him like a slave. Roman historian Juvenal described

900-787: Is considered inconsistent with human rights principles endorsed by the United Nations and The World Health Organization . The classifications of sexual disorders reflect contemporary sexual norms and have moved from a model of pathologization or criminalization of non-reproductive sexual behaviors to a model that reflects sexual well-being and pathologizes the absence or limitation of consent in sexual relations. The ICD-11 classification, contrary to ICD-10 and DSM-5, clearly distinguishes consensual sadomasochistic behaviours (BDSM) that do not involve inherent harm to self or others from harmful violence on non‐consenting persons (coercive sexual sadism disorder). In this regard, "ICD-11 go[es] further than

960-509: Is drowned out by the "abyss of the Other's subjectivity". Given that the "For-itself" desires to attain a point of view in which it is both subject and object, one strategy is to gather and intensify every feeling and posture in which the self appears as an object to be rejected, tested, and humiliated; in this way, the For-itself strives toward a point of view in which there is only one subjectivity in

1020-462: Is named after the Marquis de Sade , a French author known for his violent and libertine works and lifestyle, and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch , an Austrian author who described masochistic tendencies in his works. Though sadomasochistic behaviours and desires do not necessarily need to be linked to sex, sadomasochism is also a definitive feature of consensual BDSM relationships. The word sadomasochism

1080-443: Is not diagnosed as a paraphilia unless such practices lead to clinically significant distress or impairment for the individual. Sadomasochism performed within the context of mutual and informed consent is distinguished from non-consensual acts of sexual violence or aggression. Individuals may identify as and partake in the sadistic, masochistic, or "switch" (performing both or changing) role. There have been occasions where

1140-501: Is still associated with kink behavior. The majority of participants reported having been victims of violence (26% reported being assaulted while 42% reported being sexually assaulted) but participants themselves were not prone to perpetrating violence, with low rates of aggression proneness, sexual aggression, and endorsement of rape myths. Defined as being a victim of a crime based on actual or perceived BDSM practitioner/kinky status, 7.7% of participants also reported they had been victims of

1200-700: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has always been separate; sadism was included in the DSM-I in 1952, while masochism was added in the DSM-II in 1968. Contemporary psychology continues to identify sadism and masochism separately, and categorizes them as either practised as a lifestyle, or as a medical condition. The current version of the American Psychiatric Association 's manual, DSM-5 , excludes consensual BDSM from diagnosis as

1260-546: The Supreme Court had ruled that the indecent speech provision in the CDA was overbroad and that it unnecessarily impaired protected speech. Barbara Nitke and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom , which advocates for people who practice non-traditional sexual practices , sought a similar ruling against the "obscene speech" provisions of the CDA and injunctive relief against future application of those sections of

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1320-486: The " Miller test ", and to show how much protected speech would actually be impaired because of these differences. The relief sought was denied, and the court ruled for the defendant . The Supreme Court subsequently affirmed this ruling without comment. Nitke had published images on her website that were a means of alternative sexual expression : adults performing various sexual activities . Previously, in Reno v. ACLU ,

1380-489: The "Contract": the process by which he can control another individual and turn the individual into someone cold and callous. The sadist, in contrast, derives pleasure from the "Law": the unavoidable power that places one person below another. The sadist attempts to destroy the ego in an effort to unify the Freudian id and super-ego , gratifying the most base desires the sadist can express while ignoring or completely suppressing

1440-516: The 2020s is thought to have increased with the prevalence of easily accessible hardcore pornography and a decrease in social taboo surrounding the subject. In 1995, Denmark became the first European Union country to have completely removed sadomasochism from its national classification of diseases. This was followed by Sweden in 2009, Norway in 2010, Finland in 2011 and Iceland in 2015. Medical opinion of sadomasochistic activities has changed over time. The classification of sadism and masochism in

1500-489: The BDSM-Leather-Fetish, Swing and Polyamory communities, information for members of the BDSM-Leather-Fetish, Swing and Polyamory communities concerning consent and legal issues that may affect them, and support in the outreach and education efforts of those communities’ groups, clubs and events to local law enforcement, service agencies and authorities. The Kink And Poly Aware Professionals Directory, formerly known as

1560-515: The CDA, arguing that the differences in community standards of what is considered "obscene speech" would have a " chilling effect " on any content on the Internet. Alberto Gonzales was the Attorney General of the United States at the time, making him the named defendant in this case. 47 U.S.C. § 223(a)(1)(B) criminalizes conduct which "knowingly ...makes, creates or solicits, and ... initiates

1620-626: The Kink Aware Professionals list (KAP list), has been maintained by the NCSF since January 2006. It is a directory of professionals who have “volunteered to be available to be contacted by people involved in ‘kinky’ sexuality (leather, BDSM, fetish , polyamory, the Lifestyle , etc.)” NCSF's Media Outreach Program provides sound bites and tactics for its advocates and allies in dealing with the media. It also regularly provides media training and conducts interviews. Consent Counts: In 2006, NCSF

1680-650: The Large Nonprofit Organization of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards. Sadomasochism Sadism ( / ˈ s eɪ d ɪ z əm / ) and masochism ( / ˈ m æ s ə k ɪ z ə m / ), known collectively as sadomasochism ( / ˌ s eɪ d oʊ ˈ m æ s ə k ɪ z ə m / SAY -doh- MASS -ə-kiz-əm ) or S&M , is the derivation of pleasure from acts of respectively inflicting or receiving pain or humiliation . The term

1740-496: The Psychology of Sex , argued that there is no clear distinction between the aspects of sadism and masochism, and that they may be regarded as complementary emotional states. He states that sadomasochism is concerned only with pain in regard to sexual pleasure, and not in regard to cruelty, as Freud had suggested. He believed the sadomasochist generally desires that the pain and violence be inflicted or received in love, not in abuse, for

1800-733: The U.S. Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas , and that the UMCJ provisions concerning consensual, non-injurious sexual conduct are inconsistent with current sexual mores in American society. Woodhull Freedom Foundation et al v. United States: On February 20, 2019, NCSF joined with allies in filing a Brief in Support of Appellants challenging FOSTA, the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017. In 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2010, NCSF received

1860-564: The US that advances equal rights for consenting adults who engage in alternative sexual and relationship expressions. The NCSF aims to advance the rights of, and advocate for consenting adults in the BDSM - Leather -Fetish, Swing, and Polyamory Communities. We pursue our vision through direct services, education, advocacy, and outreach, in conjunction with our partners, to directly benefit these communities. The NCSF's mission has changed since its founding. In 2002

National Coalition for Sexual Freedom - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-706: The United States Supreme Court denied their appeal in 2006. "The judgment is affirmed." The case established community content guidelines for obscene content. If the case had not been brought, according to attorney John Wirenius , "many more Internet users [would] likely face the constitutionally unsupportable choice faced by Ms. Nitke: either to censor her published images or face prosecution." This would, in turn, cause users and publishers to use more discretion when publishing potentially obscene content online. The Electronic Frontier Foundation said, "...while it might be unconstitutional for someone to use

1980-567: The World Health Organization, on June 18, 2018, removed Fetishism, Transvestic Fetishism, and Sadomasochism as psychiatric diagnoses. According to Anil Aggrawal , in forensic science , levels of sexual sadism and masochism are classified as follows: Sexual masochists: Sexual sadists: The difference between I–II and III–IV is consent. Sadomasochism is a subset of BDSM , a variety of erotic practices including bondage , discipline , dominance, and submission. Sadomasochism

2040-405: The age of 15, while the majority of females (78%) developed their interest afterwards. The prevalence of sadomasochism within the general population is unknown. Despite female sadists being less visible than males, some surveys have resulted in comparable amounts of sadistic fantasies between females and males. The results of such studies indicate that one's sex may not be the determining factor for

2100-626: The changes made for DSM-5 … in the removal of disorders diagnosed based on consenting behaviors that are not in and of themselves associated with distress or functional impairment." In Europe, an organization called ReviseF65 worked to remove sadomasochism from the ICD. On commission from the WHO ICD-11 Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health, ReviseF65 in 2009 and 2011 delivered reports documenting that sadomasochism and sexual violence are two different phenomena. The report concluded that

2160-472: The character of Severin has become embittered by his experiment in the alleged control of masochism, and advocates instead the domination of women. René Girard included his account of sadomasochism in Things Hidden Since the Foundation of The World ( 1978), placing masochism as a coherent part of his theory of mimetic desire . In this view of sadomasochism, the violence involved is an expression of

2220-410: The creation of art. Surveys from the 2000s on the spread of sadomasochistic fantasies and practices show strong variations in the range of their results. Nonetheless, researchers assumed that 5 to 25 percent of the population practices sexual behavior related to pain or dominance and submission. The population with related fantasies is believed to be even larger. Interest in sexual sadomasochism in

2280-431: The feeling of power and authority that comes from performing a dominant role or from receiving pleasure vicariously through the suffering of the masochist. Sexual sadomasochistic desires can appear at any age. Some individuals report having had them before puberty, while others do not discover them until well into adulthood. According to a 1985 study, the majority of male sadomasochists (53%) developed their interest before

2340-404: The free speech of Internet content providers and inhibit the discussion of sexual issues on the Internet among consenting adults. The attorney for the case is John Wirenius, author of First Amendment, First Principles: Verbal Acts and Freedom of Speech (Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 2000). United States, Appellee v. Miles: On December 4, 2014, NCSF successfully motioned for leave to file

2400-543: The government's motion to dismiss the vagueness argument, citing the Supreme Court's decision that the Miller test was not unconstitutionally vague . The plaintiffs in this case had the burden of proving that the CDA was substantially overbroad. Specifically, the court indicated that the plaintiffs needed to establish: The court concluded that insufficient evidence was provided by the plaintiffs to support these points, and

2460-576: The groundwork for the widely accepted medical perspective in the following decades. This led to the first compound usage of the terminology in Sado-Masochism (Loureiroian "Sado-Masochismus") by the Viennese psychoanalyst Isidor Isaak Sadger in his work Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex ("Regarding the sadomasochistic complex") in 1913. In the later 20th century, BDSM activists protested against these ideas , because, they argued, they were based on

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2520-554: The hankie turns them on" or they "may not even know what it means". Nitke v. Gonzales Nitke v. Gonzalez , 413 F.Supp.2d 262 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) was a United States District Court for the Southern District of New York case regarding obscene materials published online. The plaintiff challenged the constitutionality of the obscenity provision of the Communications Decency Act (CDA). She claimed that it

2580-399: The individual. For some masochists, taking on a role of compliance or helplessness offers an escape from the stresses of life, responsibility, or guilt. For others, being under the power of a strong, controlling presence may evoke the feelings of safety and protection associated with childhood. Others may derive satisfaction from earning the approval of a controlling figure. A sadist may enjoy

2640-470: The law has focussed on the violent aspects of sadomasochistic behaviour while neglecting consensual sexual practices, such as during a case in England where 15 men were tried for a range of offences relating to sadomasochism. ( See also: Legality of BDSM ) Larry Townsend 's 1983 edition of The Leatherman's Handbook II states that a black handkerchief is a symbol for sadomasochism in the handkerchief code ,

2700-653: The philosophies of the two psychiatrists, Freud and Krafft-Ebing, whose theories were built on the assumption of psychopathology and their observations of psychiatric patients . Nomenclature in previous editions of the DSM referring to sexual psychopathology have been criticized as lacking scientific veracity. The DSM-V , however, has depathologized the language around paraphilias in a way that signifies "the APA's intent to not demand treatment for healthy consenting adult sexual expression". Sadomasochism has been practiced since ancient times with some scholars suggesting that it

2760-416: The pleasure of either one or both participants. This mutual pleasure may be essential for the satisfaction of those involved. Jean-Paul Sartre linked the pleasure or power experienced by a sadist in appraising the masochist victim to his philosophy of the "Look of the Other" . Sartre argued that masochism is an attempt by the "For-itself" (consciousness) to reduce itself to nothing, becoming an object that

2820-438: The relationship, being both that of the abuser and the abused. Conversely, Sartre held sadism to be the effort to annihilate the subjectivity of the victim, meaning the sadist is exhilarated by the emotional distress of the victim because they seek a subjectivity that views the victim as both subject and object. In his 1967 essay Coldness and Cruelty (originally French " Présentation de Sacher-Masoch "), Gilles Deleuze rejects

2880-460: The respondents reported suffering some kind of violence or harassment because of their BDSM practices, while 30% reported job discrimination. NCSF's 2015 Psychological Functioning and Violence Victimization and Perpetration survey found that only 9.8% of the 816 respondents stated they are completely open about their involvement in BDSM, while the rest were closeted to varying degrees due to the stigma that

2940-682: The rights of swingers , polyamorous people , and some other alternative sexuality groups were added to its mission. On May 14, 2020, the NCSF Board approved its Diversity and Inclusion Vision: NCSF's goal is to better fulfill our mission through a better understanding of a diverse range of voices and experiences in our communities. We recognize the similarities and differences between people that make us all unique. We aim to be inclusive by creating opportunities for more people of various backgrounds to be represented and heard by NCSF. NCSF's Education Outreach Program provides education for professionals about

3000-988: The sadomasochism diagnosis was outdated, non-scientific, and stigmatizing. The ICD-11 classification considers Sadomasochism as a variant in sexual arousal and private behavior without appreciable public health impact and for which treatment is neither indicated nor sought. Further, the ICD-11 guidelines "respect the rights of individuals whose atypical sexual behavior is consensual and not harmful." WHO's ICD-11 Working Group admitted that psychiatric diagnoses have been used to harass, silence, or imprison sadomasochists. Labeling as such may create harm, convey social judgment, and exacerbate existing stigma and violence to individuals so labeled. According to ICD-11, psychiatric diagnoses can no longer be used to discriminate against BDSM people and fetishists. Based on advances in research and clinical practice, and major shifts in social attitudes and in relevant policies, laws, and human rights standards",

3060-474: The term "sadomasochism" as artificial, especially in the context of Sacher-Masoch's Venus In Furs . Deleuze's counterargument is that the tendency toward masochism is based on intensified desire brought on or enhanced by the acting out of frustration at the delay of gratification. Taken to its extreme, an intolerably indefinite delay is 'rewarded' by punitive perpetual delay, manifested as unwavering coldness. The masochist derives pleasure from, as Deleuze puts it,

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3120-562: The terms sadism and masochism into clinical use in his work Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis ("New research in the area of Psychopathology of Sex") in 1890. The terms were first selected for identifying human behavioral phenomena and for the classification of psychological illnesses or deviant behavior. In 1905, Sigmund Freud described sadism and masochism in his Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie ("Three Papers on Sexual Theory") as stemming from aberrant psychological development from early childhood. He also laid

3180-407: The terms "primary" and "secondary" masochism. Though this idea has come under a number of interpretations, in a primary masochism the masochist undergoes a complete, rather than partial, rejection by the model or courted object (or sadist), possibly involving the model taking a rival as a preferred mate . This complete rejection is related to the death drive ( Todestrieb ) in Freud's psychoanalysis. In

3240-436: The transmission of ..." an obscene or indecent communication to a juvenile . Subject to certain defenses, this is regardless of whether or not the minor accessed the content or not. "Given the size of the potential audience for most messages, in the absence of a viable age verification process, the sender [of any given communication] must be charged with knowing that one or more minors will likely view it." The court granted

3300-526: The types of requests that are received. From 2005–2013, NCSF's Incident Reporting & Response program collected reports from constituents that the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-IV-TR paraphilias section was being used in criminal and civil proceedings to informally “diagnose” kink-identified individuals as unable to control their behavior and therefore unfit to retain custody of their children. As

3360-406: The will of the ego or conscience. Thus, Deleuze attempts to argue that masochism and sadism arise from such different impulses that the combination of the two terms is meaningless and misleading. A masochist's perception of their own self-subjugating sadistic desires and capacities are treated by Deleuze as reactions to prior experience of sadistic objectification. The epilogue of Venus In Furs shows

3420-509: Was overbroad when applied in the context of the Internet because certain contents deemed lawful in some communities and unlawful in others will be restricted due to the open access of the Internet. The plaintiff also sought a permanent injunction against the enforcement of the obscenity provision of the CDA. The court concluded that insufficient evidence was presented to show there was substantial variation in community standards , as applied in

3480-457: Was ever a primary tendency, and speculated that it may exist only as a transformation of sadism. Sadomasochism in women received comparatively little discussion, as it was believed that it occurred primarily in men. Krafft-Ebing and Freud also assumed that masochism was so inherent to female sexuality that it would be difficult to distinguish as a separate inclination. Havelock Ellis , in Studies in

3540-493: Was imprisoned multiple times for sexual crimes following affairs in which he inflicted and/or received pain during sex, hence engaging in sadomasochism himself. Masochism is named after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836–1895), whose novels explored his masochistic fantasies of receiving pain and degradation, particularly his novel Venus im Pelz (" Venus in Furs "). German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) introduced

3600-792: Was part of a leather leadership roundtable at the Creating Change conference that discussed the goals of the BDSM-leather-fetish communities, particularly the decriminalization of BDSM. A subsequent town hall meeting at the Leather Leadership Conference was held to further discuss this goal and to establish an outline for a working plan. In 2007, NCSF took a leadership role in the Consent Counts project. NCSF's Incident Reporting and Response (IRR) program provides educational resources and referrals to professionals, and tracks

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