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65-501: The NCAA introduced women's gymnastics as a championship sport in 1982 . Gymnastics was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in

130-431: A 10 m (33 ft) x 10 m (33 ft) floor, with a smaller 7 m (23 ft) x 7 m (23 ft) floor used for younger participants. Routines last 70–90 seconds depending on the age of the participants and the routine category. The World Championships have been held since 1995. The events consist of: On 28 January 2018, parkour, also known as freerunning, was given the go-ahead to begin development as

195-587: A 10.0. During a routine, deductions will be made by the judges for flaws in the form of the technique of a skill. For example, steps on landings or flexed feet can range from .05–.1 off, depending on the severity of the mistake. Male gymnasts also perform on a 12meter x 12meter spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance. Strength skills include circles, scales, and press handstands. Men's floor routines usually have multiple passes that have to total between 60 and 70 seconds and are performed without music, unlike

260-498: A FIG sport. The FIG was planning to run World Cup competitions from 2018 onwards. The first Parkour World Championships were planned for 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and instead took place from 15 to 16 October 2022 in Tokyo, Japan. The events consist of: Para-gymnastics, gymnastics for disabled athletes with para-athletics classifications , was recognized as

325-428: A carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood , which is supported by springs generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine for up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event. Depending on

390-569: A different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required. Scoring for both Junior Olympic and NCAA level gymnastics uses a 10.0 scale. Levels below Level 9 start from a 10.0 automatically if all requirements for an event are met. Levels 9 and 10, and NCAA gymnastics all start below a 10.0 and require gymnastics to acquire bonus points through connections and skills to increase their start value to

455-435: A dismount from either the bars' ends or the apparatus's side. A parallel bar routine should contain at least one element from all element groups: Deductions are taken for lack of form and precision of elements performed. There are specific deductions for adjusting the hand position in the handstand and not controlling swing elements; swing type elements should momentarily show handstand. This article on Gymnastics

520-636: A final (combined) routine. Currently, acrobatic gymnastics scores are marked out of 30.00 for juniors, and they can be higher at the Senior FIG level based on difficulty: There are five competitive event categories: The World Championships have been held since 1974. Aerobic gymnastics (formally sport aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios, groups with 5 people, and aerobic dance and aerobic step (8 people). Strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills are emphasized. Seniors perform routines on

585-406: A grip on the bar, and to prevent rips. While training for this event, straps are often used to ensure that the gymnast does not fall off the bar as they are learning new skills. As with women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events including their execution, degree of difficulty , and overall presentation skills. According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This

650-420: A larger blocking surface. This apparatus is thus considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult vaults. On the uneven bars, gymnasts perform a timed routine on two parallel horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate , to prevent them from breaking. In

715-401: A modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. An A Score (or D score) is the difficulty score, which as of 2009 derives from the eight highest-scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault), in addition to

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780-551: A modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. In 1930, the first UK mass movement organization of women in gymnastics, the Women's League of Health and Beauty, was founded by Mary Bagot Stack in London. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. Television has helped publicize and initiate

845-496: A new FIG discipline in October 2024. As an FIG discipline, it currently only covers artistic gymnastics. Parallel bars Parallel bars are floor apparatus consisting of two wooden bars approximately 350cm (11'6") long and positioned at 200 centimetres (6.6 ft) above the floor. Parallel bars are used in artistic gymnastics and also for physical therapy and home exercise . Gymnasts may optionally wear grips when performing

910-405: A routine on the parallel bars, although this is uncommon. The apparatus consists of two parallel bars that are held parallel to, and elevated above, the floor by a metal supporting framework. The bars are composed of wood or other material, with an outer wood coating. The vertical members of the supporting framework are adjustable so the height of the bars above the floor and distance between

975-498: A straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills). Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly sport acrobatics), often referred to as acro, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro,

1040-435: A whip or a flick. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one

1105-416: Is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round-off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either

1170-430: Is a commonly performed vault in the higher levels in gymnastics. When performing a Yurchenko, gymnasts round-off so their hands are on the runway while their feet land on the vault board. From the round-off position, the gymnast travels backward so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post-flight segment brings

1235-632: Is a group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats perform to music in groups of two, three and four. There are four international age categories: 11–16, 12–18, 13–19, and Senior (15+), which are used in the World Championships and many other events around the world, including the European Championships and the World Games . All levels require a balance and dynamic routine; 12–18, 13–19, and Seniors are also required to perform

1300-451: Is a sport that combines elements of ballet , gymnastics, dance , and apparatus manipulation, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. Gymnasts compete either as individuals or in groups. Individuals perform four separate routines, each using one of the four apparatuses—ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, and formerly, rope—on a floor area. Groups consist of five gymnasts who perform two routines together, one with five of

1365-411: Is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while punching (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from

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1430-427: Is mentioned. A routine performed on the parallel bars must include various elements that depend on the gymnast's competitive level. A typical performance will involve swinging skills in a support position (on the hands), a hanging position, and an upper arm position (resting on the inner bicep). Also, parallel bar routines often feature a strength or static hold skill such as an L-sit or handstand. Each routine ends with

1495-462: Is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results. Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves. Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two scoring moves are performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in

1560-678: Is performed on a sprung floor, and the gymnasts perform acrobatic moves and flips. The other version was developed in Europe and uses generally the same rules as the women and the same set of apparatus. It is most prominent in Spain, which has held national men's competitions since 2009 and mixed-gender group competitions since 2021, and France. Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floor). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in

1625-477: Is the only gymnast to have achieved this feat more than twice, completing it a total of 5 times. Gymnastics Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance , strength , flexibility , agility , coordination , artistry and endurance . The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by

1690-571: The University of Alabama , six for UCLA and seven for the University of Georgia . In 2013, the University of Florida , coached by Rhonda Faehn , broke the reign of the prior four teams, winning the NCAA tournament held at UCLA 's newly renovated Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles, California . Faehn was a competitor for the Bruins 1990–1992. The University of Oklahoma , coached by K. J. Kindler , became

1755-453: The ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills. The most common form of competitive gymnastics is artistic gymnastics (AG); for women, the events include floor , vault , uneven bars , and balance beam ; for men, besides floor and vault, it includes rings , pommel horse , parallel bars , and horizontal bar . The governing body for competition in gymnastics throughout

1820-561: The 1920s, women organised and participated in gymnastics events. Elin Falk revolutionised how gymnastic were taught in Swedish schools beteeen 1910 and 1932. The first women's Olympic competition was limited, involving only synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928 in Amsterdam. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in

1885-419: The 70–90 seconds exercise by mounting the beam by either a vault or a jump. The event requires balance, flexibility, grace, poise, and strength. The event in gymnastics performed on the floor is called floor exercise. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is FX. In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. The floor event now occurs on

1950-457: The Olympic Games. The first World Championships were held in 1964. Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at

2015-613: The Olympics in 1984. There are two versions of rhythmic gymnastics for men, neither of which is currently recognized by the FIG. One was developed in Japan in the 1940s and was originally practiced by both boys and girls for fitness, with women still occasionally participating on the club level today. Gymnasts either perform in groups with no apparatus, or individually with apparatus (stick, clubs, rope, or double rings). Unlike women's rhythmic gymnastics, it

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2080-410: The apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse or landing after a handstand variation. The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point 5.75 metres (18.9 ft) from

2145-567: The bars can be set optimally for each gymnast. The parallel bars (in German Barren ) were invented by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in Berlin . In 1819 the first transportable parallel bars were described. In 1856, Hermann Otto Kluge used tubes to adjust the parallel and horizontal bars in Germany. He used them in his gym. In Tolstoy's Anna Karenina , published between 1873 and 1877, their use for exercise

2210-625: The common Greek adjective γυμνός ([[[wikt:γυμνός#Ancient|gymnos]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ), by way of the related verb γυμνάζω ( gymnazo ), whose meaning is to "train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. Gymnastics can be traced to exercises performed in Ancient Greece, specifically in Sparta and Athens. Exercise of that time

2275-399: The difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase. In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, to take off onto a vault board (or perform a roundoff or handspring entry onto a vault board), to land momentarily inverted on the hands on

2340-678: The events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics , and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games . From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships . The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships . Tumbling is competed along a 25-metre sprung tack with a 10-metre run up. A tumbling pass or run

2405-678: The final score for each routine. International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth, and Seniors, for women sixteen and over. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games , World Championships , European Championships , World Cup and Grand Prix series . The first World Championships were held in 1963, and rhythmic gymnastics made its first appearance at

2470-684: The first public gymnasium in the US in 1826 at Harvard College and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US, in Portland, Maine, in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the American Journal of Education and The Yankee , helping to establish the American branch of the movement. The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG)

2535-405: The floor. The gymnasts must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some gymnasts may include two or three. A routine ends with a dismount. Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a springboard. The gymnast

2600-469: The gymnast to her feet. Less difficult vaults include taking off from the vault board with both feet at the same time and either doing a front handspring or round-off onto the vaulting table. In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue, horse, or vaulting table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse, approximately 1 m in length and 1 m in width, giving gymnasts

2665-419: The highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which

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2730-516: The invention of the parallel bars , rings , the high bar , the pommel horse and the vault horse . Germans Charles Beck and Charles Follen and American John Neal brought the first wave of gymnastics to the United States in the 1820s. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and

2795-435: The landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giant swings or giants (forward or backward revolutions around the bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto. Leather grips are usually used to help maintain

2860-450: The leadership of head coach Greg Marsden , dominated the field of competition. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the University of Georgia (UGA), coached by Suzanne Yoculan , and the University of Alabama , coached by Sarah Patterson , gained success and claimed several titles. From 1996 to 2012, the University of Alabama , the University of Georgia , and UCLA , coached by Valorie Kondos Field , claimed all NCAA titles; four titles for

2925-483: The legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, how well they stuck the landing, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults. Men perform on two bars executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. The width between the bars is adjustable depending upon the actual needs of the gymnasts and usually 2 m high. A 2.8  cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2.5 m above

2990-435: The level, the gymnast may choose their own routine; however some levels have compulsory routines, where default music must be played. Levels three to six the music is the same for each levels along with the skills within the routine. However, recently, the levels have switched. Now, levels 6–10 are optional levels and they get to have custom routines made. In the optional levels (levels six to ten) there are skill requirements for

3055-553: The past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The height of the bars may be adjusted by 5 cm to the size needed by individual gymnasts, although the distance between bars cannot be changed for individual gymnasts in elite competition. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. The bars have been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves that may pass over, under, and between

3120-594: The points awarded for composition requirements; each vault has a difficulty score assigned by the FIG. The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution and is given for how well the skills are performed. The following disciplines are governed by FIG. Artistic gymnastics is usually divided into men's and women's gymnastics. Men compete on six events: floor exercise , pommel horse , still rings , vault , parallel bars , and horizontal bar , while women compete on four: vault, uneven bars , balance beam , and floor exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on

3185-456: The rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the USSR ). In 2006, FIG introduced a new point system for artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the execution score

3250-404: The routine but the athlete is able to pick her own music without any words. The routine should consist of tumbling passes, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or pivots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling passes, each of which usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform

3315-453: The same apparatus and one with three of one apparatus and two of another; the FIG defines which apparatuses groups use each year. Routines are given three sub-scores: difficulty, execution, and artistry. Difficulty is open-ended and based on the value given to the elements performed in the routine, and execution and artistry start at ten points and are lowered for specific mistakes made by the gymnasts. The three sub-scores are added together for

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3380-408: The same order on the double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is competed as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The scores are marked in a similar manner to individual trampoline. In tumbling , athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of

3445-530: The same twelve (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership. Under the NCAA, only seven universities have claimed the overall Division I (pre-1987) or National Collegiate (1987–present) championship; the Division II competition was discontinued in 1987. During the early years of competition, the University of Utah , under

3510-495: The sixth team to win the NCAA title after tying with Florida in 2014. In 2021, the University of Michigan , coached by Bev Plocki , became the seventh team to win the NCAA title. In 2024, LSU , coached by Jay Clark , became the eighth team to win the NCAA title. A Gym Slam (sometimes spelled as GymSlam ) is the accomplishment of scoring a perfect 10.0 on each apparatus. Only 15 women in NCAA gymnastics have achieved this feat, 3 have achieved it at least twice, and Trinity Thomas

3575-403: The skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are where deviation happens most commonly between the intended and actual difficulty scores, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on

3640-478: The skin of the hands); dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar. The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from the ground, 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10.16 centimetres (4.00 in) wide. This stationary object can also be adjusted, to be raised higher or lower. The gymnast begins

3705-413: The two bars. At the elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the uneven bars using a springboard or a small mat. Gymnasts may use chalk (MgCO 3 ) and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) when performing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnasts' hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to

3770-403: The vaulting horse or vaulting table (pre-flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward off that platform to a two-footed landing (post-flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post-flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos, or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko ,

3835-506: The women's event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine. A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work, however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of

3900-671: The world is the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Eight sports are governed by the FIG, including gymnastics for all, men's and women's artistic gymnastics , rhythmic gymnastics , trampolining (including double mini-trampoline), tumbling , acrobatic , aerobic , and parkour . Disciplines not recognized by FIG include wheel gymnastics , aesthetic group gymnastics , TeamGym , and mallakhamba . Participants in gymnastics-related sports include young children, recreational-level athletes, and competitive athletes at all levels of skill. The word gymnastics derives from

3965-513: Was documented by Philostratus' work Gymnastics: The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic . The original term for the practice of gymnastics is from the related Greek verb γυμνάζω ( gumnázō ), which translates as "to train naked or nude," because young men exercised without clothing. In ancient Greece, physical fitness was highly valued among both men and women. It was not until after the Romans conquered Greece in 146BC that gymnastics became more formalized and

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4030-522: Was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern Olympic Games , in 1896. From then until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, which included, for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics , rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During

4095-697: Was more aesthetic and individual and that left behind the focus on strictness, discipline, the emphasis on defeating records, and a focus on strength. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano —a Spanish colonel born on 19 February 1770, in Valencia, who died on 8 August 1848, in Paris—was the first person to introduce educative gymnastics in France. The German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn began the German gymnastics movement 1811 in Berlin, which led to

4160-430: Was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00, except for short exercises. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the apparatus, is a 1.00 deduction in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all

4225-474: Was used to train men in warfare. On the basis of Philostratus' claim that gymnastics is a form of wisdom, comparable to philosophy, poetry, music, geometry, and astronomy, the people of Athens combined this more physical training with the education of the mind. At the Palestra, a physical education training center, the discipline of educating the body and the mind were combined, allowing for a form of gymnastics that

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