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68-731: New Brunswick Theological Seminary is a seminary of the Reformed Church in America (RCA), a mainline Protestant denomination in Canada and the United States that follows the theological tradition and Christian practice of John Calvin . It was founded in 1784 and is one of the oldest seminaries in the United States. First established in New York City under the leadership of John Henry Livingston , who instructed aspiring ministers in his home, in 1810

136-761: A 100-car parking lot" while preserving the Gardner A. Sage Library. The seminary's new campus is described as being "technologically smart and environmentally green." The seminary relocated to its new facilities in July 2014. New Brunswick Theological Seminary is accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada and the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . The seminary offers admission to students after

204-513: A college degree, usually a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Philosophy , and terminating in a higher degree, such as a Master of Arts in Theology or a Master of Divinity . The pastoral dimension helps to develop pastoral familiarity with situations such as bedside manner , marriage, and life in the parish. For Catholic seminarians, seminary formation can be divided into four distinct stages of formation. The Dallas Theological Seminary (DTS)

272-437: A donation from Gardner A. Sage earmarked for the construction of a library, the trustees commissioned Hardenbergh's former teacher, German-American architect Detlef Lienau, to design it. The Sage Library was completed in 1875. Lienau designed the library to complement Hardenbergh's (style) design for Suydam Hall. In the 1960s, Suydam Hall and Hertzog Hall were deemed to be inadequate for the administrative and instructional needs of

340-451: A major academic building featuring lecture halls and departmental offices. The seminary's Board of Trustees approved this plan and the sale on 20 May 2013. The seminary reconstructed its New Brunswick campus on three acres (12,000 m²) at the corner of Seminary Place and College Avenue, with a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m²) central building featuring "a chapel, classrooms, offices, conference facilities and space for commuting students as well as

408-883: A missionary in Korea, and was influential in establishing several educational institutions with the financial support of his brother, John T. Underwood , a typewriter entrepreneur and manufacturer. A financial gift in Spring 2011 to the seminary from the Luce Foundation and Korean Christians established an endowed professorship, the Underwood Chair for Global Christianity. Many of the seminary's graduates have served as faculty and administrators at Rutgers, Western Theological Seminary , Hope College and several other institutions. Hope, an RCA-affiliated liberal arts college in Michigan founded in 1851,

476-486: A parish and instructing theology students through lectures given in his home. In 1792, the Synod became aware that many students were prevented from pursuing their studies in the "commercial emporium of New York" because of the high cost of living and a lack of sufficient funds. To address this difficulty, the Synod decided to locate the seminary outside of the city. However, as Queen's College had severe financial difficulties and

544-504: A seminary building that provided both student housing and instruction space. When the seminary's leaders proposed the idea, the Synod of New York removed financial support from both Rutgers and the seminary. Colonel James Nielson, David Bishop, and Charles Dayton—prominent citizens in New Brunswick—donated plots of land totaling almost 8 acres (32,000 m²) consisting of part of a hill extending from George Street to College Avenue. At

612-399: A seminary to become a priest must be sponsored by either a diocese or by a religious order. Often a diocese might be attached to or affiliated with a larger Catholic college or university so that the larger college and its faculty provides more general education in history or theology while the seminary focuses on topics specific to the needs of future priests, such as training in canon law ,

680-579: A seminary will train both that particular order's or diocese's priests and the priests of other orders or dioceses that select that particular seminary for its priests. For instance, Saint John's Seminary in Boston, Massachusetts trains priests for many of the other dioceses in New England which are suffragan dioceses of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston . Either way, a man who seeks to enter

748-711: A seminary. John Henry Livingston , a graduate of both Yale College (1762) in Connecticut and the University of Utrecht (1770) in the Netherlands, was appointed to be the Synod’s Professor of Sacred Theology and to organize theological education at Queen's College. However, Queen's College did not provide Livingston a salary, compelling him to lecture on fees paid by the students directly. Livingston remained in New York overseeing

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816-850: A two-thirds vote of the trustees. The president of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary is Micah McCreary who joined NBTS on July 15, 2017. He succeeded Gregg A. Mast , a clergyman who had served congregations in New Jersey, New York, and Johannesburg, South Africa , and held leadership positions within the Reformed Church of America. Mast was appointed by the trustees as the seminary's 14th president in 2006, succeeding Norman J. Kansfield . The New Brunswick Theological Seminary's bylaws establish its mission "to educate persons and strengthen communities for transformational, public ministries in church and society." In its 230 year history,

884-546: A wish that a prospective college president possess the following characteristics: Its early history, Rutgers was closely allied with the Dutch Reformed Synod of New York which oversaw financial transactions and early selections of professors for Queen's College and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary . The Rev. John Henry Livingston (1746–1825), who served as the college's fourth president and

952-584: Is an evangelical theological seminary in Dallas, Texas . It is known for popularizing the theological system of dispensationalism . DTS has campuses in Dallas, Houston , and Washington, D.C. , as well as extension sites in Atlanta , Austin , San Antonio , Nashville , Northwest Arkansas , Europe, and Guatemala , and a multilingual online education program. DTS is the largest non-denominational seminary accredited by

1020-457: Is charged with implementing "board policies with the help and advice of senior administrators and other members of the university community." The president is responsible only to those two governing boards—there is no oversight by state officials. Frequently, the president also occupies a professorship in his academic discipline and engages in instructing students. The following twenty individuals have served as president of Rutgers University from

1088-539: Is the chief administrator of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey . Rutgers was founded by clergymen affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church in 1766 as Queen's College and was the eighth-oldest of nine colleges established during the American colonial period . Before 1956, Rutgers was a small liberal arts college and became a full university in 1924 with the offering of graduate degree programs and

1156-566: Is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution . The university is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities. In the early days of Queen's College, the trustees wrote to the church's leadership in Amsterdam and at the University of Utrecht to seek candidates for the position of president. In their correspondence, they expressed

1224-415: The Association of Theological Schools . DTS was founded as "Evangelical Theological College" in 1924 by Rollin T. Chafer and his brother, Lewis Sperry Chafer , who taught the first class of thirteen students, and William Henry Griffith Thomas , who was to have been the school's first theology professor but died before the first classes began. Their vision was a school where expository Bible preaching

1292-526: The Council of Trent document Cum adolescentium aetas , 'Since the age of adolescence' which called for the first modern seminaries. In the United States, the term is currently used for graduate-level theological institutions, but historically it was used for high schools . The establishment of seminaries in modern times resulted from Roman Catholic reforms of the Counter-Reformation after

1360-456: The Council of Trent . These Tridentine seminaries placed great emphasis on spiritual formation and personal discipline as well as the study, first of philosophy as a base, and, then, as the final crown, theology. The oldest Catholic seminary in the United States is St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore founded in 1791. In the United States, Protestant institutions also widely adopted

1428-593: The Wesley Theological Seminary (Methodist). The Gardner A. Sage Library was built in 1873–1875 and was designed by nineteenth century German-American architect Detlef Lienau . Lienau combined the elements of a Romanesque fourth century basilica and a "Victorian bookhall" to create a space conducive to "the contemplation of God." According to the seminary, the Sage Library's collection contains more than 150,000 books and 10,000 bound periodicals, spanning

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1496-669: The sacraments , and preaching , or specific to the particular order or diocese. For instance the Theological College in Washington, D.C. , is part of The Catholic University of America . Further, in Rome there are several seminaries which educate seminarians or already ordained priests and bishops and which are maintained by orders or dioceses from outside of Italy. Many countries have their own pontifical seminary in Italy, usually very close to

1564-659: The "most richly diverse" seminary in North America. Today, the seminary focuses on providing a comprehensive Christian education as "an inter-cultural, ecumenical school of Christian faith, learning, and scholarship committed to its metro-urban and global contexts" and preparing its graduates to "inspire missions in a post-colonial world where the gospel is taking deep root, especially in urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America." The seminary seeks to achieve this mission by expanding through distance-learning technology and online classes to reach new constituencies. As of

1632-612: The Bible over all matters of faith and practice, the sovereignty of God, and the Lordship of Jesus Christ over all of life". A majority of the board's members must be RCA members and each of the church's regional synods are represented by one member. The president and the General Secretary of the RCA's General Synod serve as ex officio members of the board without a vote. The by-laws further empower

1700-737: The Catholic Church are divided into minor seminaries for teenagers and major seminaries for adults, including both college seminaries, sometimes also known as minor seminaries, for undergraduate students and post-graduate seminaries for those who already have a bachelor's degree . There are also seminaries for older adults who are well out of school, such as the Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary in Massachusetts, and for other more specialized purposes. All seminaries are run either by religious orders or by dioceses or other similar structures. Often

1768-654: The Holy See. Only some Catholic universities may bestow these degrees; these are called ecclesiastical or pontifical universities . The only pontifical seminary outside of Italy is the Pontifical College Josephinum , in Columbus, Ohio . As outlined by the Ratio , Catholic seminary formation is composed of four major components, or dimensions: human, spiritual, intellectual and pastoral. The human dimension focuses on

1836-492: The Reformed faith, New Brunswick Theological Seminary is dedicated to providing a comprehensive Christian education as "an inter-cultural, ecumenical school of Christian faith, learning, and scholarship committed to its metro-urban and global contexts". As of the fall semester of 2012, the seminary enrolled 197 students. The Dutch Reformed Synod of New York recognized that there was a shortage of adequately trained ministers to supply

1904-739: The Scudder family , including Jared Waterbury Scudder (B.D. 1855), received their theological training at the seminary before serving as missionaries in India. Alumnus John Van Nest Talmage (B.D. 1845) served for over forty years in China for the American Reformed Mission . His younger brother, Thomas DeWitt Talmage (B.D. 1856) became known for his pulpit oratory, drawing large crowds to hear his sermons. Talmage's sermons were later published in 3,000 journals and said to reach 25 million readers worldwide. One of

1972-538: The Seminary began to expand, overcrowding the space provided at the Queens Campus . The seminary professors realized that students renting rooms at boarding houses in the city were paying more for their housing than students at other seminaries—over double the costs of housing at New York City's Union Theological Seminary or at nearby Princeton Theological Seminary . The professors surmised that it would be cheaper to build

2040-728: The United States. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) hosts seminary classes for high school students ages 14 to 18, as part of the Church Educational System . Unlike use in other religious contexts, the word "seminary", in an LDS Church context, does not refer to a higher education program designed to train students that they may obtain a church-based career. LDS seminary students do not get high school credit for their seminary studies. List of Rutgers University presidents The President of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (informally called Rutgers University ) / ˈ r ʌ t ɡ ər z /

2108-670: The United States—New Brunswick Theological Seminary and the Western Theological Seminary founded in 1866 in Holland, Michigan . New Brunswick Theological Seminary, established in 1784, offers classes on two campuses. The seminary's campus in New Brunswick, built in 1856, is at the corner of College Avenue and Seminary Place. According to the seminary's by-laws, the RCA's General Synod entrusts

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2176-821: The Vatican. For instance, the Pontifical North American College , which trains priests from the United States and elsewhere, is supported by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . These colleges usually award degrees to seminarians and priests pursuing further education and specializing in specific fields such as Scripture , hagiography , moral theology , or Canon Law , among countless others. In addition to civil degrees, these pontifical seminaries confer ecclesiastical degrees ( Baccalaureate of Sacred Theology , Licentiate of Sacred Theology , and Doctorate of Sacred Theology ), which are backed by

2244-551: The church's congregations in the British American colonies. Young men had to journey to the Netherlands to pursue several years of theological studies at a Dutch university. Church leaders sought to obtain the right to examine and ordain ministers in the colonies (later in the United States), and to operate a school to train them. In 1766, several clergymen secured a charter from New Jersey's Royal Governor William Franklin for

2312-465: The college's financial stability, the Synod desired to directly oversee the theological training of their ministerial candidates. However, the question of whether to open a seminary was delayed because of the ongoing hostilities of the American Revolution. After the war concluded, the Synod decided in 1784 that it was necessary to support the study of theology and recommenced the effort to establish

2380-439: The college's trustees agreed to coordinate with the Synod on theological education, to hire professors, and establish a library. In 1810, Condict declined the post of president of Queen's College in a full capacity (he had been serving in a pro tempore capacity since 1795), and the trustees of the college offered the post to Livingston who accepted. The seminary was relocated to New Brunswick. The college closed again in 1816, but

2448-418: The college. The trustees subsequently renamed it Rutgers College in his honour. At first, the Synod exercised oversight over the operations of the college, but by 1840 directed its attentions solely to the operation of the seminary. During this period Rutgers College, the college's grammar school (now Rutgers Preparatory School ), and the seminary shared one building, known as Old Queens (built 1809–1823) until

2516-427: The creation of Queen's College, now Rutgers University , in New Brunswick, New Jersey "for the education of youth in the learned languages, liberal and useful arts and sciences, and especially in divinity; preparing them for the ministry and other good offices." However, in these early years, the trustees of Queen's College and the Synod of New York disagreed on the purpose of the new institution. With uncertainty about

2584-421: The creation of the office in 1785 to the present. Those marked with their names in bold had graduated from Rutgers. Those marked with "↑" died in office. Where years don't overlap there was a gap of a few months while a suitable candidate was found, this usually occurred when someone died in office, or left unexpectedly to accept another position. Rutgers was founded as Queen's College on November 10, 1766, and

2652-489: The establishment of professional schools . Today, Rutgers is a public research university with three campuses in the state located in New Brunswick and Piscataway , Newark , and Camden . The state's flagship university with approximately 65,000 students and employing 20,000 faculty and staff members, Rutgers is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey . Since 1785, twenty one men have served as

2720-673: The fall semester of 2012, the seminary enrolled 197 students. New Brunswick Theological Seminary partnered with Rutgers University and the New Brunswick Development Corporation (DEVCO) on a $ 300 million project to redevelop the seminary's campus and a portion of the Rutger's College Avenue Campus in New Brunswick. Citing declining enrollment and financial constraints, and recognizing the maintenance needs of an aging campus including empty and unused on-campus student housing (as their student body transitioned to commuter students),

2788-469: The governing document as of 2016 is Ratio Fundamentalis Institutionis Sacerdotalis , 1992's Pastores dabo vobis , and the Code of Canon Law . Seminaries are overseen by regional conferences of bishops . In the United States, the governing document is Program of Priestly Formation: in the United States of America (6th Ed.) , published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2022. Seminaries in

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2856-520: The gymnasium, to be named Suydam Hall, because he was concerned with student health. Suydam Hall was built in 1873 and was designed by architect Henry Janeway Hardenbergh . Hardenbergh had finished completing the design for Kirkpatrick Chapel and Geology Hall on the Rutgers campus and later would become known for buildings in New York City, including the Plaza Hotel and Dakota Apartments . After receiving

2924-512: The institution on a secure financial footing and enable it to reopen. With the second reopening, the Synod provided clergymen to serve at the college as theology professors. Livingston had dedicated several years to raising money for the effort but died shortly before Queen's College reopened in 1825. Philip Milledoler , a Reformed clergyman from New York City, was appointed to fill the vacancy created by Livingston's death. Milledoler persuaded one of his parishioners, Colonel Henry Rutgers , to support

2992-730: The institution's president, beginning with the Reverend Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh , a Dutch Reformed clergyman who was responsible for establishing the college. Before 1930, most of the university's presidents were clergymen affiliated with Christian denominations in the Reformed tradition (either Dutch or German Reformed, or Presbyterian ). Two presidents were alumni of Rutgers College—the Rev. William H. S. Demarest (Class of 1883) and Philip Milledoler Brett (Class of 1892). The current president Dr. Jonathan Holloway , who became

3060-630: The main buildings on the seminary's campus, Zwemer Hall (built 1966, razed 2013) was named for Samuel Marinus Zwemer (M.A. 1890), a missionary in the Middle East who was nicknamed the "Apostle to Islam." Zwemer served in Basra , Bahrain , the Arabian peninsula , later in Egypt from 1891 to 1929, and believed that distributing literature was effective in spreading God's word. Horace Grant Underwood (B.D. 1884), served as

3128-454: The management of the seminary to a board of trustees empowered to exercise control of institution's finances, securities, and property for the purpose of participating "in God’s own laboring to fulfill God’s reign on earth". The board consists of twelve to twenty-four trustees, serving for three-year terms, who are required to be "confessing Christians who acknowledge a commitment to the authority of

3196-469: The nineteenth century, the institution became known because of the efforts of missionaries serving throughout the world. In the 1870s, the campus was expanded with the construction of two buildings—one housing a gymnasium and additional lecture space; the second, a library. The seminary desired to build a library first, citing the need to house its expanding collection of books. However, local businessman and seminary benefactor James Suydam donated funds to build

3264-521: The official archives of the Reformed Church in America and contains comprehensive resources regarding Dutch history, culture, and Dutch Colonial Studies . The seminary's collection is augmented by reciprocal borrowing rights with the Rutgers University library system (over 10.5 million holdings) and direct affiliations with the libraries at thirty other theological schools. Affiliated with the Reformed Church in America (RCA) are two seminaries in

3332-703: The review of a submitted application accompanied by college transcripts and letters of recommendation. It offers courses and programs leading to four degrees: the Master of Divinity (M.Div.), Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Arts Theological Studies, and Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) degree; as well as certificates and training programs for lay church leaders seeking advanced courses in Theology, Bible studies, Church History, and Servant Leadership. Students are able to register in classes or complete joint degree programs with Rutgers University, Princeton Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), Western Theological Seminary (Reformed), and

3400-433: The same time, Ann Hertzog of Philadelphia donated $ 30,000 for the construction of a building to be named "Peter Hertzog Theological Hall" in memory of her husband. Hertzog Hall (built 1855–1856) became a dominant feature on the hill, which became known locally as "Holy Hill". In November 1776, during the American Revolution, the hill was the site of a British artillery redoubt during the occupation of New Brunswick. Throughout

3468-476: The seminarian's ability to relate to others, show etiquette, and care for himself (in what he eats, frequency of exercise, healthcare, etc.). The spiritual dimension aids the seminarian in becoming more responsive to God and forming a habit of prayer throughout the day. It also emphasizes the importance of the Sacraments and liturgy . The intellectual dimension consists of academic classes, usually beginning with

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3536-775: The seminary established its presence in New Brunswick, New Jersey , where its main campus is now located. Although a separate institution, the seminary's early development in New Brunswick was closely connected with that of Rutgers University (formerly Queen's College and Rutgers College) before establishing its own campus in the city in 1856. New Brunswick Theological Seminary offers professional and graduate degree programs (Masters and Doctoral) to candidates for ministry and to those pursuing careers in academia or non-theological fields. It also offers certificates and training programs to lay church leaders seeking advanced courses in Theological Studies or Church Leadership. While rooted in

3604-469: The seminary sold a five-acre (20,000 m²) portion of their eight-acre (32,000 m²) campus to Rutgers. On 20 June 2012, the outgoing president of Rutgers University , Richard L. McCormick announced that Rutgers would "integrate five acres (20,000 m²) along George Street between Seminary Place and Bishop Place into the College Avenue Campus" to build a 500-student Honors College, a dining facility, and

3672-523: The seminary's faculty and alumni have taken leading roles in the ministry and missions of the Reformed Church and other Christian denominations, in academia, and in the professional world. Because of the work and reputation of alumni who became prominent missionaries, the seminary became well known in the nineteenth century. David Abeel (B.D. 1826), served as a missionary throughout the world, including in Indonesia, Southeast Asia and China. Several members of

3740-420: The seminary's faculty and as its leaders—including its first dean and faculty president, Samuel Merrill Woodbridge (A.M. 1841), and its previous president, Gregg A. Mast (M.Div. 1976). 40°30′07″N 74°26′53″W  /  40.5019°N 74.4481°W  / 40.5019; -74.4481 Seminary The English word is taken from Latin : seminarium , translated as 'seed-bed', an image taken from

3808-423: The seminary's trustees to provide it "with such property and buildings; faculty, administration, and staff; library and information resources; equipment and supplies as are necessary for the effective accomplishment of the Seminary's purpose". The board of trustees selects the seminary's president, who is elected for a five-year term and can be reelected to successive terms by the board. The president can be removed by

3876-418: The seminary. The trustees voted in 1966 to demolish both buildings and replace it with a modern one-story all-purpose building, Zwemer Hall, containing the seminary's chapel, faculty offices, and classroom facilities. In the late 1970s, during the tenure of seminary president Howard Hageman, the seminary revised its academic programs to focus on serving the needs of second career and bi-vocational students. This

3944-567: The southern United States. The International Council for Evangelical Theological Education was founded in 1980 by the Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance . In 2015, it would have 1,000 member schools in 113 countries. In some countries, the term seminary is also used for secular schools of higher education that train teachers; in the nineteenth century, many female seminaries were established in

4012-791: The term 'seminary' for independent graduate schools (separate from a university) to train their ministers. The oldest such Protestant seminary in the United States was founded in Andover, Massachusetts , in 1807 as the Andover Theological Seminary and was affiliated with the Congregationalist Church . After two mergers and a number of relocations, Andover is now part of the Yale Divinity School , in New Haven, Connecticut . General guidelines for seminary formation are set out in

4080-484: The topics of biblical studies, theology, Reformed Church studies, general church history and denominational history. The collection includes many rare manuscripts and printed books dating as early as the fifteenth century. The library maintains subscriptions for more than 300 periodicals. It is expanding its collection with the acquisition of books and materials on urban ministry and the religious experience of African-American and Asian immigrant communities. The library houses

4148-455: The trustees permitted the theological seminary to remain on the Queen's College campus and expressed hope that the college would be revived. At this time, Elias van Bunschooten , a Princeton-trained minister residing in Sussex County, New Jersey , established funded a trust for assisting indigent young men in pursuing their studies preparing for ministry. In 1823, the Synod paid a significant portion of Queen's College's debts in order to place

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4216-413: The two schools separated operations entirely in 1856. According to Bruggink and Baker, in 1792 (seven years after Livingston began to teach in his home), there were 116 Reformed churches served by 40 ministers. In 1830, twenty years after starting instruction in New Brunswick and organizing the seminary, there were 159 ministers serving 194 churches. In the 1850s, the student bodies of Rutgers College and

4284-440: The university's twenty-first president on July 1, 2020. Dr. Holloway, who is African American, is the first person of color to lead Rutgers University. The president serves in an ex officio capacity as a presiding officer within the university's 59-member board of trustees and its eleven-member board of governors, and is appointed by these boards to oversee day-to-day operations of the university across its three campuses. He

4352-432: Was forced to close by 1795, New Brunswick was not considered a viable option. In 1796, Livingston was directed by the Synod to relocate his theological classes to a small school in Flatbush (now in Queens, New York ) where it remained for the next 14 years. After being closed for twelve years, Ira Condict and other church leaders began an effort in 1807 to revive Queen's College. Condict, the college's third president, and

4420-476: Was founded upon a vision of becoming "a point of life for the whole Western Church, a Western New Brunswick." Two seminary graduates served as presidents of Rutgers : William Henry Steele Demarest , a clergyman and ecclesiastical history scholar, and Philip Milledoler Brett , a prominent New York City attorney (both also alumni of Rutgers College). Demarest served as the seminary's president for ten years from 1925 to 1935. Several other seminary alumni have served on

4488-410: Was intended to make theological education more accessible as the seminary transitioned during the 1980s to 2010s from "a predominantly residential school to one that is more than 90 percent commuter based." This transition meant that the seminary would serve an increasing number of second-career pastors who would study part-time. Another result of this transition was that the seminary's student body became

4556-420: Was responsible for establishing the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, was instrumental in raising funds to support the school after several years of being closed resulting from economic difficulties. Just before his death, Livingston raised enough donations and support to place the school on more stable financial footing, including arranging for a generous donation in 1825 from Colonel Henry Rutgers (1745–1830),

4624-498: Was taught simply, and under Chafers' leadership, DTS pioneered one of the first four-year degrees in theology, the Master of Theology (Th.M.). The present location of the school was purchased in 1926 and Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) program was started in 1927. Chafer remained president until his death in 1952. The seminary had a considerable influence in the fundamentalist movement by training students who established various Bible Colleges and independent fundamentalist churches in

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