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53-505: The phone exists in several variations. The final device issued to developers is black with 1 GB of main memory and 16 GB eMMC internal storage, whilst some prototypes, known by the model number N9-00 (not to be confused with the N9-01 ) are silver with 512 MB main memory and 64 GB eMMC. Although they are marked "NOT FOR SALE", some were sold on eBay for more than €2,000. The device received an unofficial Android port from

106-426: A 1- bit serial interface , but newer versions of the specification allow transfers of 4 or 8 bits at a time. MMC can be used in many devices that can use Secure Digital (SD) cards. MMCs may be available in sizes up to 16 gigabytes (GB). They are used in almost every context in which memory cards are used, like cellular phones , digital audio players, digital cameras , and PDAs . Typically, an MMC operates as

159-677: A 32 GB SDHC card and a 64 GB SDXC card. Later that year, Lexar released the first 256 GB SDXC card, based on 20 nm NAND flash technology. In February 2014, SanDisk introduced the first 128 GB microSDXC card, which was followed by a 200 GB microSDXC card in March 2015. September 2014 saw SanDisk announce the first 512 GB SDXC card. Samsung announced the world's first EVO Plus 256 GB microSDXC card in May 2016, and in September 2016 Western Digital (SanDisk) announced that

212-468: A 64 GB microSDXC card. Kingmax released a comparable product in 2011. In April 2012, Panasonic introduced MicroP2 card format for professional video applications. The cards are essentially full-size SDHC or SDXC UHS-II cards, rated at UHS Speed Class U1. An adapter allows MicroP2 cards to work in current P2 card equipment. Panasonic MicroP2 cards shipped in March 2013 and were the first UHS-II compliant products on market; initial offer includes

265-636: A USB card reader from Panasonic, and an integrated SDXC card reader from JMicron. The earliest laptops to integrate SDXC card readers relied on a USB 2.0 bus, which does not have the bandwidth to support SDXC at full speed. In early 2010, commercial SDXC cards appeared from Toshiba (64 GB), Panasonic (64 GB and 48 GB), and SanDisk (64 GB). In early 2011, Centon Electronics, Inc. (64 GB and 128 GB) and Lexar (128 GB) began shipping SDXC cards rated at Speed Class 10. Pretec offered cards from 8 GB to 128 GB rated at Speed Class 16. In September 2011, SanDisk released

318-446: A low-cost flash-memory system with a built-in controller that can reside inside an Android or Windows phone or in a low-cost PC and can appear to its host as a bootable device, in lieu of a more expensive form of solid-state storage, such as a traditional solid-state drive . In 2004, a group of companies—including Seagate and Hitachi —introduced an interface called CE-ATA for small form factor hard disk drives. This interface

371-591: A mechanical adapter. MMCmicro cards have the high-speed and four-bit-bus features of the 4.x spec, but not the eight-bit bus, due to the absence of the extra pins. This variant was formerly known as S-card when introduced by Samsung on 13 December 2004. It was later adapted and introduced in 2005 by the MultiMediaCard Association (MMCA) as the third form factor memory card in the MultiMediaCard family. MMCmicro appears very similar to microSD , but

424-506: A non-profit organization to create and promote SD Card standards. As of 2023 , the SDA has approximately 1,000 member companies. It uses several SD-3C-owned trademarked logos to enforce compliance with its specifications and denote compatibility. In 1999, SanDisk , Panasonic (Matsushita) and Toshiba agreed to develop and market the Secure Digital (SD) memory card. The card was derived from

477-727: A prototype of the first 1 TB SDXC card would be demonstrated at Photokina . In August 2017, SanDisk launched a 400 GB microSDXC card. In January 2018, Integral Memory unveiled its 512 GB microSDXC card. In May 2018, PNY launched a 512 GB microSDXC card. In June 2018 Kingston announced its Canvas series of microSD cards which were capable of capacities up to 512 GB, in three variations, Select, Go! and React. In February 2019, Micron and SanDisk unveiled their microSDXC cards of 1 TB capacity. The Secure Digital Ultra Capacity (SDUC) format supports cards up to 128 TB and offers speeds up to 985 MB/s. In April 2024, Western Digital (SanDisk) revealed

530-478: A small-form-factor extension to the SD card standard. While the new cards were designed for mobile phones, they were usually packaged with a miniSD adapter that provided compatibility with a standard SD memory card slot. MicroSD form-factor memory cards were introduced in 2004 by SanDisk at CeBIT and originally called T-Flash, and later TransFlash, commonly abbreviated to "TF". T-Flash was renamed microSD in 2005 when it

583-414: A storage medium for devices, in a form that can easily be removed for access by a PC via a connected MMC reader. eMMC ( embedded MMC) is a small MMC chip used as embedded non-volatile memory that is normally soldered on printed circuit boards , though pluggable eMMC modules are used on some devices (e.g. Orange Pi and ODROID ). The latest version of the eMMC standard ( JESD84-B51 ) by JEDEC

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636-516: Is a proprietary , non-volatile , flash memory card format the SD Association (SDA) developed for use in portable devices. Because of their small physical dimensions, SD cards became widely used in many consumer electronic devices, such as digital cameras , camcorders , video game consoles , mobile phones , action cameras such as the GoPro Hero series, and camera drones . The standard

689-537: Is available online. In 2004, the Reduced-Size MultiMediaCard ( RS-MMC ) was introduced as a smaller form factor of the MMC, with about half the size: 24 mm × 18 mm × 1.4 mm. The RS-MMC uses a simple mechanical adapter to elongate the card so it can be used in any MMC (or SD) slot. RS-MMCs are currently available in sizes up to and including 2 GB. The modern continuation of an RS-MMC

742-466: Is based on a surface-contact low-pin-count serial interface using a single memory stack substrate assembly, and is therefore much smaller than earlier systems based on high-pin-count parallel interfaces using traditional surface-mount assembly such as CompactFlash . Both products were initially introduced using SanDisk NOR-based flash technology. MMC is about the size of a postage stamp: 32 mm × 24 mm × 1.4 mm. MMC originally used

795-493: Is based on an 8-bit parallel interface. Almost all mobile phones and tablets used this form of flash for main storage until 2016, when Universal Flash Storage (UFS) started to take control of the market. However, as of 2023, eMMC is still used in many consumer applications, including lower-end smartphones, such that Kioxia has introduced new 64 GB and 128 GB eMMC 5.1 modules based on modern 3D NAND flash scheduled for mass production in 2024. eMMC does not support

848-670: Is commonly known as MiniDrive ( MD-MMC ). A MiniDrive is generally a microSD card adapter in the RS-MMC form factor. This allows a user to take advantage of the wider range of modern MMCs available to exceed the historic 2 GB limitations of older chip technology. Implementations of RS-MMCs include Nokia and Siemens , who used RS-MMC in their Series 60 Symbian smartphones , the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet , and generations 65 and 75 (Siemens). However, since 2006, all of Nokia's new devices with card slots have used miniSD or microSD cards, with

901-505: Is not a user-removable card, but rather a permanent attachment to the printed circuit board (PCB). Therefore, in the event of an issue with either the memory or its controller, the eMMC would need to be replaced or repaired. In eMMC, the host system simply reads and writes data to and from the logical block addresses . The eMMC controller hardware and firmware lifts the burden on the host system by performing error correction and data management. eMMC exists in 100, 153, and 169 ball packages and

954-458: Is not proprietary anymore, as Lexar has the 1066x running at 160 MB/s read and 120 MB/s write via UHS 1, and Kingston also has their Canvas Go! Plus, also running at 170 MB/s). Version 4.0, introduced in June 2011, allows speeds of 156 MB/s to 312 MB/s over the four-lane (two differential lanes) UHS-II bus, which requires an additional row of physical pins. Version 5.0

1007-426: Is the most relevant for storing and retrieving large files (relative to block sizes internal to the flash memory ), such as images and multimedia. Small data (such as file names, sizes and timestamps) falls under the much lower speed limit of random access , which can be the limiting factor in some use cases. With early SD cards, a few card manufacturers specified the speed as a "times" ("×") rating, which compared

1060-645: Is version 5.1A, released January 2019, with speeds (250 MB/s read, 125 MB/s write) rivaling discrete SATA -based SSDs (500 MB/s). As of 23 September 2008, the MultimediaCard Association (MMCA) turned over all MMC specifications to the JEDEC organization including embedded MMC (eMMC), SecureMMC, and miCARD assets. JEDEC is an organization devoted to standards for the solid-state industry. The latest eMMC specifications can be requested from JEDEC, free-of-charge for JEDEC members. Older versions of

1113-711: The FAT32 file system. Version 2.0 also introduces a high-speed bus mode for both SDSC and SDHC cards, which doubles the original Standard Speed clock to produce 25  MB/s . SDHC host devices are required to accept older SD cards. However, older host devices do not recognize SDHC or SDXC memory cards, although some devices can do so through a firmware upgrade. Older Windows operating systems released before Windows 7 require patches or service packs to support access to SDHC cards. The Secure Digital eXtended Capacity (SDXC) format, announced in January 2009 and defined in version 3.01 of

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1166-537: The MultiMediaCard (MMC) and provided digital rights management (DRM) based on the Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI) standard and a high memory density ("data/bits per physical space"), i.e. a large quantity of data could be stored in a small physical space. SD was designed to compete with the Memory Stick , a flash storage format with DRM Sony had released the year before. Toshiba hoped

1219-538: The SD Association (SDA) to promote SD cards. The SD Association, which was headquartered in San Ramon, California , United States, then had 30 member companies and product manufacturers that made interoperable memory cards and devices. Early samples of the SD card became available in the first quarter of 2000, and production quantities of 32 and 64 megabyte (MB) cards became available three months later. The first 64 MB cards were offered for sale for 200 USD. SD

1272-450: The SPI-bus protocol and uses NAND flash. Modern computers, both laptops and desktops, often have SD slots, which can additionally read MMCs if the operating system drivers can. Since the introduction of SD cards, few companies build MMC slots into their devices (an exception is some mobile devices like the Nokia 9300 communicator in 2004, where the smaller size of the MMC is a benefit), but

1325-629: The NITDroid community and also a port of NemoMobile and Firefox OS . The Nokia N950 phone uses the same hardware components as the Nokia N9 phone with the following exceptions: Nokia N950 developers can use tools from Nokia including the Qt SDK , or Harmattan Python for software development. EMMC MultiMediaCard , officially abbreviated as MMC , is a memory card standard used for solid-state storage . Unveiled in 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens , MMC

1378-457: The SD card logo, and report this capability to the host device. Use of UHS-I requires that the host device command the card to drop from 3.3-volt to 1.8-volt operation over the I/O interface pins and select the four-bit transfer mode, while UHS-II requires 0.4-volt operation. The higher speed rates of UHS-II and III are achieved by using two-lane 0.4 V low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) on

1431-509: The SD card’s DRM would encourage music suppliers concerned about piracy to use SD cards. The trademarked SD logo was originally developed for the Super Density Disc , which was the unsuccessful Toshiba entry in the DVD format war. For this reason, the letter "D" is styled to resemble an optical disc. At the 2000 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), the three companies announced the creation of

1484-538: The SD specification, supports cards up to 2 TB, compared to a limit of 32 GB for SDHC cards in the SD 2.0 specification. SDXC adopts Microsoft's exFAT file system as a mandatory feature. Version 3.01 also introduced the Ultra High Speed (UHS) bus for both SDHC and SDXC cards, with interface speeds from 50 MB/s to 104 MB/s for four-bit UHS-I bus. (this number has since been exceeded with SanDisk proprietary technology for 170 MB/s read, which

1537-493: The SD specification, supports cards with capacities up to 32 GB. The SDHC trademark is licensed to ensure compatibility. SDHC cards are physically and electrically identical to standard-capacity SD cards (SDSC). The major compatibility issues between SDHC and SDSC cards are the redefinition of the Card-Specific Data (CSD) register in version 2.0 (see below ), and the fact that SDHC cards are shipped preformatted with

1590-662: The SD:XC standard, such as the Samsung Galaxy S III and Samsung Galaxy Note II mobile phones, to expand their available storage to several hundreds of gigabytes . In January 2009, the SDA announced the SDXC family, which supports cards up to 2 TB and speeds up to 300 MB/s. SDXC cards are formatted with the exFAT file system by default. SDXC was announced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2009 (January 7–10). At

1643-468: The average speed of reading data to that of the original CD-ROM drive. This was superseded by the Speed Class Rating , which guarantees a minimum rate at which data can be written to the card. The newer families of SD card improve card speed by increasing the bus rate (the frequency of the clock signal that strobes information into and out of the card). Whatever the bus rate, the card can signal to

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1696-432: The card's energy consumption, which is important in mobile devices. However, simple dual-voltage parts quickly went out of production in favor of MMCplus and MMCmobile, which offer capabilities in addition to dual-voltage capability. The version 4.x of the MMC standard, introduced in 2005, introduced two significant changes to compete against SD cards: (1) the ability to run at higher speeds (26 MHz and 52 MHz) than

1749-482: The change of file system, SDXC cards are mostly backward compatible with SDHC readers, and many SDHC host devices can use SDXC cards if they are first reformatted to the FAT32 file system. The SD Association provides a formatting utility for Windows and Mac OS X that checks and formats SD, SDHC, SDXC and SDUC cards. SD card speed is customarily rated by its sequential read or write speed. The sequential performance aspect

1802-399: The company dropping support for the MMC standard in its products. While Siemens exited the mobile phone business completely in 2006, the company continues to use MMC for some PLC storage leveraging MD-MMC advances. The Dual-Voltage MultimediaCard ( DV-MMC ) was one of the first changes in MMC. These cards can operate at 1.8 V in addition to 3.3 V. Running at lower voltages reduces

1855-441: The format. The card was announced to be available starting in the third quarter of 2007. It was expected to save the 12 Taiwanese companies who planned to manufacture the product and related hardware up to US$ 40 million in licensing fees, which presumably would otherwise be paid to owners of competing flash memory formats. The initial card was to have a capacity of 8 GB, while the standard would allow sizes up to 2048 GB. It

1908-412: The host device. Devices that support miniSDHC work with miniSD and miniSDHC, but devices without specific support for miniSDHC work only with the older miniSD card. Since 2008, miniSD cards are no longer produced, due to market domination of the even smaller microSD cards. The storage density of memory cards increased significantly throughout the 2010s, allowing the earliest devices to offer support for

1961-495: The host that it is "busy" until a read or a write operation is complete. Compliance with a higher speed rating is a guarantee that the card limits its use of the "busy" indication. SD cards will read and write at speeds of 12.5 MB/s. High-Speed Mode (25 MB/s) was introduced to support digital cameras with 1.10 spec version. The Ultra High Speed (UHS) bus is available on some SDHC and SDXC cards. Cards that comply with UHS show Roman numerals 'I', 'II' or 'III' next to

2014-405: The initialization protocol is different, so firmware and software updates are required to use these features in an SD reader. MMCmicro is a smaller version of MMC. With dimensions of 14 mm × 12 mm × 1.1 mm, it is smaller and thinner than RS-MMC. Like MMCmobile, MMCmicro allows dual voltage, is backward compatible with MMC, and can be used in full-size MMC and SD slots with

2067-486: The original MMC (20 MHz) or SD (25 MHz, 50 MHz), and (2) a four- or eight-bit-wide data bus . Version 4.x full-size cards and reduced-size cards can be marketed as MMCplus and MMCmobile , respectively. Version 4.x cards are fully backward compatible with existing readers but require updated hardware and software to use their new capabilities. Even though the four-bit-wide bus and high-speed modes of operation are deliberately electrically compatible with SD,

2120-506: The same show, SanDisk and Sony also announced a comparable Memory Stick XC variant with the same 2 TB maximum as SDXC, and Panasonic announced plans to produce 64 GB SDXC cards. On March 6, Pretec introduced the first SDXC card, a 32 GB card with a read/write speed of 400 Mbit/s. But only early in 2010 did compatible host devices come onto the market, including Sony 's Handycam HDR-CX55V camcorder , Canon 's EOS 550D (also known as Rebel T2i) Digital SLR camera,

2173-428: The slightly thinner, pin-compatible MMCs can be used in almost any device that can use SD cards if the software/firmware on the device is capable. While few companies build MMC slots into devices as of 2018 , due to SD cards dominating the memory card market, the embedded MMC (e.MMC) is still widely used in consumer electronics as a primary means of integrated storage and boot loader in portable devices. eMMC provides

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2226-402: The spec and allowed the inclusion of an exFAT driver. Users of older kernels or BSD can manually install third-party implementations of exFAT (as a FUSE module) in order to be able to mount exFAT-formatted volumes. However, SDXC cards can be reformatted to use any file system (such as ext4 , UFS , VFAT or NTFS ), alleviating the restrictions associated with exFAT availability. Except for

2279-400: The standard are freely available, but some optional enhancements to the standard such as MiCard and SecureMMC specifications, must be purchased separately. While there is no royalty charged for devices to host an MMC or eMMC, a royalty may be necessary in order to manufacture the cards themselves. A highly detailed datasheet that contains essential information for writing an MMC host driver

2332-608: The two formats are not physically compatible and have incompatible pinouts. The MiCard is a backward-compatible extension of the MMC standard with a theoretical maximum size of 2048 GB (2 terabytes) announced on 2 June 2007. The card is composed of two detachable parts, much like a microSD card with an SD adapter. The small memory card fits directly in a USB port and has MMC-compatible electrical contacts. With an included electromechanical adapter, it can also fit in traditional MMC and SD card readers. To date, only one manufacturer (Pretec) has produced cards in this format. The MiCard

2385-545: The world's first 4 TB SD card at NAB 2024 , which will make use of the SDUC format. It is set to release in 2025. Secure Digital includes five card families available in three form factors . The five families are the original standard capacity (SDSC), high capacity (SDHC), extended capacity ( SDXC ), ultra capacity ( SDUC ) and SDIO , which combines input/output functions with data storage. The second-generation Secure Digital (SDSC or Secure Digital Standard Capacity) card

2438-471: Was adopted by the SDA. TransFlash and microSD cards are functionally identical, allowing either to operate in devices made for the other. A passive adapter allows the use of microSD and TransFlash cards in SD card slots. In September 2006, SanDisk announced the 4 GB miniSDHC. Like the SD and SDHC, the miniSDHC card has the same form factor as the older miniSD card but the HC card requires HC support built into

2491-1129: Was announced in February 2016 at CP+ 2016, and added "Video Speed Class" ratings for UHS cards to handle higher resolution video formats like 8K . The new ratings define a minimal write speed of 90 MB/s. The Secure Digital Ultra Capacity (SDUC) format, described in the SD 7.0 specification, and announced in June 2018, supports cards up to 128 TB and offers speeds up to 985 MB/s, regardless of form factor, either micro or full size, or interface type including UHS-I, UHS-II, UHS-III or SD Express. The SD Express interface can also be used with SDHC and SDXC cards. SDXC and SDUC cards are required to be formatted using exFAT , but many operating systems will support others. Windows Vista (SP1) and later and OS X (10.6.5 and later) have native support for exFAT. (Windows XP and Server 2003 can support exFAT via an optional update from Microsoft.) Most BSD and Linux distributions did not have exFAT support for legal reasons, though in Linux kernel 5.4 Microsoft open-sourced

2544-606: Was developed by the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan . At the time of the announcement, twelve Taiwanese companies (including ADATA Technology, Asustek , BenQ , Carry Computer Eng. Co. , C-One Technology , DBTel , Power Digital Card Co. , and RiCHIP ) had signed on to manufacture the new memory card. However, as of June 2011, none of the listed companies had released any such cards, nor had any further announcements been made about plans for

2597-443: Was developed to improve on the MultiMediaCard (MMC) standard, which continued to evolve, but in a different direction. Secure Digital changed the MMC design in several ways: Full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other. The Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC) format, announced in January 2006 and defined in version 2.0 of

2650-478: Was electrically and physically compatible with the MMC specification. However, support for further development of the standard ended in 2008. The game card format used on the PlayStation Vita was found to be based on the MMC standard, but with a different pinout and support for custom initialization commands as well as copy protection. MicroSD Secure Digital , officially abbreviated as SD ,

2703-401: Was envisioned as a single memory card format for several kinds of electronic devices, that could also function as an expansion slot for adding new capabilities for a device. The first 256 MB and 512 MB SD cards were announced in 2001. At March 2003 CeBIT , SanDisk Corporation introduced, announced and demonstrated the miniSD form factor. The SDA adopted the miniSD card in 2003 as

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2756-464: Was introduced in August 1999 by SanDisk , Panasonic (Matsushita) and Toshiba as an improvement on MultiMediaCards (MMCs). SDs have become an industry standard. The three companies formed SD-3C, LLC, a company that licenses and enforces intellectual property (IP) rights associated with SD memory cards and SD host-and-ancillary products. In January 2000, the companies formed the SD Association (SDA),

2809-440: Was stated to have data transfer speeds of 480  Mbit/s (60  Mbyte/s ), with plans to increase data over time. The currently implemented embedded MMC ( eMMC or e.MMC ) architecture puts the MMC components (flash memory, buffer and controller) into a small ball grid array (BGA) IC package for use in circuit boards as an embedded non-volatile memory system. This is noticeably different from other versions of MMC as this

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