The Zhuk are a family of Russian (former USSR) all-weather multimode airborne radars developed by NIIR Phazotron for multi-role combat aircraft such as the MiG-29 and the Su-27 . The PESA versions were also known as the Sokol .
88-847: The Zhuk (Beetle) family of X band pulse-Doppler radars provide aircraft with two modes of operation, air-to-air and air-to-surface. The air-to-air mode of the Zhuk is capable of detecting targets and measuring their coordinates, range and speed. The radar has a look-down/shoot-down capability for air targets against a cluttered or water background and a variety of search modes are available. Individual targets can be tracked or multiple targets can be tracked and engaged at once while searching for new targets in track while scan mode. The Zhuk radar can identify detected targets by class and prioritise multiple targets for engagement. A variety of close combat scanning modes are featured including vertical scan, HUD view, boresight and slewable are available as well as locking onto
176-437: A 200 km detection range for 3 m RCS target. Later detection range was raised up to 250 km. Able to track 30 targets and engage 6 of those at any one time. (Later reports mentioned capability of detecting 60 targets and tracking 30 with ability to engage 8 of those. Some western and Russian sources erroneously reporting 60 targets tracked instead of detected. ) The FGA-35 was later relabeled as FGA-29. The FGA-35(3D)
264-483: A PESA antenna, which has a diameter of 980 mm with a peak power output of 8 kW with 16 carrier frequencies. Sokol/Zhuk-MF is also frequency agile with LPI and anti-ECM features. The first incarnation of the Zhuk radar family featuring an Active electronically scanned array (AESA) based on N031 Sokol series was introduced in 2005 at MAKS. The Zhuk MA (MAE for export) used 1088 transceiver modules divide into 272 blocks and an antenna of 700 mm diameter. With
352-419: A brand new phased array radar that supposedly performed better, rumored to be Zhuk-MSF. In addition to the easy of integration, the advantage of Pero passive electronically scanned array equipped Panda radar was its weight. All other radars offered for Su-30MK2 upgrade increase weight significantly that the center of the gravity of the aircraft is altered, resulting in the need to modify the airframe and redesign
440-659: A deal for a further 38 aircraft. In the year 2002, the two countries were negotiating on the purchase of the Su-30MK2 for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF). The variant had a revised weapon control system for the Kh-31 A air-to-surface missile. A contract for 24 aircraft to be built by KnAAPO was signed in early 2003. All were delivered in 2004. Su-30MKK shares compatibility with Su-35 in terms of hardware, but in terms of software, Su-30MKK differs from Su-35 (Flanker-E) on
528-501: A destroyer, the maximum range is doubled to 300 km, same as that of American AN/APG-68 . There is not any confirmation for any follow-on orders of Sokol radar and unlike the capability optronic pod, this radar capability is not known to be added to the earlier Su-30MKKs during the incremental upgrades. In the early 2000s, Russia had authorized the export of Pero passive electronically scanned array radar designed by Tikhomirov, to China. The Pero antenna can be easily integrated into
616-406: A detection range of up to 120 km vs a 5 m RCS target for the export variant, and up to 10 targets tracked and up to 4 attacked at once in air-to-air mode. In air-to-surface mode the radar can detect a tank from up to 25 km away and a bridge from 120 km away, a naval destroyer could be detected up to 300 km away and up to two surface targets can be tracked at once. The radar has
704-517: A diameter of 980 mm with a peak output of 6 kW. The Zhuk-MSE offers detection performance up to 150 km vs a 5 m RCS target with up to 10 targets tracked and up to 4 attacked at once in air-to-air mode. The radar has a weight of 275 kg An original Zhuk radar started in the late 80s featuring a passive electronically scanned array (PESA) antenna instead of a slotted planar array. The radar never made it into service or out of development despite being offered for export. Designed for
792-483: A final decision by the end of 2007, and many Russian and Chinese sources have claimed that domestic Chinese HUDs of Western origin perform better and weigh much less, and China thus planned to adopt their own avionics in the next incremental upgrade, but such claims have yet to be confirmed by western sources and official sources of Chinese and Russian governments. In response, Tikhomirov subsequently offered China its N-011M Bars passive electronically scanned array radar,
880-422: A maximum range in excess of 1,500 km, and all can be used for both air-to-air or air-to-ground two-way communications. Su-30MKK is the first of Flanker family to be equipped with TKS-2 C3 system, which is capable of simultaneously commanding and controlling up to 15 aircraft with such system, and the air-to-air missiles launched by these aircraft. According to the developer of the system, Russkaya Avionika JSC,
968-788: A more-or-less experimental basis, such as in the K band .) Notable deep space probe programs that have employed X band communications include the Viking Mars landers ; the Voyager missions to Jupiter , Saturn , and beyond; the Galileo Jupiter orbiter ; the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper belt , the Curiosity rover and the Cassini-Huygens Saturn orbiter. An important use of
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#17330854956271056-472: A much greater scale in comparison to Indian Su-30MKI because of different mission requirements by China. The Flanker family aircraft has the problem of the reduction of maximum g-force level being decreased to 7g from the 9g at speed between Mach 0.7 to Mach 0.9, and this problem was completely solved on Su-30MKK by adopting new measures. According to the Sukhoi Design Bureau, Su-30MKK is the first of
1144-530: A new AESA radar named Zhuk-AM/AME which is likely further evolution of FGA-35 and renamed as Zhuk-AM/AME. According to Janes, the Zhuk-AME (or FGA-50 ) can track up to 30 targets and can simultaneously attack up to six aerial targets and has detection range up to 260 km, which is an improvement of 50% compared with previously developed variants of the Zhuk radar. The source added that the new radar weighs about 100 kg. During 2015 Aero India Phazotron showcased
1232-538: A placard of Zhuk FGA-35, the radar in the placard looking like Zhuk-AM/AME instead of the FGA-35 (which was besides the placard). and was also marketed for HAL LCA. During MAKS 2019 international air show Phazotron unveiled the latest offered AESA radar for Mig-35. The radar has 1,000 solid-state transceiver-receiver module. Export customers can choose this radar instead of PESA radar of serial production MiG-35. On-board radar system with active phased array antenna, made with
1320-471: A range of 200 km and ability to track 30 targets and engage 8 out of those. Was aimed for Su-27's and MiG-29's. However, the large size and weight (about 400~500 kg) it was deemed too heavy. (Official placard from 2005 MAKS contradicts this and puts the weight at 285 kg.) It could be that Zhuk-MA was confused with the first Phazotron-NIIR AESA of which only the antenna was shown at MAKS 2001 ) Internally also known as FGA01 The second incarnation of
1408-511: A rather unconventional way: one atop of the other. Two 178 mm × 127 mm (7.0 in × 5.0 in) MFI-9 colour LCD MFDs are located in the front seat, a single MFI-9 and a 204 mm × 152 mm (8.0 in × 6.0 in) MFI-10 color LCD MFDs are located in the rear seat. The head-up display (HUD) is also developed by Russkaya Avonika JSC, designated as SILS-30. The original ASP-PVD-21 series helmet mounted sight (HMS) with only limited field of view (FoV)
1496-514: A single coaxial cable with a power adapter connecting to an ordinary cable modem. The local oscillator is usually 9750 MHz, the same as for K u band satellite TV LNB. Two way applications such as broadband typically use a 350 MHz TX offset. Small portions of the X band are assigned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) exclusively for deep space telecommunications. The primary user of this allocation
1584-494: A visually acquired target. The Zhuk radar also offers the ability to track and engage helicopters even when they are hovering. The Zhuk is compatible with a variety of air-to-air weapons including the radar guided R-77 and R-27 missiles to which it can provide targeting, target brightening and radio adjustment. The radar is compatible with optically guided missiles like the R-73 and can also provide fire control for aircraft cannon. In
1672-533: A weight of 220 kg and a scanning area of +/- 85 degrees in azimuth and +56/-40 degrees in elevation. The antenna is a mechanically scanned slotted planar array and has a diameter of 624 mm. Zhuk-M radar developed for the Su-27 and its derivatives, the export Zhuk-MSE is suggested as being exported to China for use in PLAAF Su-30MKK aircraft. The antenna is an electronically scanned slotted planar array and has
1760-611: Is a further improvement to Su-30MKK with upgraded avionics and maritime strike capabilities. The MKK and MK2 are currently operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force , Indonesian Air Force , Vietnam People's Air Force , Venezuelan Air Force and the Ugandan Air Force . The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) leadership became concerned by the United States Air Force 's (USAF) expanding defended-airspace-penetration and precision-strike capability during
1848-683: Is a modification of the Sukhoi Su-30 , incorporating advanced technology from the Sukhoi Su-35 variant. The Su-30MKK was developed by Sukhoi in 1997, as a result of a direct Request for tender between the Russian Federation and China . It is a heavy class, all-weather, long-range strike fighter , and like the Sukhoi Su-30 , comparable to the American McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle . The Sukhoi Su-30MK2
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#17330854956271936-504: Is compatible with a variety of air-to-surface weaponry, including Kh-29 air-to-surface missiles as well as Kh-31 anti-radiation missiles. The Zhuk ( N010 ) radar was first tested in 1987 for installation on the MiG-29M fighter upgrade and was also proposed as a radar upgrade for the MiG-23 fighter. The original Zhuk radar was only capable of air-to-air combat and never made it into service with
2024-523: Is located in the wings. During aerial refueling, the maximum capacity of Su-30MKK is receiving up to 2,300 liters (1932 kg) per minute. The altitude of refueling is limited to 2 km to 6 km ( 6500–19,000 ft)and the speed is limited to 450–550 km/h (242-296 knots). Aerial refueling probe is located in front of cockpit on the left, and the design is capable of night refueling. The main power plants are two AL-31F engines that provide great maneuverability and thrust. Range can be extended with
2112-618: Is no longer actively developed by Phazotron, which is concentrating on non-equidistant design, which Phazotron claims, offers a fivefold radar cost reduction. Based and shares same technology as the N031 Sokol. Zhuk-MF use Phazotron's unique radial distribution arrangement in the backplane waveguide feed, and proprietary radiating element placement. Featuring a 700 mm antenna. The Zhuk-MFE offered initial detection performance of up to 120 km. With capability of tracking up to 20 targets and engaging up to 4 engaged of those at once. Zhuk-MF like
2200-545: Is not authorised to allocate frequency bands for military radio communication . This is also the case pertaining to X band military communications satellites . However, in order to meet military radio spectrum requirements, e.g. for fixed-satellite service and mobile-satellite service , the NATO nations negotiated the NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement (NJFA). 2. 7250-7300 MHz
2288-471: Is often used in modern radars. The shorter wavelengths of the X ;band provide higher-resolution imagery from high-resolution imaging radars for target identification and discrimination. X-band weather radars offer significant potential for short-range observations, but the loss of signal strength ( attenuation ) under rainy conditions limits their use at longer range. X band 10.15 to 10.7 GHz segment
2376-496: Is paired with 7975-8025 MHz for the MOBILE-SATELLlTE allocation. 3. The FIXED and MOBILE services are not to be implemented in the band 7250-7300 MHz in most NATO countries, including ITU Region 2. 4. In the band 7300-7750 MHz the transportable earth stations cannot claim protection from the other services. The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in
2464-419: Is replaced by K-36M ejection seat for Su-30MKK. In addition to the newly added fuel tanks in the rudders capacity totaling 280 kg, there are four main fuel tanks. No. 1 tank with capacity totaling 3,150 kg is in the front, No. 2 tank with capacity totaling 4,150 kg is in the middle, No. 3 tank with capacity totaling 1,053 kg is in the rear, and No. 4 tank with capacity totaling 1,552 kg
2552-532: Is replaced by its successor MVK-RL, with greater capability. The TKS-2 C3 system is replaced by the follow-on TSIMSS-1 digital system. The two 178 mm × 127 mm (7.0 in × 5.0 in) MFI-9 colour LCD MFDs in the front cockpit and the MFI-9 and the 204 mm × 152 mm (8.0 in × 6.0 in) MFI-10 color LCD MFDs in the rear cockpit are replaced with four 158 mm x 211 mm MFI-10-5 LCD MFDs . The configuration of
2640-730: Is the American NASA Deep Space Network (DSN). DSN facilities are in Goldstone, California (in the Mojave Desert ), near Canberra, Australia , and near Madrid, Spain , and provide continual communications from the Earth to almost any point in the Solar System independent of Earth rotation. (DSN stations are also capable of using the older and lower S band deep-space radio communications allocations, and some higher frequencies on
2728-904: Is the second harmonic of C-band and fourth harmonic of S-band . The European X-band frequency is used for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) . ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm Sukhoi Su-30MKK The Sukhoi Su-30MKK ( NATO reporting name : Flanker-G )
Zhuk (radar) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-559: Is uncertain whether the PLAN or PLAAF would order any of these aircraft, despite their significant advantages with their advanced radars. Therefore, if these radars passed Chinese tests, they will likely to be retrofitted to earlier MKK and MK2 and even possibly Shenyang J-11 due to uncertain status of MK3 project. In January 2007, Russia confirmed that the newest Irbis-E (Snow leopard-E) phased array radar in Russia's inventory, developed by Tikhomirov,
2904-420: Is used for terrestrial broadband in many countries, such as Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Denmark, Ukraine, Spain and Ireland. Alvarion , CBNL , CableFree and Ogier make systems for this, though each has a proprietary airlink. DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) the standard used for providing cable internet to customers, uses some X band frequencies. The home / Business CPE has
2992-663: The Su-27 but with similar tracking and scanning performance to the Zhuk radar, the Zhuk-27 weighed slightly more than the Zhuk at 275 kg but had a superior detection range of 130 km vs a 5 m RCS target. The N010M Zhuk-M is a further development of Zhuk radar. The radar forms part of the MiG-29 and its variations. the Zhuk-ME finding success on export MiG-29 aircraft to countries like India. The radar features improved signal processing and has
3080-561: The aerial refueling probe. Domestic Chinese resources have claimed that the Chinese engine WS-10 with higher mean time between overhaul can also be used, but this is yet to be confirmed by the official sources and sources outside China. The average Mean time between failures of AL-31F is only slightly above 500 hours, significantly lower than its western counterparts, the same problem reportedly encountered by Indian Air Force for its Su-30MKI fleet. According to Sukhoi Design Bureau, many of
3168-577: The radar , optronics, helmet-mounted sight, electronic warfare gears including radar warning receivers , and data links . The system consists of two subsystems: the SUV-VEP air-to-air subsystem and the SUV-P air-to-ground subsystem. Both the SUV-VEP and SUV-P systems were adopted to upgrade the single seat Su-27SK in Chinese inventory, and a joint team of Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP) and State Instrumentation Plant at Ryazan
3256-401: The 10 detected and engage 1 of the 2 tracked. Zhemchoug (Pearl) of Zhuk series radar is a radar developed for Chengdu J-10 and FC-1 project with planar slotted array antenna. Weight is reduced by approximately a third to 180 kg, and the search and tracking range is 80 km and 60 km respectively. Zhemchoug can simultaneously detect 20 targets and track 4 of 20 detected, and engage
3344-744: The 1990s. As defensive orientated tactics were dropped and more aggressive stances were adopted, the requirement for a heavy fighter with a large combat radius and a precision-guided munition employment capability was placed upon the political leadership of the People's Republic of China. During a visit to the Russian Federation at the end of 1996, Chinese Premier Li Peng signed an agreement worth US$ 1.8 billion to purchase 38 advanced Multirole combat aircraft . Technical negotiations started right away. Sukhoi saw enormous potential to meet China's requirement with its Su-30MK, while incorporating technology from
3432-451: The 4 tracked. However, China did not choose this radar for their J-10 fighter. Zhuk-10PD is a further upgrade of earlier Zhemchoug also intended for Chinese J-10, with search range increased to 160 km (85 nm), and the targets that can be simultaneously tracked increased to 6. However, once again Chinese didn't choose this radar due to the successful development of their active phased array airborne radar (AESA) radar. Designed for
3520-401: The 6th Zhuhai Airshow that domestic fly-by-wire control with quadruple redundancy is developed to accommodate domestic engines, but nothing was mentioned about whether the domestic system and engines would be used on future Su-30MKK upgrades. The Su-30MKK features a glass cockpit of Russkaya Avionika JSC, with each pilot having two large multi-function displays, rear pilot displays arranged in
3608-576: The A737 subsystem. The system is capable of utilizing both the GPS and GLONASS , but it is rumored that Chinese is developing a similar system to add the capability to utilize domestic BeiDou Navigation Satellite System . Airborne radar on board Su-30MKK has been continuously upgraded and a total of three were confirmed so far, all of which are controlled by the RLPK-27VE integrated radar targeting system, developed from
Zhuk (radar) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-768: The Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji in March 1999. That same month, a "Bort 501 Blue" prototype made its first flight at the Zhukovsky Air Base . In November 2000, "Bort 502 Blue" attended the Zhuhai Air Show and a month later the first batch of ten Su-30MKK was delivered. A second batch of 10 were delivered on 21 August 2001, with the third batch of 18 following in December. In July 2001, Chinese President Jiang Zemin and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin , signed
3784-463: The Flanker family to achieve it after Su-35 / 37 (Flanker-E/F) and Sukhoi Su-30MKI . Higher percentage of composite material is used for Su-30MKK in comparison to the original Su-30MK . In addition, new aluminum alloy were used to replace the old type used on Su-30MK for weight reduction. The twin rudders mainly made of carbon fiber composite material were larger on Su-30MKK in comparison to that of
3872-746: The RLPK-27 system of the single seat Su-27 . Both systems are designed by Viktor Grishin of the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP), and is compatible with various radar and weaponry systems. At the 6th Zhuhai Airshow held in 2006, Russian designers at a news conference revealed to Chinese journalists that they had been working with the Chinese to develop a passive electronically scanned array radar to upgrade Su-27 SK and Su-30MKKs, but stopped short of releasing any additional information. These Russian radar designers were Phazotron employees, not Tikhomirov ,
3960-497: The RWR is termed at several hundred kilometers, and based on the 200 km maximum range of the Kh-31 P anti-radiation missile , the maximum should be at least that much. The threat information obtained from RWRs can be either provided on the LCD MFDs (showing the most dangerous four targets) for the pilot in the manual mode, or be used automatically. The active jamming pods are mounted on
4048-513: The Russian armed forces due to the cancellation of the MiG-29M upgrade program. The Zhuk has a weight of 250 kg and uses a 680 mm electronically scanned slotted planar array antenna which offers a detection range of 90 km against a target with a 5 m radar cross-section (RCS). The radar can track 10–12 targets while engaging 2–4 of them with a scanning area of +/- 90 degrees in azimuth and +55/-40 degrees in elevation; its power output
4136-499: The Su-27 the Zhuk-F had predicted 165 km ~ 140 km detection range against a 3 sq m RCS. Capability to detect 24 targets and track up to 8 with ability to engage 2 of them. Some sources note 24 targets could be tracked at once, and ability to engage 6 to 8. (It is possible that during development the target tracked and engagement capability had been increased.) The size of the PESA antenna
4224-515: The Su-27M, to develop a new fighter that preserved the type's iconic tall and thick Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer fins as fuel tanks for longer range. The type was to be designated as Su-30MKK ("Modernizirovannyi Kommercheskiy Kitayski" – Modernised Commercial for China). Final details of the agreement were settled during the Zhuhai Air Show in 1998. The official agreement was signed in Russia by
4312-463: The X band communications came with the two Viking program landers. When the planet Mars was passing near or behind the Sun, as seen from the Earth, a Viking lander would transmit two simultaneous continuous-wave carriers, one in the S band and one in the X band in the direction of the Earth, where they were picked up by DSN ground stations. By making simultaneous measurements at the two different frequencies,
4400-795: The X band is rather indefinitely set at approximately 7.0–11.2 GHz . In radar engineering, the frequency range is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as 8.0–12.0 GHz. The X band is used for radar , satellite communication , and wireless computer networks . X band is used in radar applications, including continuous-wave , pulsed, single- polarization , dual-polarization, synthetic aperture radar , and phased arrays . X-band radar frequency sub-bands are used in civil , military , and government institutions for weather monitoring , air traffic control , maritime vessel traffic control , defense tracking , and vehicle speed detection for law enforcement. X band
4488-573: The Zhuk radar family shown at MAKS 2007 featuring an Active electronically scanned array were the Zhuk-A (AE for export). Two variants of the Zhuk-A's exist: the FGA-29 , and the bigger FGA-35. the FGA-29 features a 575 mm antenna and 680 T/R modules. Was stated for initial stage performance to have a detection range of 120 km (Later advertised as 130 km) for 3 m targets and able to track 30 targets and engaged 6 of those at any one time. Later
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#17330854956274576-530: The air-to-surface mode the N010 radar offers a mapping capability using either Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), real beam or doppler beam narrowing modes with a resolution of up to 3x3m with zooming and image freezing functions. The radar can detect and track with measurement of range and speed both moving and static ground and naval targets. The Zhuk radar can support low altitude terrain following flying and can also detect dangerous weather patterns during flight. The radar
4664-519: The aircraft as well. The Su-30MK3 proposal was to possibly feature either the Phazotron Zhuk-MSF phased array radar, or a new "Panda" radar developed by Tikhomirov, which is based on Pero passive phased array radar, both were rumored to be under Chinese evaluation. Either radar would significantly improve the Su-30s air target detection range to 190 km and surface detection range at 300 km. It
4752-558: The cost, because China currently lacks the ability to do so by itself, or is forced to pay even higher prices to buy the Su-35 or Su-37. China has actually ordered and commissioned the Su-35S while also developing its own J-16 which are claimed to be superior to the Russian Su-30 - especially in terms of sensors & avionics when the installation of AESA radars is reported. Since then, there
4840-405: The development completed at the end of 2003, and the radars are installed on the Su-30MK2. The maximum range, average and peak power of Sokol radar remain the same as that of Zhuk-MSE radar on Su-30MKK, but the maximum number of targets it can simultaneously track actually decreased by 40%, from the original 20 to 12. However, the number of targets it can simultaneously engage is increased to six from
4928-399: The encrypted two-way communication Command, control, and communications system can be either commanded or controlled by ground stations , or act as the command/control center for other aircraft. The system is claimed by the Russian developer as a huge leap forward in comparison to the similar rudimentary system on Su-27 , which is only capable of one way communication. The new system is also
5016-577: The end of 2006. With its improved avionics, the MK2 was designed for more dedicated use as a maritime strike aircraft, thus these aircraft ordered by China are currently being operated by the Naval Air Force. The MK2 also features a better C4ISTAR (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance) abilities than the MKKs. The original MVK mission computer
5104-502: The existing N001VEP radar system with no significant modification by simply replacing the original slotted planar array, and thus results in increased performance. The Pero upgrade, lets the radar simultaneously engage 6 aerial targets, or 4 ground targets. The radar with Pero antenna is named as Panda radar. China, however, did not accept the offer when Russia offered the Pero upgrade package because Tikhomirov's competitor Phazotron offered China
5192-632: The first among Russian system that is capable of forming a local area network like similar system on American Grumman F-14 Tomcat . Russian sources have claimed that the electronic warfare systems of Su-30MKK utilizes the latest technologies available in Russia and the radar warning receivers are so effective that the information provided by RWR alone would be enough to provide targeting information for Kh-31 P anti-radiation missile without using other detection systems on board, though information can also be provided by L-150 ELINT system, which can be used in conjunction with Kh-31P. The maximum range of
5280-657: The flight control system. Such problems does not exist if Panda radar is adopted because it only increases the weight by a mere 20 kg, which will be compensated by the redesign of SILS-30 HUD to reduce its weight by 20 kg, thus balancing out the weight increase of the radar. This claim of Timkhomirov design bureau is confirmed by both the Sukhoi design bureau and Russkaya Avionika bureau, which claimed to media reporters at 2006 Zhuhai Airshow in China that such modification had already been successfully completed. China, however, had not made
5368-452: The former Sokol is designed for high reliability, and is frequency agile with LPI and anti-ECM features. The radar has a weight of 285 kg Further work on Sokol/Zhuk-MF was stopped. N031 Sokol series were originally separate radar family from Zhuk family. But were relabeled under "Zhuk" label. Offered for Sukhoi family and also as an alternative radar for the MiG-31 interceptor as opposed to
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#17330854956275456-760: The frequency range 10.000 to 10.500 GHz, and amateur satellite operations are allowed in the range 10.450 to 10.500 GHz. This is known as the 3-centimeter band by amateurs and the X-band by AMSAT . Motion detectors often use 10.525 GHz. 10.4 GHz is proposed for traffic light crossing detectors. Comreg in Ireland has allocated 10.450 GHz for Traffic Sensors as SRD. Many electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometers operate near 9.8 GHz. Particle accelerators may be powered by X-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 11.9942 GHz (Europe) or 11.424 GHz (US), which
5544-412: The increased weight. The maximum take-off weight and weapon load are increased to 38 tons and 12 tons respectively, but this extreme limit is often avoided by taking off at lighter weight. It was rumored that the Chinese pilots were not as experienced as Russian test pilots when operating at this extreme limits, which contributed to the crashes at least partially. The original K-36 ejection seat on Su-30MK
5632-532: The incremental upgrades. The fly by wire (FBW) control with quadruple redundancy designed by Russkaya Avionika is the same system used for the Su-30MKI. Russian sources have confirmed the claims of domestic Chinese sources that an indigenous Chinese system developed is near its completion and it will be used to replace the original Russian system. However, this has yet to be confirmed by western sources and official Chinese governmental sources, which only acknowledged in
5720-557: The most powerful Russian airborne radar on any of its exported aircraft, but China once again rejected the offer. Many claimed that the reason for the rejection was that Chinese discovered the same problem India had during the evaluation of the radar: although the N-011M Bars passive electronically scanned array radar offered longer range and better resistance to jamming, it had the problem of accurately and correct identifying targets at long range, while others claims China simply did not want
5808-406: The new avionics and upgrades of current avionics were specially developed to meet the Chinese requirement, and subsequently used on other members of the Flanker family, including the more advanced versions that appeared later, and this was mainly due to the fact that the funding for Su-30MKK was readily available in comparison to others. The primary contractors / system integrator for Su-30MKK avionics
5896-466: The new displays remains the same as that of Su-30MKK. One of the important avionic upgrades of Su-30MK2 is the incorporation of several electro-optical ( optronics ) pods, a capability that is added to earlier Su-30MKK during upgrades. Two types of Russian optronic pods are sold to China for Su-30MK2, but the open architecture and other advanced designs enabled the aircraft to carry domestic optronic pods as well. This capability of Su-30MK2 has been added to
5984-485: The original Su-30MK, but contrary to what was once erroneously claimed by some western sources, Sukhoi Design Bureau revealed later that the increased space in the rudders were used for additional fuel tanks, instead of larger communication UHF antenna. The capacity of the fuel tanks in the wings is also increased. A twin nose landing gear of size 620 mm x 180 mm has replaced the single nose landing gear of size 680 mm x 260 mm used on Su-30MK to accommodate
6072-422: The original Su-30MKKs during the incremental upgrades. The Russian optronic pods included: In 2000, China placed an order of passive electronically scanned array radar named Sokol (Falcon), designed by Phazotron , while the radar was still under development, it is reported that China had either partially funded or joined the development, but this can not be confirmed. All twenty units were delivered in 2004 after
6160-419: The original four, thus fully utilizing the capability of the SUV-VEP subsystem of the onboard fire control system. The diameter of the antenna array is increased to 980 mm from the 960 mm of Zhuk-MS/MSE. The scan sector of the radar is 170 degrees and the elevation of the scan is from −40 degrees to +56 degrees. The radar has three receivers and a gain of 37 dB. When used against surface targets like
6248-454: The performance was raised to 148 km for detection and tracking and was expected to reach a detection range up to 250 km and had a weight of 220 kg (later advertised 200 kg) Work on FGA-29 was stopped. and the FGA-29 label was given to 1016 T/R modules FGA-35 radar. The FGA-35 featured 688mm antenna and 1016 T/R modules (originally planned 1064) with initial stage performance of
6336-473: The resulting data enabled theoretical physicists to verify the mathematical predictions of Albert Einstein 's General Theory of Relativity . These results are some of the best confirmations of the General Theory of Relativity. The new European double Mars Mission ExoMars will also use X band communication, on the instrument LaRa, to study the internal structure of Mars, and to make precise measurements of
6424-408: The rotation and orientation of Mars by monitoring two-way Doppler frequency shifts between the surface platform and Earth. It will also detect variations in angular momentum due to the redistribution of masses, such as the migration of ice from the polar caps to the atmosphere. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the international body which allocates radio frequencies for civilian use,
6512-460: The same system used by India. However, both claims contradict with the official explanation of the Chinese government: the new radar weighs more than 650 kg and caused the center of gravity of the aircraft to alter significantly, thus greatly degraded the aerodynamic performance and weapon payload arrangement of the Su-30MKK, which is far less adaptable to the new heavy radar than Su-30MKI , because
6600-420: The same technology as Zhuk-AM, standardized for installation on different types of aircraft including drones. Can also be installed/carried in pods. Zhuk-AU/AUE comes in following versions: X band The X band is the designation for a band of frequencies in the microwave radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum . In some cases, such as in communication engineering , the frequency range of
6688-401: The standard N007 Zaslon radar. Sokol/Zhuk-MFSE use Phazotron's unique radial distribution arrangement in the backplane waveguide feed, and proprietary radiating element placement. The Zhuk-MFSE offers detection performance up to 180 km vs a 5 m RCS target with up to 30 targets tracked and up to 6 attacked at once in air-to-air mode. The radar has a weight of 305 kg. The radar uses
6776-459: The two were based on two totally different airframes, a fact that is confirmed by Jane's all the World's Aircraft . If the new radar was to be adopted, canards must be added and flight control software must be also modified for Su-30MKK just to remain the same level of performance as before, and thus, in addition to paying for the more expensive new radars, a huge amount of money must be spent in upgrading
6864-568: The usual radar supplier for the Flanker family. Some domestic Chinese media have claimed the phased array radar is the Zhuk-MSF, but this has yet to be confirmed. It is also possible that the Chinese may use the same radar used on its newest J-11b's radar which will significantly increase Su-30MKK's performance, because J-11B's radar will increase the Su-30MKK's radar range up to 350 km , and allow it to engage up to four air-to-air and four ground targets. The fire control system on board integrates
6952-460: The wing tips, and the APP-50 decoy launcher is mounted near the tail cone with 96 decoys of different kinds. Domestic Chinese electronic warfare systems including BM/KG300G and KZ900 can also be carried after modification of onboard system, but such modification was neither part of the original deal nor the upgrade deal with Russians, instead, this was implemented indigenously by Chinese themselves during
7040-587: Was 980 mm. The radar had a weight of 275–300 kg and a scanning area of +/- 70 degrees in elevation and azimuth. Is a development of Phazotron's first PESA radar Zhuk-F for original MIG-35. The RP-35 adopts the traditional linear radar field distribution typical among most PESA radars. The radar can simultaneously track 24 targets with a range against a 3 m RCS target 140 km head on, 65 km pursuit. The radar has an 800mm sized antenna, with volume of 500 dm, and weighs 220 kg. RP-35 and similar PESA radars with traditional linear radar field distribution
7128-444: Was RPKB Instrumentation Design Bureau headquartered at Ramenskoye , and many new measures were adopted to meet the Chinese requirement, such as the open architecture software design. The development of avionics for the Su-30MKK was also assisted by 12 Ukrainian factories. The encrypted VHF / UHF communication radio of Su-30MKK has a maximum range in excess of 400 km, while the encrypted HF communication radio of Su-30MKK has
7216-533: Was first shown at MAKS in 2013. It is a GaN-based AESA, scalable, meant for various platforms with the version shown at MAKS having a 688mm(?) antenna and 960 T/R's. In an interview the new radar was mentioned to be weighing about 130 kg (for fighter planes) and having a 200 km range for a 5-ton UAV version. FGA-35(3D) was relabeled as FGA-35 while the original FGA-35 was relabeled as FGA-29. In 2016 aerospace exhibition, held in Zhunhai Phazotron unveiled
7304-567: Was jointly developed by the Russian National Aeronautical System Science Research Academy and Russkaya Avionika JSC, designated as MVK, capable of performing ten billion FLOPS . All avionics on board is built to MIL-STD-1553 standard. There are four computers based on Baguet-55 series processor, one for central avionics control, two for information display, and one for fire control. The integrated navigational systems designated as PNS-10, incorporating
7392-480: Was named as the primary contractor. The modified SUV-VEP system adopted to upgrade Chinese Su-27SK was designated as SUV-VE, while the modified SUV-P system adopted to upgrade Chinese Su-27SK was designated as SUV-PE. The original analog dial indicator on flight dashboard of Su-27SK were replaced by two 6 in x 6 in MFI-10-6M and a MFIP-6 LCD MFDs . According to Russian claim, over 60 Chinese Su-27SK have been upgraded by
7480-495: Was no actual updates or development reported from the project of Su-30MK3. In fact, the production line of the Su-30MK2 at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant (KnAAZ) has been shut down in late 2016 after completing the very last two Su-30MK2 airframes for Vietnam , leaving space for the production of the newer Su-35S and Su-57 at the same facilities. Eventually, there was no more order or formal offering for
7568-537: Was offered to China. However, it is highly unlikely that China will adopt this newest Russian airborne radar because all models of the Su-30 series can only provide half of the power required for the 5 kW rated radar, and currently, only Sukhoi Su-35 and Sukhoi Su-37 have enough power to support this newest Russian airborne radar. Purchasing Irbis-E phased array radar would lock China into yet another deal with Russia to upgrade its Su-30MKK fleet that would greatly increase
7656-455: Was rated at 5 kW peak. An export variant of the Zhuk radar developed for the Shenyang F-8 -II Finback-B with similar performance to the Zhuk radar, only with a slightly reduced weight of 240 kg. Scan sector is +85° in azimuth and +55/-40° in elevation, with a range of 90 km against bombers and 70 km against fighters. The radar can simultaneously detect 10 targets, track 2 of
7744-487: Was replaced by more advanced Sura-K HMS system, but Chinese have been replacing the Russian HMS with more advanced domestic system. Publicized photos and video clips from the official Chinese governmental sources such as CCTV-7 in 2007 and PLA pictorial magazine have confirmed the western claims of Chinese is replacing the original Russian helmet mounted sights (HMS) with more capable domestic ones. The new mission computer
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