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55-557: Mátraháza is a resort area within the town of Gyöngyös in Heves County , Hungary , situated in the Mátra mountain range. Mátraháza has its own postal code, 3233, and is located 14.4 km from the center of Gyöngyös. The highest peak in Hungary, Kékes , is 3.7 km from Mátraháza. As of the 2022 census, the population of Mátraháza is 80. As the first step in the development of the resort,

110-538: A natural science and hunting exhibition. An other exhibition was opened in the former house of the Almásy family  [ fr ] from the treasury of the St. Bartholomew church, which also includes 43 pieces of goldsmith 's work from the 15th and 16th centuries. The Gyöngyösi KK handball team founded in 1975. The local campus of Agricultural University was built after 1980. The industrial park established in 2000 provides

165-496: A cluster. Each grape berry contains a pedicel which attaches to the rachis . The main function of the rachis is to allow the grapes to receive their water and nutrients. The pollination and fertilization of grapes results in one to four seeds within each berry. When fertilization does not occur, seedless grapes are formed, which are sought after for the production of raisins . Regardless of pollination and fertilization, most plants will produce around 100 to 200 grapes. The skin of

220-427: A few years. A viticulturist faces many hazards that can have an adverse effect on the wine produced from the grape or kill the vine itself. A green harvest is the removal of immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing yield. The removal of the bunches while they are still green induces the vine to put all its energy into developing the remaining grapes. In theory this results in better ripening and

275-598: A fresher and more acidic harvest. In general, the average yearly temperature for most crops should average around 15 °C (59 °F) in order to achieve the highest quality in each grape. Summer: Ideal temperatures in summer average around 22 °C (72 °F). Ideal summer temperatures enable fruits to ripen. Temperature and sunshine are the most important factors in ripening. Winter: Ideal temperatures in winter average around 3 °C (37 °F). Ideal winter temperatures are necessary to allow grape vines to enter their resting phase. If temperatures fall too low,

330-409: A god. The Bible makes numerous references to wine, and grapevines, both symbolically and literally. Grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). References to wine are made in the book of Proverbs (20:1) and the book of Isaiah (5:1–25). Deuteronomy (18:3–5, 14:22–27, 16:13–15) reports the use of wine during Jewish festivals. In Christianity wine is the symbol of

385-486: A population of 27,957 (see Demographics). The town is located 8.4 km from the M3 motorway and 80.8 km from Budapest . Gyöngyös is terminus of the (Nr. 85) Vámosgyörk–Gyöngyös railway line and the main road 3 lead across the town. Gyöngyös have a train station and a stop on the standard gauge railway line and two narrow gauge railways also start from here to the mountains for tourist purposes. The settlement got its name from

440-436: A slope affords better drainage, obviating the possibility that the vine might sit in overly moist soil. In cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive more hours of sunlight and are preferred; in warmer climes , north-facing slopes are preferred. In the southern hemisphere, these orientations are reversed. Quality soil is important to allow plants to have better root systems. The growth and health of

495-402: A slope can receive a greater intensity of the sun's rays, with sunshine falling on an angle perpendicular to the hillside. In flatter terrain, the intensity of the sunlight is diluted as it spreads out across a wider surface area. Small slopes that are elevated above surrounding ground are the best and safest places for crops, because these small elevations are less prone to frost. Additionally,

550-497: A uniquely preferred environment for ideal growing. Because climates vary from region to region, selecting the best strain is an important decision in grape cultivation. Additionally, because climatic factors such as temperature and rain can be unpredictable and uncontrollable, each year will produce unique qualities and yields of grapes. Wine grapes are also especially susceptible to climate change and temperature variation. Grape vines need approximately 1300–1500 hours of sunshine during

605-479: A vine can be affected if the soil quality is poor. Different grape species prefer various soil conditions, although there are general quality factors. Favorable soil conditions include: aeration , loose texture, good drainage and moderate fertility. Drainage factors are cited as the most important soil characteristic to affect grape vine growth. When root growth is restricted due to bad soil, vine growth and fruit yields lessen and plant survival rates can dip to only

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660-414: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Viticulture Viticulture ( Latin : vitis cultura , " vine -growing"), viniculture ( vinis cultura , " wine -growing"), or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes . It is a branch of the science of horticulture . While the native territory of Vitis vinifera , the common grape vine, ranges from Western Europe to

715-525: Is closely related to the history of wine , with evidence that humans cultivated wild grapes to make wine as far back as the Neolithic period. Evidence suggests that some of the earliest domestication of Vitis vinifera occurred in the area of the modern countries Georgia and Armenia . The oldest-known winery was discovered in the "Areni-1" cave in Vayots Dzor , Armenia . Dated to c.  4100 BC,

770-403: Is provided by cuneiform sources (ancient writing on clay tablets), plant remains, historical geography, and archaeological excavations. The remnants of ancient wine jars have been used to determine the culture of wine consumption and cultivated grape species. In addition to winemaking, grapes have been grown for the production of raisins . The earliest act of cultivation appears to have been

825-541: The Côte-d'Or , the monks divided the land into separate vineyards, many of which still exist today, like Montrachet and La Romanée . In Greek mythology , the demigod Dionysus ( Bacchus in Roman mythology ), son of Zeus , invented the grapevine and the winepress. When his closest satyr friend died trying to bring him a vine Dionysus deemed important, Dionysus forced the vine to bear fruit. His fame spread, and he finally became

880-510: The Last Supper , representing the blood of Christ . It is mentioned several times in the New Testament . We have the parable of the kingdom of heaven likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of Jesus Christ based on his own statement, "I am the true vine (John 15:1)." In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of Constantine

935-694: The Mediterranean began to emerge from barbarism when they learnt to cultivate the olive and the vine. Thucydides was most likely referencing the time between 3000 BC and 2000 BC, when viticulture emerged in force in Asia Minor , Greece , and the Cyclades Islands of the Aegean Sea . During this period, grape cultivation developed from an aspect of local consumption to an important component of international economies and trade . From 1200 BC to 900 BC,

990-567: The Middle Ages . Around this time, an early system of Metayage emerged in France with laborers ( Prendeur ) working the vineyards under contractual agreements with the landowners ( Bailleur ). In most cases, the prendeurs were given flexibility in selecting their crop and developing their own vineyard practice. In northern Europe, the weather and climate posed difficulties for grape cultivation, so certain species were selected that better suited

1045-496: The Mátra 's tourist importance increased. The mayor of the town at the time, Árpád Puky, primarily supported the development of Mátrafüred , so in 1926 the town built a narrow-gauge railway line to Mátrafüred for tourist purposes, which was classified as a resort in 1935. On the Pipis hill created a grass airport ( ICAO : LHGY) for gliding in 1931, what is the highest airport (350 m) in Hungary. A new synagogue built up in 1930, but in

1100-546: The Persian shores of the Caspian Sea , the vine has demonstrated high levels of adaptability to new environments, hence viticulture can be found on every continent except Antarctica . The duties of a viticulturist include monitoring and controlling pests and diseases , fertilizing , irrigation , canopy management , monitoring fruit development and characteristics , deciding when to harvest , and vine pruning during

1155-734: The Phoenicians developed viticulture practices that were later used in Carthage . Around 500 BC, the Carthaginian writer Mago recorded such practices in a two-volume work that was one of the few artifacts to survive the Roman destruction of Carthage during the Third Punic War . The Roman statesman Cato the Elder was influenced by these texts, and around 160 BC he wrote De Agricultura , which expounded on Roman viticulture and agriculture. Around 65 AD,

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1210-610: The Ruthenians have a local nationality government. 844 people live in Mátrafüred , 80 live in Mátraháza and 14 live in Kékestető other inner areas, furthermore 56 people live in 6 other outskirts. Mátrafüred (3232), Mátraháza (3233) and Kékestető (3221) have an postal code. Population by years: Mayors since 1990 : Gyöngyös is twinned with: This Heves county location article

1265-427: The growing season and around 690 millimetres (27 in) of rainfall throughout the year in order to produce grapes suitable for winemaking. In ideal circumstances, the vine will receive most of the rainfall during the winter and spring months: rain at harvesttime can create many hazards, such as fungal diseases and berry splitting. The optimum weather during the growing season is a long, warm summer that allows

1320-477: The 19th century. The economic role of the Jews was strengthened, and they built several synagogues . At the same time, the phylloxera epidemic dealt a significant blow to grape production. Gyöngyös was destroyed by fire on May 21, 1917. 580 houses burned down, 40% of the population became homeless. Two days later, King Charles IV and Queen Zita visited the city. Due to changes in the country's border after 1920,

1375-523: The Great . The vast majority of the world's wine-producing regions are found between the temperate latitudes of 30° and 50° in each hemisphere . Within these bands, the annual mean temperatures are between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The presence of large bodies of water and mountain ranges can have positive effects on the climate and vines. Nearby lakes and rivers can serve as protection for drastic temperature drops at night by releasing

1430-608: The Jesuit gymnasium was built next to the church of St. Bartholomew in 1751-52, which was taken over by the Franciscans in 1773. The castle of the Orczy family  [ fr ] was rebuilt in classicist style by Lőrinc Orczy in 1824, and the new building of the state gymnasium was built opposite it in 1899, and a music school operates in the old one. Financial institutions became important in addition to handicrafts and grape production in

1485-461: The Kékesalja Hostel. The lung sanatorium and the road leading to Kékes were completed in 1932, and a ski slope was created from Kékes to the Kékesalja Hostel. The military resort was built in 1933. The Patrona Hungariae chapel was built in 1942, and its wooden relief door was created in 1999 by the sculptor István Hegedűs. The Kékesalja Hostel became a trade union resort in 1949 and

1540-530: The Mátra Association created a marked trail in the Kalló Valley in 1888, at the end of which Pál Klimó established a forest rest area. In 1907, the construction of the road connecting Gyöngyös with Parád was completed, and the workers' house was acquired by the Mátra Association, led by Kolos Hanák  [ hu ] , and converted into a hostel . Between 1927 and 1930, the Mátra Association built

1595-468: The Roman writer Columella produced the most detailed work on Roman viticulture in his twelve-volume text De Re Rustica . Columella's work is one of the earliest to detail trellis systems for raising vines off the ground. Columella advocated the use of stakes versus the previously accepted practice of training vines to grow up along tree trunks. The benefits of using stakes over trees was largely to minimize

1650-615: The Sports Hotel closed, then reopened as Hotel Pagoda, but later closed again. The Vörösmarty Hostel and the bus station are stamping places for the National Blue Trail . This Heves county location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gy%C3%B6ngy%C3%B6s Gyöngyös is a town in Heves County , Hungary , beside of the Gyöngyös creek, under the Mátra mountain ranges. As of 2022 census, it has

1705-452: The concept of thinning or sacrificing part of the grape crop, i.e. green harvesting, with the aim of improving the quality of the remaining grapes, predates modern critics, the practice has increased in recent times in vineyards found in California and areas where the grapes grow easily. (McCoy) A field blend is a wine that is produced from two or more different grape varieties interplanted in

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1760-469: The crops can be injured. Spring and Fall: Spring and fall are critical seasons for grape development, because the plants are susceptible to frost damage, which can injure the fruiting buds. Wet weather in spring can increase the odds of mildew formation. To prevent mildew, some farms introduce devices such as heaters or large fans in vineyards. However, such solutions can be costly. Hillsides and slopes are preferred over flatter terrain: vines growing on

1815-603: The dangers associated with climbing trees, which was necessary to prune the dense foliage in order to give the vines sunlight, and later to harvest them. Roman expansion across Western Europe brought Roman viticulture to the areas that would become some of the world's best-known winegrowing regions : the Spanish Rioja , the German Mosel , and the French Bordeaux , Burgundy and Rhône . Roman viticulturists were among

1870-448: The development of more numerous and mature flavour compounds. In the absence of a green harvest, a healthy, vigorous vine can produce dilute, unripe grapes. In Europe, many appellations restrict the yield permitted from a given area, so there is even more incentive to perform green harvesting when presented with excess crop. Often, the excess must be sold for a pittance and used for industrial alcohol production rather than wine. While

1925-590: The environment. Most vineyards grew white varieties of grape, which are more resistant to the damp and cold climates. A few species of red grape, such as the Pinot Noir , were also introduced. Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry dates back to 1416 and depicts horticulture and viticulture in France. The images illustrate peasants bending down to prune grapes from vines behind castle walls. Additional illustrations depict grape vines being harvested, with each vine being cut to three spurs around knee height. Many of

1980-509: The favoring of hermaphroditic members of the Vitis vinifera species over the barren male vines and the female vines, which were dependent on a nearby male for pollination . With the ability to pollinate itself, over time the hermaphroditic vines were able to sire offspring that were consistently hermaphroditic. At the end of the 5th century BC, the Greek historian Thucydides wrote: The people of

2035-641: The field blend is an anachronism, and almost all wines are assembled by blending from smaller, individual lots. However, in California some of the oldest (and lowest-yielding) Zinfandel comes from vineyards that are field-blended. Ridge Vineyards owns the Lytton Springs vineyards in Sonoma County, which were planted from 1900 to 1905 in what Ridge calls "a traditional field blend of about seventy percent Zinfandel, twenty percent Petite Sirah , and ten percent Grenache and Carignan." Gemischter Satz ( Mixed set )

2090-453: The first to identify steep hillsides as one of the better locations to plant vines, because cool air runs downhill and gathers at the bottom of valleys. While some cool air is beneficial, too much can rob the vine of the heat it needs for photosynthesis , and in winter it increases the risk of frost . Catholic monks (particularly the Cistercians ) were the most prominent viticulturists of

2145-447: The grape accounts for 5 to 20% of the total weight of a grape depending on the variety. When grape skin ripens, it contains the majority of the aromatic substances and tannin . These factors become important in winemaking for methods including color extraction or aroma dissolution. Although the skin contains the majority of the tannin, small percentages can be found throughout the grape and during all of its developmental stages. However,

2200-428: The grapes the opportunity to ripen fully and to develop a balance between the levels of acids and sugars in the grape. Hot and sunny climates have a frost-free growing season of 200 days or more. These climates allow grapes to ripen faster with higher sugar levels and lower acidity. Cooler climates have a frost-free growing season of around 150–160 days. Cooler seasons force the grapes to ripen earlier, which produces

2255-465: The heat that the water has stored during the day to warm the vines. Structure of the grape vine There are many different important parts of the grape vine. Starting from the bottom and moving up there are the Fender roots, then above that are the roots . These help with anchorage, absorption and food storage. Then there is the trunk which branches out into arms. These help support conduction. Higher up are

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2310-624: The insurgents, János Bottyán , was buried in the Franciscan church in 1709. The Baroque style became dominant in the 18th century: the St. Bartholomew Church , the Franciscan Church and Monastery were rebuilt, the St. Urban Church, the Orthodox St. Nicholas Church and, the St. John of Nepomuk Chapel with its triangular layout on the banks of the Gyöngyös creek were built in 1736. The building of

2365-439: The largest number of jobs nowadays. It is home to many food factory, including dairy and sausage factories. According the 2022 census, 88.3% of the population were of Hungarian ethnicity, 2.9% were Gypsies , 0.7% were Ukrainians , and 10.9% were did not wish to answer. The religious distribution was as follows: 34.7% Roman Catholic , 3.4% Calvinist , 14.2% non-denominational, and 43.9% did not wish to answer. The Gypsies and

2420-545: The node, inter node, leaves, cluster (of grapes) and the tendril . The tendril helps with support of the plant. The grape is classified as a berry . On the vine, grapes are organized through systems known as clusters. Grape clusters can vary in compactness which can result in long clusters (resulting in the grapes spreading out) or short clusters (resulting in grapes packed together). In some grape species, clusters ripen collectively, which allows them to be harvested together. For others, grapes may ripen individually within

2475-535: The rank of market town in 1334. The city is located at the junction of trade routes , on the border of the lowlands and the uplands, so trade and industry also played an important role in addition to viticulture . The first church in the town is the Romanesque St. Bartholomew's Church, which was rebuilt in the Gothic style in the 15th century. The Franciscans arrived in Gyöngyös in the 14th century, and their church

2530-534: The rich landowners who wanted higher quality wines and the peasant laborers whose livelihood depended on the quantity of wine they could sell. The Riesling is the famous example for higher quality of wine. In 1435 Count John IV. of Katzenelnbogen started this successful tradition. In Burgundy , the Cistercian monks developed the concept of cru vineyards as homogeneous pieces of land that consistently produce wines each vintage that are similar. In areas like

2585-516: The same vineyard. In the days before precise varietal identification, let alone rigorous clonal selection , a vineyard might be planted by taking cuttings from another vineyard and therefore approximately copying its genetic makeup. This meant that one vine could be Zinfandel and the next Carignan . When making wine with little equipment to spare for separate vinification of different varieties, field blends allowed effortless, though inflexible, blending. Fermentation tanks are now cheap enough that

2640-521: The site contained a wine press, fermentation vats, jars, and cups. Archaeologists also found V. vinifera seeds and vines. Commenting on the importance of the find, McGovern said, "The fact that winemaking was already so well developed in 4000 BC suggests that the technology probably goes back much earlier." There is also evidence of grape domestication in the Near East in the early Bronze Age , around 3200 BC. Evidence of ancient viticulture

2695-510: The stream that crosses the town, which may refer to the mistletoe that often occurs on the waterfront, or to the pearly water. According to one theory, one of Árpád 's daughters was Gyöngyös, who was buried here. From the 11th to the 14th century, the area belonged to the Aba family . It is mentioned for the first time in documents in 1261 as Gyngus . King Charles I donated the town and its countryside to Thomas Szécsényi in 1327, and raised it to

2750-413: The summer of 1944, the town's Jewish population of 2,000 was deported and most of them murdered. After 1945, several housing estates and a 20-story residential tower were built, and the town's population doubled. The narrow-gauge railway also started passenger transport in the direction of Gyöngyössolymos . The Mátra Museum was opened in the former castle of the Orczy family  [ fr ] , with

2805-427: The tannin's most important role is during the grape's ripening stage as its function is to formulate color and body shape. Although many factors can affect the overall quality of a grape vine, the three most important are climate, slope , and soil , often collectively referred to as the terroir . Climate is the most significant external factor in determining a grape's inherent qualities. Each grape variety has

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2860-497: The viticultural practices developed in this time period would become staples of European viticulture until the 18th century. Varietals were studied more intently to see which vines were the most suitable for a particular area. Around this time, an early concept of terroir emerged as wines from particular places began to develop a reputation for uniqueness. The concept of pruning for quality over quantity emerged, mainly through Cistercian labors, though it would create conflict between

2915-491: The winter months. Viticulturists are often intimately involved with winemakers, because vineyard management and the resulting grape characteristics provide the basis from which winemaking can begin. A great number of varieties are now approved in the European Union as true grapes for winegrowing and viticulture. The earliest evidence of grape vine cultivation and winemaking dates back 8,000 years. The history of viticulture

2970-687: Was also built in the Gothic style. After the Ottoman conquest in the 16th century, the town became khas town  [ hu ] . The Jesuits established a gymnasium in 1634 with the permission of the Bey of Hatvan. Due to the increase in the number of Balkan merchants settling in the 17th century, the proportion of Orthodox people increased. Duke Francis Rákóczi negotiated about peace with Pál Széchényi  [ hu ] , Archbishop of Kalocsa in Gyöngyös in 1704, summarizing his demands in 25 points. The general of

3025-499: Was renamed the Sports Hotel. In 1958, the Vörösmarty Hostel was built, named after the poet Mihály Vörösmarty , the first known tourist of Mátra , who wrote a travel report in 1829 about his hike. The Hanák Kolos Hostel was demolished in 1960 and replaced by a sports field and a training camp . A ski jumping hill was also created in 1960, with a jump record of 83.5 meters, but the facility became unusable by 1980. After 1990,

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