100-625: My Vaccine Pass was a vaccine certificate issued by the New Zealand Government that served as an official record of one's COVID-19 vaccination status during the COVID-19 pandemic . The vaccine pass was required to enter hospitality venues, community, sport and faith-based gatherings, as a result of the COVID-19 Protection Framework having come into effect on 3 December 2021. The passes expired on 1 June 2022. My Vaccine Pass
200-568: A COVID-19 vaccine card as a basis of authentication. The use of vaccine passports is based on the general presumption that a vaccinated individual would be less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 to others, and less likely to experience a severe outcome (hospitalization or death) if they were to be infected , thus making it relatively safer for them to congregate. A vaccine passport is typically coordinated with policies enforced by individual businesses, or enforceable public health orders, that require patrons to present proof of vaccination for COVID-19 as
300-478: A Green Pass , exempting them from isolation requirements and mandatory COVID-19 tests, including those on arrival from overseas. In February 2021, Israel became one of the first countries to implement a vaccine passport system, dubbed the Green Pass . They are required in order to access venues such as gyms, hotels, bars, and restaurants. In October 2021, Israel announced an update to its guidelines, requiring that
400-491: A Health Pass (or Pass Sanitaire in French) on 9 August 2021, for use in non-essential settings for those 18 and older. To obtain the pass people must be fully vaccinated or undertake a test within 72 hours of attending a non-essential space or have recovered recently from an infection of the virus. The initial announcement of the pass system is believed to have encouraged an additional one million people to sign up for vaccination
500-577: A convoy to and demonstration in the federal capital of Ottawa —supported primarily by far-right activists and groups—was held to protest this change. Alberta implemented the Restrictions Exemption Program (REP) from 20 September 2021 to 8 February 2022, after re-establishing a state of emergency on 15 September 2021. The government described the program as an opt-in system, allowing establishments to operate with fewer restrictions. Visitors at these establishments were required to present
600-587: A verifiable proof of vaccination), the United States does not have a federal framework for a digital vaccine passport, and federal officials explicitly ruled out doing so, citing privacy and human rights concerns. This leaves their implementations up to individual states and territories. Prior to the issue becoming politicised, public views on vaccine passports were evenly split and the divide crossed, rather than followed, political and ideological lines. Since then, criticism and conspiracy theories surrounding
700-453: A 3 μg dose similar to those of a 6 μg dose. In July 2020, Sinovac began Phase III trials to evaluate efficacy and safety on 9,000 volunteer healthcare professionals in Brazil, collaborating with Butantan Institute. On 19 October, São Paulo Governor João Doria said the first results of the clinical study conducted in Brazil proved that among the vaccines being tested in the country, CoronaVac
800-570: A Hong Kong study found that two doses of CoronaVac provided protection of only 64% to 75% for older adults. However, an extra booster or a third dose of CoronaVac was able to raise the level of protection against COVID-19 to about 98%. In January 2024, Sinovac confirmed that it had discontinued production of CoronaVac. The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle . The initial course consists of two doses. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 4 weeks between doses, with data from Chile suggesting that
900-489: A backlog of requests and hundreds of subscribers. The platform also claim it would buy legitimate vaccine passes for NZ$ 75 and also recommended harvesting legitimate certificates from unwary users. This fraud was complicated by the lack of a legal requirement that the vaccine pass be checked against a form of photo identification. Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic A vaccine passport or proof of vaccination
1000-503: A condition of entry or service. Government-mandated use of vaccine passports typically applies to discretionary public spaces and events (such as indoor restaurants, bars, or large-scale in-person events, such as concerts and sports ), and not essential businesses, such as retail stores or health care. In France , Italy , Ireland , and Canada , vaccine uptake increased after various levels of governments announced plans to introduce vaccine passports. An intention by some jurisdictions
1100-516: A director at São Paulo's Instituto Butantan , "The most important result was understanding that we can control the pandemic even without vaccinating the entire population." In July 2021, researchers from the Chilean Ministry of Health published a paper containing real-world data for their vaccination campaign. The study was conducted between 2 February and 1 May 2021, consisting of 10.2 million people. The effectiveness of CoronaVac vaccine after
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#17328694382381200-661: A facility to manufacture 100 million doses of CoronaVac a year, with a target completion date in September 2021. On 10 December, São Paulo Governor João Doria said that in the interim, prior to the local manufacture of CoronaVac, Instituto Butantan aimed to fill and finish 1 million doses of the vaccine per day. In April 2021, Sinovac said its third manufacturing plant for Coronavac was ready and had started manufacturing bulk vaccine ingredients, doubling its annual capacity to 2 billion doses. In April 2021, Bio Farma of Indonesia had filled and finished 35 million doses of CoronaVac, but
1300-479: A large scale study in Chile with 2,017,878 participants reported that, with a CoronaVac booster, effectiveness against hospitalization increased from 84% to 88% and effectiveness against symptomatic disease increased from 56% to 80%. The greatest increases were seen with a heterologous Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine booster, resulting in 96% effectiveness against hospitalization and 93% against symptomatic disease. A study by
1400-558: A longer interval provides more robust immunity. Early evidence suggested that immunity wanes rapidly, so a booster dose after the initial course might be needed. In Brazil, a study was conducted in Serrana , population 45,000, where authorities attempted to vaccinate the entire adult population with CoronaVac. After 75% of the adult population received the vaccine, preliminary results show deaths fell by 95%, hospitalizations by 86% and symptomatic cases by 80%. According to Ricardo Palacios,
1500-469: A national mandate of 1 October required vaccination of all state-regulated workers. In February 2020, China started to use digital "health codes", available on a variety of platforms including WeChat and Alipay with scannable QR barcodes displaying a "traffic light" system of colours to enter public transport, shops, restaurants and malls. It was used 40 billion times between February and March. In March 2021, an "International Travel Health Certificate"
1600-571: A new plant in Debrecen . In June 2021, Egypt announced that it would produce about 40 million doses by the end of that year. Distribution of the locally produced vaccine would begin by August and it would be used locally and sent to other African nations. In April 2020, CoronaVac began Phase I–II trials in China with 744 participants on adults over the age 18–59, and In May, CoronaVac began Phase I–II trials in China with 422 participants on elderly adults over
1700-536: A pass has expired, users will need to request another one to prove that their vaccinations are current. Under the Government's COVID-19 Protection Framework , the My Vaccine Pass is compulsory for entering a range of public settings including events, hospitality (cafes, restaurants and bars), close contact businesses such as hairdressers and beauticians, retailers, sporting events, and faith-based gatherings. However,
1800-474: A production capacity of 2 billion doses per year. It was manufactured at several facilities in China, with overseas manufacture planned for Brazil in September 2021 and eventually Egypt and Hungary. On 1 June 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the vaccine for emergency use. Sinovac has signed purchase agreements for 380 million doses from COVAX . As of July 2021, CoronaVac
1900-498: A proof of vaccination or a recent negative test. If a facility does not participate, or is prohibited from participating, it was required to comply with all public health orders, such as reduced capacity and/or being prohibited from offering indoor dining. Due to Omicron variant, even establishments participating in REP became subject to restrictions in December 2021, including restrictions on
2000-589: A recent negative test in specific settings. The exact rules vary by nation, but they primarily applied to venues such as cinemas, nightclubs, and venues hosting large organized events (including but not limited to concerts and sporting events). In September 2021, Secretary of Health Sajid Javid stated that England would not implement a mandate for proof of vaccination, following pushback from Conservative members of parliament and business leaders over potential discrimination and economic harm. Prime Minister Boris Johnson subsequently stated that England would focus on
2100-658: A recent negative test, for use when travelling within the Schengen area with fewer restrictions. On 19 October 2021, the caretaker Minister of Health of Bulgaria, Stoycho Katsarov, introduced the Green Certificate ( Bulgarian : Зелен Сертификат). Since 21 October 2021, all visitors to cinemas, theaters, concerts, museums, galleries, supermarkets over 300 square meters, fitness centers, gyms, restaurants and entertainment centers in Bulgaria have to prove that they are vaccinated, have
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#17328694382382200-431: A recovery within the past 6 months. A temporary Green Pass could also be obtained with a negative viral test, but must be paid for by the individual unless ineligible for vaccination. Starting 1 March 2022, most COVID-19 regulations were relaxed, and a Green Pass is now only required to enter old age homes. On 19 July 2021, Japan began accepting applications for its COVID-19 vaccination passport program. When issued,
2300-726: A separate " International Travel Vaccine Certificate ." People can request a travel vaccine certificate on the My COVID Record or via a phone call. The International Travel Vaccination Certificate complies with European Union Digital COVID Certificate standards and is valid for one year upon issue. Individuals who have been vaccinated overseas can apply to the Ministry of Health to have their overseas vaccination record added to New Zealand's COVID Immunisation Register (CIR) prior to applying for their My Vaccine Pass. The COVID Vaccination Technical Advisor Group recognises eight overseas vaccines for
2400-523: A smartphone or computer access can also request a My Vaccine Pass by a phone call. A printed version of the Pass can also be obtained in person for free at pharmacies that provide COVID-19 vaccinations. The Ministry of Health contracted the tech company MATTR to develop New Zealand's domestic and international vaccine pass apps as well as the NZ Pass Verifier app. As part of the contract, MATTR has developed
2500-531: A smartphone. In addition, many lacked a landline which he claimed was needed for ordering a postal version. In order to address the "digital divide" for individuals who have limited access to email or phone apps required to carry the pass, people can apply for vaccine passes at some pharmacies. On 17 December 2021, Stuff reported that some My Vaccine Pass users were having their vaccine passes stolen and sold on an online platform using cryptocurrencies such as Dogecoin . Stuff reported that this online platform had
2600-828: A strategy of contact tracing , rapid testing, and the rollout of vaccine boosters, and only included mandatory proof of vaccination in a package of "plan B" measures (including a reintroduction of mask mandates) in the event of another surge of COVID-19 cases. The spread of Omicron variant in England would lead to the implementation of "plan B", resulting in proof of vaccination for nightclubs and large events becoming mandatory beginning 15 December. These restrictions ended on 27 January 2022. Residents wishing to attend events, bars, restaurants, and other dining establishments must present proof of vaccination. The implementation of digital proof of vaccination in Canada has largely been conducted at
2700-508: A third dose of the Comirnaty vaccine given to those who received two doses of either Comirnaty or CoronaVac provided protective levels of measured antibodies against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. Three doses of CoronaVac, however, did not provide adequate levels of protective antibodies by the same measure, in direct contradiction to claims made by the vaccine manufacturer. In October 2022,
2800-548: A vaccine are allowed to attend certain high-risk indoor settings which would normally be closed or heavily restricted in hot spots. Proof of vaccination programs exist in the Home Nations of the United Kingdom, with England and Wales referring to them as "NHS COVID Pass", Scotland as " NHS Scotland Covid Status", and Northern Ireland as "COVIDCert NI". By December 2021, all four nations had mandated proof of vaccination or
2900-514: A vaccine passport system went into effect in South Korea as part of a " living with COVID-19 " strategy, requiring vaccination of all residents wishing to access high-risk areas such as bars, restaurants, gyms and saunas must be vaccinated. On 25 October 2021, the Taiwanese government announced that the digital COVID certificate system in the country had been completed. In December 2021, the system
3000-422: A valid negative test from last 72 hours or have been ill recently. The restrictions ended on 10 March 2022. Denmark introduced a Coronapas on 21 April 2021. Those unvaccinated with a recently negative test of 72 hours or previous infection of COVID-19 of up to 12 weeks prior were included in the pass system. Due to the high uptake of vaccines, Denmark retired their system on 10 September 2021. France issued
3100-638: A way to help restart the economy in a series of articles which he began in March 2020 and published in The Geopolitics and The Brussels Times . The proposals were also published in French. The idea became increasingly relevant as evidence of lasting acquired immunity became clear. Proponents of the idea such as Sam Rainsy , co-founder of the opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) have argued that immunity, whether acquired naturally or through vaccination,
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3200-490: A wide range of legal and ethical issues that need to be fully explored and could inadvertently discriminate or exacerbate existing inequalities.” The report lists 12 essential criteria for an international standard. On 12 March 2021, Ecma International announced its intention to create an international standard which prevents counterfeits and protects private data as much as possible in a "Call for Participation on Vaccine Passports International Standardization" that referenced
3300-558: Is a resource which needs to be used to limit the impact of the pandemic on the global economy. Many people in Cambodia depend entirely for their living on a tourism industry which has been wiped out. Poor countries can also benefit from recording immunological status as this will reduce wastage of scarce vaccines. The immunity passport proposed by Rainsy was effectively adopted in the EU under the name of "health pass". As of 4 April 2021, it
3400-406: Is an immunity passport employed as a credential in countries and jurisdictions as part of efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic via vaccination . A vaccine passport is typically issued by a government or health authority, and usually consists of a digital or printed record. Some credentials may include a scannable QR code , which can also be provisioned via mobile app . It may or may not use
3500-486: Is an official record of one's COVID-19 vaccination status in New Zealand. Anyone above the age of 12 who has received two COVID-19 vaccines in New Zealand or who has been given a medical exemption can request a "My Vaccine Pass" via the "My COVID Record" website. The pass contains the individual's name, date of birth and a QR code. This pass can be saved on a digital device such as a phone and can also be printed. Those lacking
3600-426: Is the safest, the one with the best and most promising immunization rates. On 23 October, São Paulo increased the number of volunteers in the trial to 13,000. Brazil briefly paused the trials on 10 November after the suicide of a volunteer before resuming them the next day. The suicide was unrelated to the vaccine trial. In August, a trial was started in Chile run by Pontifical Catholic University of Chile which
3700-666: Is to prevent future lockdowns and restrictions. Vaccine passports are controversial and have raised scientific, ethical and legal concerns. Critics have also argued that vaccine passports violate civil liberties via coercion . In the United States , there is no vaccine passport at a federal level, and some US states have preemptively banned vaccine passports in certain public and private sector contexts, citing discrimination and privacy concerns. England initially decided against mandating vaccine passports due to worries that discrimination and economic harm would occur, but later joined
3800-567: The Gamma variant was dominant in the country, indicate that effectiveness is markedly reduced in those aged 90 or older, attributable to immunosenescence : On 21 October 2021, the WHO recommended a third dose as part of the initial course for older adults 3–6 months after the second dose and for immunocompromised individuals 1–3 months after the second dose because these groups mount a weaker immune response compared to healthy adults. Where supplies are limited,
3900-571: The Ministry of Health found that CoronaVac recipients were 4.59 times more likely to have severe COVID-19 as well as 2.37 times more likely to be infected, compared to those who took the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. In the following tables, a vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval . Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time. A test-negative case-control study from 17 January to 29 April 2021 in
4000-642: The Sinopharm BIBP vaccine , another Chinese vaccine, and Covaxin , an Indian vaccine. CoronaVac does not need to be frozen, and both the final product and the raw material for formulating CoronaVac can be transported refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), the temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept. A real-world study of tens of millions of Chileans who received CoronaVac found it to be 66% effective against symptomatic COVID-19, 88% effective against hospitalization, 90% effective against ICU admissions, and 86% effective against deaths. In Brazil, after 75% of
4100-501: The adjuvant aluminium hydroxide . CoronaVac does not need to be frozen, and both the vaccine and raw material for formulating the new doses could be transported and refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept. CoronaVac could remain stable for up to three years in storage, which might offer some advantage in vaccine distribution to regions where cold chains are not developed. In November 2020, Brazil's Instituto Butantan began building
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4200-401: The state of São Paulo , during which 86% of the collected genotype isolates were of the Gamma variant , with 43,774 participants aged 70 years or older, found an effectiveness after two doses of 47% (95% CI , 39 – 54% ) against symptomatic disease, 56% (95% CI , 47 – 63% ) against hospitalization and 61% (95% CI , 49 – 71% ) against death. After a single dose, the effectiveness
4300-543: The "traffic light system." As part of the new policy, people would no longer have to be vaccinated in order to enter venues covered by the vaccine pass. Ardern indicated that the Government could also update vaccine passes in May or June 2022 to require three doses of the vaccine for those workplaces still requiring them. Māori academic Dr Karaitiana Taiuru expressed concern that the My Vaccine Pass would be inaccessible to rural and elderly Māori communities that lacked Internet access or
4400-451: The 3 μg group, 117 (98%) of 119 in the 6 μg group, after the days 0 and 14 schedule; whereas at day 28 after the days 0 and 28 schedule, seroconversion was seen in 114 (97%) of 117 in the 3 μg group, 118 (100%) of 118 in the 6 μg group. Phase II results for older adults published in The Lancet showed CoronaVac was safe and well tolerated in older adults, with neutralising antibody induced by
4500-456: The My Vaccine Pass has been downloaded, an Internet connection is not required to operate it. However, the app's device should be regularly connected to the Internet to remain up to date. The My Vaccine Pass is valid for six months from the date of issue since booster shots may be required and because medical exemptions are only valid for six months. If vaccination passes are still required after
4600-468: The My Vaccine Pass; namely the Pfizer–BioNTech , Janssen , Oxford–AstraZeneca (including Covishield ), Moderna and Sinopharm BIBP vaccines and CoronaVac and Covaxin . The New Zealand Government rolled out the "My Vaccine Pass" on 17 November 2021 as part of its preparation to move New Zealand into the COVID-19 Protection Framework ("traffic light system"). The launch of the My Vaccine Pass
4700-551: The N ( nucleocapsid ) protein were weak for both groups, although CoronaVac contains significant amounts of the N protein. A robust increase of T helper cells (CD4 ) secreting interferon gamma was detected 14 days after both doses in response to stimulation with peptides of the S protein and of other viral particles, but the response to S protein peptides was reduced in the elderly due to a natural reduction of activated CD4 T cells in this age group, as found in studies of other vaccines. The immune response of cytotoxic T cell (CD8 )
4800-505: The NZ COVID Pass specification, which uses Elliptic-curve cryptography and Concise Binary Object Representation to encode person's credentials in a QR code and assert that the person is considered vaccinated. The specification allows for a creation of third-party verifier apps, which can use Decentralized identifier document that Ministry of Health publishes to verify pass signatures. On 23 November 2021, Hipkins confirmed that once
4900-512: The S1-RBD ( receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike protein ) and 96% for neutralizing anti-S1-RBD IgG. For the elderly, seroconversion rates were 100% 14 days and 87.5% 28 days after the second dose for the S1-RBD specific IgG, 90% 14 days, and 100% 28 days after the second dose for neutralizing anti-S1-RBD IgG. As found in studies in animals , seroconversion rates for IgG specific against
5000-947: The Tawakkalna app which includes information for health appointments, vaccination status and alerts users to COVID-19 exposure for contact tracing purposes. Since 10 August 2021, all residents dining out must be fully vaccinated by showing proof of vaccination using the TraceTogether or HealthHub app, or use the TraceTogether token. Proof of vaccination has been progressively implemented in almost all public venues since 13 October 2021, starting with shopping malls, retail shops, entertainment venues except bars, nightclubs and karaoke parlours, attractions, cruises and eateries. It has since been expanded to include large events, public libraries, selected events at community buildings and will be expanded to tertiary institutions, places of lodging, small events and workplaces from January 2022. On 1 November 2021,
5100-636: The University of Hong Kong in December 2021 found that a third dose of CoronaVac does not provide sufficient protection against the Omicron variant, directly contradicting the vaccine manufacturer's claim and a study by the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile that it does. In April 2022, a Singapore study by infectious diseases experts from the National Centre for Infectious Diseases and
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#17328694382385200-593: The age 60 and above. Preliminary results indicate that neutralizing antibodies fell below the seropositive threshold 6 to 8 months after the first two doses, and that a third dose given 6 or more months after the second dose raised neutralizing antibody levels beyond that of an initial course consisting of 3 doses. In the Phase II trial completed in July 2020 published in The Lancet , CoronaVac showed seroconversion of neutralising antibodies for 109 (92%) of 118 participants in
5300-567: The application of the EUDCC, Hungary recognises Kazakh and Indian vaccine passports. In July 2021, Ireland introduced a vaccine certificate program ( EU Digital COVID Certificate ) which allowed vaccinated individuals to attend cafes, bars and restaurants. Due to one of the highest uptakes of COVID-19 vaccines in the world, the Republic of Ireland (but not Northern Ireland) had plans to retire their vaccine passport program on 22 October 2021 however this
5400-479: The authors to unmeasured confounding leading to downward bias in the efficacy estimate. In Chile, the effectiveness against symptomatic disease dropped from 67% between February–April 2021 to 58.5% in early July. Because of this, on 11 August, Chile began giving an additional dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine to people over 55 who were fully vaccinated with CoronaVac before 31 March. In October 2021,
5500-419: The capacity of large venues (50%), and restaurants subject to limits on table sizes, a prohibition on entertainment, and operating hours. The city of Calgary passed a municipal bylaw on 23 September 2021 to mandate participation in REP by all industries that are eligible to do so. The bylaw ceased on 9 February 2022 due to the lifting of the REP by the provincial government. The city considered reimplementing
5600-556: The concept. The Royal Society published a report on 19 February 2021 where a lead author of the report, Professor Melinda Mills, Director of the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science at the University of Oxford said: “Understanding what a vaccine passport could be used for is a fundamental question – is it literally a passport to allow international travel or could it be used domestically to allow holders greater freedoms? The intended use will have significant implications across
5700-433: The confidence of patrons concerned for their health and safety, and to incentivize vaccination in order for a population to potentially reach " herd immunity ". In May 2020, Chile started issuing "release certificates" to patients who had recovered from COVID-19, but "the documents will not yet certify immunity". Many governments including Finland, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States expressed interest in
5800-407: The cross-country Via Rail services. Travellers by land (via the United States border) are required to be fully vaccinated to enter Canada and must provide a negative test 72-hours before land crossing. An exception was made for essential workers, until January 15, 2022 when essential workers (mainly truckers ) were required to be fully vaccinated to re-enter the country. In late-January 2022,
5900-779: The day following the announcement, and is credited to encouraging a further 3.7 million people to sign up for vaccination in the following week. Starting 1 October 2021, those age 12 and older will require a Pass Sanitaire to enter public sites like restaurants, cinemas, and sporting events. In Germany, proof of COVID vaccinations or recent recovery, is typically entered in the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis ( German : Impfausweis ), similar to how other vaccinations for other diseases are recorded. The entry in this booklet can be used to acquire an EU Digital COVID Certificate , in accordance with EU Directive 2021/953, effective 1 July 2021. Outside of
6000-519: The doses. A total of 12,396 volunteers participated in the study between 21 July and 16 December 2020. All participants received at least one dose of the vaccine or placebo. Of this total, 9,823 participants received both doses. Further detail published by Sinovac showed an efficacy 50.65% (95% CI , 35.66 – 62.15% ) against all symptomatic cases, 83.70% ( 57.99 – 93.67% ) against cases that require medical treatment, and 100.00% ( 56.37 – 100.00% ) against severe, hospitalized and fatal cases. In
6100-463: The earlier analysis. Ricardo Palácios, medical director of Brazil's Instituto Butantan , said Sinovac's relatively low efficacy rate of 50% was due to more rigorous standards for what counted as an infection among trial participants. The Institute split cases in six categories: asymptomatic, very mild, mild, two levels of moderate, and severe; the first two didn't require medical assistance. Possible explanations for lower efficacy rate included: trial
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#17328694382386200-559: The earlier report from the UK's Royal Society. In August 2021, Ecma International announced revisions to Ecma-417 (Architectures for distributed real-time access systems) relevant to standards for vaccine passports. An early advocate of immunity passports during the COVID-19 pandemic was Sam Rainsy , the Cambodian opposition leader. In exile and under confinement in Paris, he proposed immunity passports as
6300-456: The elderly (60 years or older) similar to previous phase II trials conducted in China with the same age groups and immunization schedule consisting of two doses with a 14-day interval. The side effects were mild and local, mainly limited to pain at the injection site, which was more common in adults. Seroconversion rates for adults 14–28 days after the second dose were 95.6% for the IgG specific against
6400-716: The elderly aged 60–80 in the Philippines involving 352 volunteers. In September 2020, Sinovac began Phase I–II trials in China on children and adolescents ages 3–17. In May 2021, Sinovac began Phase IIb trials in China with 500 participants for children and adolescents 3–17 years old. In June 2021, it was announced that the vaccine was safe and immunogenic in this age group. In July, Sinovac began Phase III trials in Chile with 14,000 participants for children and adolescents and expand from 6 months to 17 years old. Peer-reviewed Phase III results from Turkey showed an efficacy of 83.5% (95% CI , 65.4 – 92.1% ). The final efficacy rate
6500-497: The first country in the world to require its entire workforce, public and private, to have a government-issued health pass. On 1 December 2021 the Swedish government introduced vaccine passports for indoor events with more than 100 people. Indoor events with more than 100 participants who do not use vaccination certificates must follow specific guidelines to avoid spreading the disease. In Ukraine , citizens with at least one dose of
6600-408: The following week for businesses and event holders. By 3 December 2021, almost 70% of the 3.6 million fully vaccinated population in New Zealand (roughly 2.4 million) had downloaded their official vaccine passes. On 23 March 2022, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that the Government would eliminate My Vaccine Pass requirements from 11:59 pm on 4 April 2022 as part of a series of changes to
6700-421: The form of a scannable QR code by linking to records within each state's immunization registry. Illinois has a Vax Verify website, where residents can download proof of COVID-19 vaccination for businesses that require it. In New Jersey, residents can obtain a digital COVID-19 vaccination record through its mobile app Docket; Governor Phil Murphy specifically avoided using the term "vaccine passport" to describe
6800-517: The mandate at the municipal level (as have several U.S. cities ) but such a proposal was rejected by the city council committee. Manitoba was the first province to introduce a passport system in Canada on 17 July 2021. The passport requirement was removed for movie theatres, museums and galleries on 7 August 2021, only to be reinstated on 3 September 2021, upon Manitoba expanding its passport system. The province utilized physical Immunization Cards which faced supply shortages in production. Quebec
6900-550: The most recent vaccine dose (or proof of recovery) to have been during the past six months. This change made Israel the first country to make a booster shot a requirement for its vaccine passport system. In August 2021, Morocco established a nightly curfew between 23:00 and 04:30, exempting those fully vaccinated. The curfew was lifted in November 2021. Beginning on 1 September 2021, Azerbaijan required proof of vaccination for people over 18 to enter virtually all public spaces, and
7000-412: The other nations of the United Kingdom in mandating vaccine passports due to the threat of the Omicron variant . Many governments, including Finland and Germany, expressed early interest in the concept. Vaccine passports were seen as a potential way to permit a faster economic recovery from large-scale lockdowns that apply to all residents (especially within the travel and tourism industries), improve
7100-418: The passports will be in paper form in both Japanese and English, showing the holder's date(s) of inoculation and the vaccine type, and are available free of charge. As of 20 December 2021, entry restrictions were relaxed for Japan vaccine passport holders in 76 countries. Residents attending restaurants, cafes and public spaces like malls, shopping centres and markets must be fully vaccinated. The country uses
7200-461: The placebo group (N=4870), there were 168 COVID cases, 30 cases requiring medical attention, and 10 severe cases including one death. In the vaccine group (N=4953), there were 85 COVID cases, 5 cases requiring medical attention, and no severe cases or deaths. On 1 April 2021, a preliminary report from a phase III clinical trial in Chile revealed that CoronaVac is safe and induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity in adults (18–59 years old) and
7300-448: The population in Serrana, São Paulo , received CoronaVac, preliminary results show deaths fell by 95%, hospitalizations by 86%, and symptomatic cases by 80%. In Indonesia, real-world data from 128,290 healthcare workers showed 94% protection against symptomatic infection by the vaccine, beating results in clinical trials. Phase III results from Turkey, published in The Lancet , showed an efficacy of 84% based on 10,218 participants in
7400-646: The provincial and territorial level, with the federal government specifying the SMART Health Card document and QR code standard designed to be suitable for international travel. As of November 2021, all ten provinces in Canada, and two of the three territories, had implemented or announced plans to implement a provincially-regulated vaccine passport. Beginning 30 October 2021 proof of vaccination became mandatory for all passengers aged 12 and older boarding domestic and/or international commercial airplanes departing from most Canada-based airports, and those riding on
7500-495: The second dose was 66% (95% CI , 65 – 67% ) in preventing symptomatic disease, 88% ( 87 – 88% ) for hospitalization, 90% ( 89 – 91% ) for ICU admission, and 86% ( 85 – 88% ) in preventing COVID-19 related deaths. The effectiveness after the first dose was 16% (95% CI , 14 – 17% ) against symptomatic disease, 37% ( 35 – 40% ) against hospitalization, 45% ( 41 – 48% ) against ICU admission, and 46% ( 41 – 50% ) against deaths. The study concluded that
7600-507: The service. CoronaVac CoronaVac , also known as the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine , was a whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Chinese company Sinovac Biotech . It was phase III clinically trialled in Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Turkey and relies on traditional technology similar to other inactivated-virus COVID-19 vaccines, such as
7700-659: The system began to accept records of receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech , Moderna , and Janssen vaccines. As of March 2021, the app was optional and its use was restricted to Chinese citizens . The digital health passport is intended to better facilitate travel. Privacy advocates and Chinese netizens have expressed concerns regarding the potential invasive data collection and the use of data for non-health monitoring purposes. According to Minister of health and education requires passport number, Iranian national ID card code for issuing vaccine digital foreign travel card. Israel
7800-591: The third dose for seniors should be given after achieving high coverage with two doses. As an inactivated vaccine like the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine and Covaxin , CoronaVac uses a more traditional technology that is similar to the inactivated polio vaccine . Initially, a sample of SARS-CoV-2 from China was used to grow large quantities of the virus using vero cells . From then on, the viruses are soaked in beta-propiolactone , which deactivates them by binding to their genes, while leaving other viral particles intact. The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with
7900-516: The trials. Phase III results from Brazil previously showed 50.7% efficacy in preventing symptomatic infections and 83.7% effectiveness in preventing mild cases needing treatment. Efficacy against symptomatic infections increased to 62.3% with an interval of at least 21 days between the doses. CoronaVac is being used in vaccination campaigns in various countries in Asia, South America, Central America, and Eastern Europe. By April 2021, Sinovac had
8000-578: The unvaccinated healthcare workers. The vaccine reduced the risk of hospitalization and death of the inoculated medical workers by 96% and 98% respectively. Uruguay released real-world data based on 795,684 people who have received both doses of CoronaVac for more than 14 days as of 1 June 2021. In this group, 8,298 tested positive, 45 were admitted to the ICU, and 35 died of COVID-19. This indicated 64.52% and 61.47% effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 cases for people aged 18–49 and 50 and older respectively. The vaccine
8100-541: The vaccine certificates. Other international students also questioned health authorities' decision to only recognise eight vaccine types. On 19 November 2021, seven businesses including gym chain Les Mills International announced that they would be trialling the new vaccine passes using the NZ Pass Verifier , which had been made available to them early. The Government plans to launch the NZ Pass Verifier app
8200-436: The vaccine is 35% (95% CI , −7 to 61% ) effective against asymptomatic infections and 50% (95% CI , 11 – 71% ) against symptomatic disease. The one-dose group consisted of 53,176 healthcare professionals. During the study, 66% of the samples were of the Gamma variant . The same study found paradoxically reduced effectiveness against symptomatic disease in another group that received two doses, an effect attributed by
8300-524: The vaccine pass is not needed to access essential services such as supermarkets, pharmacies, health and disability services, food banks, petrol stations, public transportation, schools, housing and housing support services. Children under the age of 12 do not need to show proof of vaccination status. Certain businesses and event managers are required to check customers' My Vaccine Pass with the NZ Pass Verifier app. My Vaccine Pass cannot be used for international travel. People travelling overseas have to apply for
8400-490: The vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. In May 2021, real-world data from Indonesia showed the vaccine was highly effective, with 94% of inoculated health care workers protected against symptomatic infection by the vaccine, besting results of clinical trials. In this study of 128,290 health workers in Jakarta, less than 1% of the vaccinated healthcare workers contracted symptomatic COVID-19, compared to more than 8% among
8500-632: The vaccines in general, and in turn vaccine mandates, largely came from the political right ; for example, U.S. representative for Georgia's 14th congressional district Marjorie Taylor Greene , a Republican, asserted that requesting the disclosure of one's vaccine status was a violation of data privacy rules for the health care industry, even though said rules only apply to entities such as health insurers. The state governments of California, Hawaii, Louisiana, New York, North Carolina, Delaware, and Virginia have each rolled out mechanisms where residents can choose to receive proof of COVID-19 vaccination in
8600-460: Was 94.95% and 92.18% effective in reducing ICU admissions, and 95.35% and 95.2% effective to prevent deaths. Among fully-vaccinated healthcare professionals, the vaccine was 66% effective in preventing cases, and 100% effective in preventing ICU admissions and deaths. Preliminary results from a test-negative case-control study from 19 January to 13 April 2021 in Manaus suggest that, after just one dose,
8700-525: Was also recognised by the EU as an equivalent of the EU Digital Covid Certificate. On 20 January 2022, Taiwan officially released the certificate and implemented rules that it be required before entering bars or karaoke alike. The European Union offers an EU Digital COVID Certificate (EUDCC), also known as the Green Pass, a digitally-signed proof of vaccination, proof of a recent recovery, or
8800-546: Was based on 41 infections, 32 of which had received a placebo. The vaccine prevented hospitalization and severe illness in 100% of cases, with all six people who were hospitalized in the placebo group. The final results were based on 10,218 participants in the trials. Phase III results from Brazil submitted to Lancet showed 50.7% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infections, 83.7% effective in preventing mild cases needing treatment. Efficacy against symptomatic infections increased to 62.3% with an interval of 21 days or more between
8900-513: Was complicated by the "My COVID Record" website's cyber defence systems mistaking the large number of visitor requests for distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. As a result, customers initially faced delays in obtaining their vaccine certificates. In addition, New Zealand International Students Association national president Afiqah Ramizi expressed concerns that My Vaccine Pass system only accepted New Zealand and Australian identity documents, making it hard for foreign passport holders to obtain
9000-472: Was created. In March 2021, the government of China rolled out the world's first COVID-19 vaccine passport system through a partnership with Alipay and WeChat . The system provides a health certificate that includes an individual's vaccine status and the results of COVID-19 testing. Initially, the system would only indicate that an individual had been vaccinated if they received a Chinese-made coronavirus vaccine, leading to criticism, though by April 2021
9100-580: Was expected to include 3,000 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 65. In August, Sinovac began trials in Indonesia with Bio Farma in Bandung involving 1,620 volunteers. In September, Turkey began trials with 13,000 volunteers on a two-dose 14-day interval. The monitoring process took place at 25 centers in 12 cities across the country. In October, Sinovac began trials in China involving 1,040 volunteers. In April 2021, Sinovac began Phase II/III trials for
9200-408: Was facing some production delays because of diminished supply of bulk delivered CoronaVac from China. In May 2021, Malaysian company Pharmaniaga obtained local approval for its fill and finish CoronaVac. In May 2021, Turkey was provided a license to produce CoronaVac. In May 2021, Hungary announced an agreement to fill and finish CoronaVac, with the goal to eventually manufacture it locally in
9300-544: Was largely made up of frontline health care workers who were more exposed to the virus; two vaccine doses were given at shorter intervals (2 weeks); counting very mild cases; and the Gamma variant (lineage P.1), more transmissible and perhaps evaded immunity better, was circulating. According to Instituto Butantan director Dimas Covas, the Brazilian group was considered more vulnerable to infection and exposure to higher viral loads. In Turkish and Indonesian Phase III trials,
9400-493: Was not as robust. The observed CD4 T cell response is considered a balanced immune response capable of viral clearance and is similar to that observed in other COVID-19 vaccines, such as BNT162b1 and Convidecia . In early January 2021, Brazilian health officials announced that the vaccine had an efficacy of 78%. One week later, they revised this figure to 50.4%, stating that the revised figure now included "very mild" cases of COVID-19 among trial participants which were omitted in
9500-631: Was not yet clear whether vaccinated people that remain asymptomatic are still contagious and are thus silent spreaders of the virus putting unvaccinated people at risk. "A lot of people are thinking that once they get vaccinated, they’re not going to have to wear masks anymore," said Michal Tal, an immunologist at Stanford University. "It’s really going to be critical for them to know if they have to keep wearing masks, because they could still be contagious." In January 2021, Israel announced that Israelis who had received their second vaccination and those who had proof of recovery from infection would be eligible for
9600-450: Was one of the first countries to issue what is known as a Green Pass in February 2021. The pass was discontinued on 1 June 2021, but following a surge of new infections, it was reinstated on 29 July 2021. In October 2021, all existing Green Passes were voided if the most recent shot was administered more than 6 months ago. A new pass would be issued upon proof of a third (booster) dose or
9700-430: Was only 13% ( 4 – 21% ) against symptomatic disease, 17% ( 6 – 27% ) against hospitalization and 31% ( 18 – 43% ) against death, highlighting the importance of receiving the second dose. The study also found that effectiveness against symptomatic disease decreased with increasing age: Preliminary data from a large effectiveness study in Brazil with 61 million individuals from 18 January to 30 June 2021, when
9800-654: Was postponed due to increased COVID-19 cases and hospital numbers. On 22 January 2022, the Republic of Ireland's vaccine passport programme was retired, except for international travel. In August 2021 the Italian government extended the requirement of the EU Digital COVID Certificate , also known as a Green Pass, to the participation in sports events and music festivals, but also to access to indoor places like bars, restaurants and gyms, as well as to long-distance public transportation. On 15 October 2021, Italy became
9900-528: Was the most widely used COVID-19 vaccine in the world, with 943 million doses delivered. As of 14 October 2021, CoronaVac is the COVID-19 vaccine with the most doses administered worldwide. It was reported in December 2021 that a study jointly conducted by the LKS Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong (HKUMed), and the Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CU Medicine), showed that
10000-496: Was the second province to implement a vaccine passport system on 1 September 2021, using QR codes. The Northwest Territories will implement an opt-in vaccine passport system on 22 October 2021 using original vaccination receipts. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issues a COVID-19 vaccine card that may be accepted as proof of vaccination (but is vulnerable to forgery and counterfeiting, and thus not
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