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24-398: Alveolar In Musom, voiceless, voiced and prenasalised voice are the only series of stops when it comes to consonants. For Musom consonants, if there is a prenasalised voice stop, the vowel is then seen after it and is can be as nasal only. Allophones are contained in the prenasalised voiced affricated alveolar stop /ndz/ which occurs initially, medially, and then [nts] occurs finally. For

48-589: A . Then there is a noun that is not attributed to the possessive markers which is the noun possessed. Here are some examples: ingg a mimin your betelnut in a tahung his smoke is a kom/kom a is en their dog In the Musom language, sentences can be formed by using conjunctions such as da 'and, but' and ma 'or'. One example using da is: weEXC P-SPP1-go P-SPP1-cook breadfruit and P-SPP1-fish We cooked breadfruit and fished (for crayfish) in

72-694: A juxtaposed possessive word. Nouns can also take "affective" suffixes that indicate a speaker's attitude toward that thing: sympathy, affection or ridicule. Examples are from Bradshaw & Czobor (2005) unless otherwise stated: ŋac-èc man- DIM ŋac-èc man-DIM 'dear little man' gwad-êc cousin- 1SG . POSS gwad-êc cousin-1SG.POSS 'my cousin' gwad-êc-sìgo cousin- 1SG . POSS - RID gwad-êc-sìgo cousin-1SG.POSS-RID 'my stupid cousin' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( help ); Verbs are distinguishable by their prefixes. They can take pronominal prefixes to indicate person, number, and irrealis/realis mode, as can be seen above in

96-466: A school system to provide education for the Yabem community. By 1939, it was spoken by as many as 15,000 people and understood by as many as 100,000 (Zahn 1940). In the decade after World War II, the mission's network of schools managed to educate 30,000 students by using Yabem as the medium of instruction (Streicher 1982). Although the usage of Yabem as a local lingua franca was replaced by Tok Pisin , which

120-746: Is compared to Yabim , there are claims that infer that Musom may have a 7-vowel system. Musom language has a syllable structure of (C) V (C) (V) (C). In Musom language, if a speaker were to talk fast, /u/ could be heard as [i]. Some examples that could be heard are: If a subject pronoun prefix that contains a vowel, comes before the root that is within a vowel (verb root), the verb root changes according to what came before it. Some examples are: i-mbidi 3rd person subject a-mbitsi 1st person subject > u-mbutsi 2nd person subject i-imbitsi 3rd person subject Words that contain multiple syllables, those syllables could be dropped or centralized. A vowel turns into schwa [ə] in

144-505: Is voiced in low-tone syllables but voiceless in high-tone syllables. Other phonemes are neutral with respect to tone and so occur in both high-tone or low-tone environments. Yabem has nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns and adverbs. Some categories, such as verbs and nouns, are distinguishable by the types of morphology that they are able to take. Yabem nouns can take inalienable possessive suffixes, distinguishing person, number and inclusivity/exclusivity. Alienable possessives are indicated by

168-673: The Christian faith. The Church is incorporated by a 1991 Act of the Parliament of Papua New Guinea and it has a baptized membership of approximately 900,000 members. It is a member of the: The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea grew out of the work of the Neuendettelsau Mission Society (1886) and the Rhenish Missionary Society (1887), both from Germany . During World War II all missionaries left

192-506: The German missionary orthographies in New Guinea, apparently did not sanction labialized labials, preferring instead to signal rounding on labials by the presence of a round mid vowel ( -o- or -ô- ) between the labial consonant and the syllable nucleus, as in vs. ômôêŋ 'you'll come' vs. ômêŋ 'he'll come' or ômôa 'you'll dwell' vs. ômac 'you'll be sick' (Dempwolff 1939). (Compare

216-524: The Morphology section. kê-poa 3SG -break kê-poa 3SG-break 'it breaks' Some words can function as either nouns or verbs and thus take either nominal or verbal morphology: ŋoc 1SG . POSS -sail lac   ŋoc lac 1SG.POSS-sail 'my sail' Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 2 word(s) in line 1, 1 word(s) in line 2 ( help ); ta-lac 1PL -sail ta-lac 1PL-sail 'we sail' Most of these are derived from

240-688: The area, and many mission stations, churches, schools and hospitals were damaged. In spite of this, the indigenous church leaders and local Christians stood firm in the work of the church. After the war the Lutheran churches in Australia and North America were asked to help reconstruct the church in Papua New Guinea, working together as the Lutheran Mission New Guinea . In 1956 expatriate missionaries and indigenous church leaders gathered and formed

264-597: The church is seen in the preaching of the gospel and the administration of the sacraments, bringing people closer to God so that they may inherit eternal life. The church teaches that the Holy Spirit enables and strengthens this work. The stated aims of the church are : The church has seven departments: evangelism, education, lands and properties, ministerial training, medical services, development services, finance. There are 17 districts divided according to geographical and population needs. Circuits cover smaller areas within

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288-779: The church was officially declared autonomous and another local Lutheran church organized by the Australian Lutheran Mission joined with the ELCPNG. It has long had close relations with the Gutnius Lutheran Church , largely in Enga Province , whose origins were American Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod , and shares clergy college in Lae . The ELCPNG believes that the church is the body of Christ on earth so that people can grow in faith and live as brothers and sisters. This function of

312-408: The consonants, /w, kw, gw/ they do not occur initially, medially and finally, but all other consonants do. Other consonants that do not occur finally are /d, g, ndz/. When the word ends in with a consonant and the next word also begins with a consonant, a prothetic a is put in between the words. For the consonant /r/, it contains two allophones [r] and [l], but only in free variation. When Musom

336-614: The language's status as "threatened." It may be spelled Jabêm, Jabem, Jabim, Yabim and is also known as Laulabu. Yabem distinguishes seven vowel qualities. The glottal stop , written with a -c , is distinctive only at the end of syllables. The only other consonants that can occur there are labials and nasals: p, b, m, ŋ . The liquid /l/ is realized as either a flap [ɾ] or a lateral [l] . Syllable-structure constraints are most easily explained if labialized and prenasalized consonants are considered to be unit phonemes rather than clusters. However, Otto Dempwolff , who greatly influenced

360-467: The northern coast. However, Yabem was adopted as local lingua franca along with Kâte for evangelical and educational purposes by the German Lutheran missionaries who first arrived at Simbang, a Yabem-speaking village, in 1885. Yabem was the first language for which the missionaries created a writing system because it was the first language that they encountered when they arrived. They even created

384-728: The orthographies of Sio and Kâte .) Yabem has a simple system of register tone that distinguishes high-tone syllables from low-tone ones. In the standard orthography, high-tone syllables are unmarked, and the nuclei of low-tone syllables are marked with a grave accent, as in oc 'sun' vs. òc 'my foot' or uc 'breadfruit' vs. ùc 'hunting net'. Tone distinctions in Yabem appear to be of relatively recent origin (Bradshaw 1979) and still correlate strongly with obstruent voicing contrasts (but not in its closest relative, Bukawa ). Only high tones occur in syllables with voiceless obstruents ( p, t, k ), and only low tone occurs in syllables with voiced obstruents ( b, d, g ). The fricative /s/

408-492: The present indigenous church. At the time of its founding the church was called Evangelical Lutheran Church of New Guinea (ELCONG), and its founding bishop was an expatriate missionary from the American Lutheran Church . The first indigenous bishop was elected in 1973. In 1975, on the eve of the country's independence, the name of the church was changed to Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea (ELCPNG). In 1977

432-438: The reflexive and emphatic pronouns: The first type of possession in Musom has inalienable nouns. Some examples of these inalienable nouns are kin terms, body parts, name, namesake, friend or trade partner. The second type of possession in Musom is Alienable possession. The second type of possession holds all the nouns that are not in the first type. The possessive phrase can contain noun or pronoun possession, and prothetic

456-533: The river. One example using ma is: youSG IRR-SPP2-go Madang or youSG IRR-SPP2-go You can go to Madang or you can go to Ramu. The Musom language when using conditional sentences can be found in the form of: da + Subject 1 + ng -SPP-V da + Subject 2 bo-ng- SPP-V An example using a conditional sentence is: and rain IRR-SPP3-fall I FUT-IRR-SPP1-stay village If it rains I will stay in

480-466: The sense of the noun originally, though some appear to be derived from actions expressed by verbs: ta-ômac 1PL -laugh ta-ômac 1PL-laugh Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea General Secretary - Bernard Kaisom The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea is a Protestant church denomination located in Papua New Guinea that professes the Lutheran branch of

504-659: The unstressed syllable. Here is an example: Focal pronouns are able to be used as subjects and objects of verbs. Prepositions only occur with objects of verbs. Focal pronouns are also found in a possessive phrase. For 1st singular, short form only occurs when wir is switched for u or ur. Interrogative pronouns can be seen with who and what. In Musom, who and what can be used with two different pronouns. Those two different pronouns are: Some examples of these two pronouns are: Asa ngaing gi-its ingg? Who hit you? (lit. Which man hit you?) Both reflexive and emphatic pronouns both mean Pronoun + self. This table shows

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528-572: The village Yabem language Yabem , or Jabêm , is an Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea . Yabem belongs to the division of the Melanesian languages spoken natively (in 1978) by about 2,000 people at Finschhafen , which is on the southern tip of the Huon Peninsula in Morobe Province , Papua New Guinea , despite historical evidence that shows that the language originated in

552-517: Was the most efficient language of instruction. Still, the transition from the usage of Kâte and Yabem, which are languages with local origins, to Tok Pisin and English, which are languages with foreign origins, affected the dynamic of the people and their view of language and the church somewhat negatively. Yabem also shares a close relationship with the Kela and Bukawa languages. In fact, many people who speak Bukawa also speak Yabem. Ethnologue classifies

576-566: Was used in informal everyday life, such as religious meetings and the workplace, and English, which was used in more formal institutions like education and government in the 1950s, Yabem remains one of the best-documented Austronesian languages, with extensive instructional and liturgical materials (including many original compositions, not just translations from German or English) as well as grammars and dictionaries. The government wanted an easier assimilation to Western culture and values and access to their superior educational resources and so English

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