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62-397: The ride features twenty 3-passenger cars connected in a circle. These cars rotate on a track with alternating sloped and flat sections. Rotation is possible in both a backward and forward direction, as the ride is manually operated. The ride is powered by 4 DC motors, and can reach a maximum speed of 12 revolutions per minute. (Certain older models have a hydraulic tire/rim drive and they have

124-519: A helix . A brake run on a roller coaster is any section of track that utilizes some form of brakes to slow or stop a roller coaster train . The most common type is the friction brake, often called a fin brake, which involves a series of hydraulic-powered clamps that close and squeeze metal fins that are attached to the underside of a coaster train. Other common types include skid brakes and magnetic brakes. These different types are divided into two main categories; trim brakes refer to brake runs that slow

186-485: A railroad train . Individual cars vary in design, often carrying multiple passengers each. Some roller coasters, notably Wild Mouse roller coasters , operate with individual cars instead of trains. Some roller coasters feature tunnels , and they may include special effects such as lighting, fog, and sound. The Iron Rattler at Six Flags Fiesta Texas, for example, features a darkened, above-ground tunnel. A camelback or camelback hill , also known as an airtime hill ,

248-404: A top hat element, such as Stealth at Thorpe Park , Top Thrill 2 at Cedar Point , and Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure . Typically, brakes on a launch track retract to a lower position during launch and move into an engaged position immediately after launch. A lift hill, or chain lift, is often the initial upward section of track on a typical roller coaster that initially transports

310-544: A wing over drop ) is a roller coaster inversion in which a half-inline twist is performed at the top of a lift hill, leading into the initial drop. Examples that feature this element include The Swarm at Thorpe Park , X-Flight at Six Flags Great America , and GateKeeper at Cedar Point . The Great Scenic Railway The Great Scenic Railway is a heritage-listed wooden roller coaster located at Luna Park Melbourne in Melbourne , Australia . The roller coaster

372-503: A camelback can be a much larger, single hill often found earlier in the track's layout. A double dip element, also known as a double drop or double down , is created when a hill is divided into two separate drops by a flattening out of the drop midway down the hill. Two notable rides featuring this element are Jack Rabbit located at Kennywood and Jack Rabbit located at Seabreeze , both of which are roller coasters designed by John A. Miller in 1920. The inverse of this element

434-644: A camelback hill. The train first goes up a regular camelback hill, then quickly tilts beyond 90 degrees at the very top. It is the only roller coaster element named after its designer, in this case Werner Stengel . Examples of roller coasters that feature this element include Goliath at Walibi Holland and Thunderbolt at Luna Park . A speed hill , also known as a high-speed float, is an airtime element commonly found in Bolliger & Mabillard steel coasters and Rocky Mountain Construction wooden coasters. The element

496-427: A certain amount of rotations or minutes, the ride operator will be alerted by the control box that the speed is going to increase, usually by a light on the box. At that time the operator will speak on a microphone asking the riders if they would like to go faster. Sometimes the ride operator can do this earlier than the alert light to build suspense. After a minute or two of faster speed, the ride will then slow down, and

558-405: A half corkscrew, completing a first inversion. This is immediately followed by another half corkscrew that twists in the opposite direction into the other half vertical loop, completing a second inversion. The train exits the cobra roll traveling in the opposite direction from which it entered. Vekoma's Boomerang was the first model to incorporate a cobra roll, and the first Boomerang installation

620-418: A headchopper. Dragon Challenge at Islands of Adventure featured several foot choppers, and it is a common element on Vekoma's Suspended Looping Coaster model during the coaster's in-line-twist, in which the train approaches a section of track directly below but twists riders safely over the track. Both headchoppers and foot choppers can appear on Wing Coaster models from Bolliger & Mabillard when

682-554: A mild headchopper -like effect as the riders enter and exit the rear section. As this blocks lines of sight, additional staff are required to safely supervise this ride in operation. More common in Europe than the US, some Music Express rides have a canopy that the operator can cover the ride while in operation, very much like the old caterpillar rides. At Kennywood Park 's and Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom 's Musik Express, written above are

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744-435: A portion of the train as it crosses that section of track. In this case, it is usually the brake fin that is used to propel or slow the train with the tires. When oriented vertically, they contact the underside of the train as it crosses a particular section of track. This underside area is a flat area which often has a grated metal surface to increase friction between the car and the tire. One disadvantage of vertical drive tires

806-402: A roller coaster with the same name at Knott's Berry Farm , designed by Arrow Dynamics . The element was well-received and became a staple of many early roller coasters that inverted riders. Corkscrews commonly exist in pairs, where the end of one leads straight into the next. Another configuration involves interlocking corkscrews , where two corkscrews are intertwined, with each crossing over

868-440: A sidewinder. It is the inverse of a cobra roll . Like other inversions, this element has different names depending on the roller coaster's manufacturer. It is most commonly known as a batwing, which is the term used by Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M). Afterburn at Carowinds and Montu at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay are two examples that feature this element. It was first marketed as a Kamikaze Kurve by Arrow Dynamics during

930-407: A slight curve in the direction opposite that of the overall turn (a so-called "priming" of the turn). The train then banks heavily to the side opposite the initial curve and finishes its climb while it negotiates the overall turn, beginning its descent midway through the turn. The second half of the element is the same as the first half, but in reverse order. While negotiating a hammerhead turn element,

992-417: A tendency to go faster). The riders in each car are restrained by a single solid lap bar that is locked across the body of the car, making the ride unsuitable for young children or people of short stature. The bar must be manually locked or unlocked, and only locks in one position. Lights and music are also controlled by the operator, which (as the name suggests) contribute heavily to the ride experience. After

1054-456: A thrilling ride experience. They are also made up of a variety of features and components responsible for the mechanical operation and safety of the ride. Some are very common and appear on every roller coaster in some form, while others are unique to certain makes and models. Amusement parks often compete to build the tallest, fastest, and longest roller coasters to attract thrill seekers and boost park attendance. As coaster design evolved with

1116-416: A top hat inversion, also called an inside top hat or inverted top hat, the track makes a 90-degree twist as the train approaches the top. The train travels on the inside of the element, and once it reaches the apex, the train becomes inverted. Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast at Six Flags St. Louis is an example that features this variant. A wave turn, commonly found on Rocky Mountain Construction roller coasters,

1178-545: Is a camera mounted alongside the track of a roller coaster that automatically photographs all of the riders on passing trains. They are usually mounted at the most intense part of the ride, to capture the best possible pictures. The pictures are available for viewing and purchase at a booth outside the ride's exit. On some rides, such as Saw: The Ride at Thorpe Park , Rocky's Rapids at Indiana Beach , and Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit at Universal Studios Florida , video, as well as still photographs, can be purchased upon exiting

1240-408: Is a motorized tire used to propel a roller coaster train along a piece of track. Although they are most often used in station areas and brake runs , they can also be used to launch trains at greater speeds. However, they are generally used to propel the train at speeds between 5-8 mph. The Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal's Islands of Adventure is notable for using drive tires to launch

1302-428: Is a 90-degree banked turn that incorporates a small camelback hill. The airtime feature separates wave turns from typical banked turns. When a train banks either right or left into an inclined turn, it traverses an airtime hill while banked at 90 degrees. The element finishes with the train exiting in the opposite direction that it entered. A banana roll is an inversion element similar to an elongated cobra roll and

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1364-454: Is a hump-shaped hill that travels in a straight line and is designed to lift riders out of their seats to provide a feeling of weightlessness. The effect is commonly known as airtime , and camelbacks produce negative g-force to achieve the effect. The term has been used to describe a series of smaller hills typically found near the end of a track's layout, which is a common finale on older wooden coasters. A modern coaster's implementation of

1426-406: Is a mini-version of camelback entered at a high speed, which results in significant negative G-forces that exceed a typical camelback. Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland and Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City are two roller coasters that feature this element. A top hat , also known as top cap, is an element consisting of a 90-degree ascent up a tall hill followed by a 90-degree descent, with

1488-423: Is a straight section of track along a launched roller coaster layout in which the train is quickly accelerated to a significant velocity in a matter of seconds. It serves the same basic purpose as a lift hill —providing energy to the train—but does so in a different manner. A lift hill gives the train potential energy as it is slowly raised to the highest point of the lift hill and released. A launch track gives

1550-514: Is a turn or curve in which the track tilts 90 degrees or more, often in the 100–120 degree range. The element is common on large steel roller coasters, particularly those built by Intamin and Rocky Mountain Construction . Two examples include the first turn-around on Superman the Ride at Six Flags New England and the overbanked turn that follows the barrel roll on Iron Gwazi at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay . A Stengel dive combines an overbanked turn with

1612-515: Is a type of turnaround maneuver found on Maurer Rides GmbH's Spinning Coaster model. The horseshoe is essentially a 180-degree turnaround with high banking so that riders are tilted at a 90-degree angle or more at the top at the element. The horseshoe is named that way because the element is shaped roughly like a horseshoe , with a semicircular shape at the top. It is found on coasters such as Dragon's Fury at Chessington World of Adventures and Laff Trakk at Hersheypark . A junior Immelmann loop

1674-481: Is an inversion similar to a corkscrew, except the second half of the element is reversed. The train exits the inversion in the opposite direction from which it entered. Arrow Dynamics debuted the feature on Drachen Fire at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in 1992. It can also be found on other coasters such as Twisted Timbers at Kings Dominion, Steel Curtain at Kennywood Park, and Wonder Woman Golden Lasso Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas. A dive drop (also known as

1736-503: Is commonly found on early B&M roller coasters, as well as older roller coasters from other manufacturers. An alternative name "trick hill" comes from the illusion created from the pre-drop, which "tricks" riders into thinking they have already started the main descent, when in fact they haven't. The station is the area where guests waiting in a line queue board a roller coaster. The line often divides into lanes to allow guests to board each row. In addition to boarding, passengers also exit

1798-544: Is found on Goudurix in Parc Astérix in Plailly , France , or Blue Hawk at Six Flags Over Georgia . The cobra roll is a roller coaster inversion that resembles the shape of a cobra head when flaring its hood. The element consists of two half vertical loops facing the same direction joined by two half corkscrews that each twist in opposite directions. As the train completes the first half loop, it turns perpendicular into

1860-417: Is known as a double up , where two inclines are separated by a level piece of track. Stampida at Portaventura Park is an example that incorporates both a double dip and a double up element. A hammerhead turn is based on a flying maneuver by the same name and is similar to, but not the same as, a 180-degree overbanked turn ( see #Overbanked turn ). The train enters the element with a steep slope up and

1922-411: Is named after its shape. Unlike a cobra roll, the banana roll only inverts riders once. The element first appeared on Takabisha at Fuji-Q Highland in 2011, and it also appears on TMNT Shellraiser at Nickelodeon Universe and Steel Curtain at Kennywood . A batwing is a heart-shaped roller coaster element that features two inversions. The train goes into a reverse sidewinder, followed by

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1984-457: Is regarded as an ACE Classic Coaster. The Great Scenic Railway, Luna Park Sydney’s Wild Mouse and Sea World's Leviathan are the only three operating wooden roller coasters in Australia. The Great Scenic Railway is a 967 metres (3,173 ft) long coaster which has a height of 16 metres (52 ft) and a top speed of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph). A brakeman is required in order to brake

2046-402: Is similar to a normal Immelmann loop , except riders are not inverted and only roll to 90 degrees instead of 180 degrees. The element first appeared on Black Mamba at Phantasialand . A non-inverting cobra roll is similar to a cobra roll, except the half-loops at the entrance and exit level out before reaching 180 degrees, and the train therefore does not invert. Kondaa at Walibi Belgium

2108-440: Is sometimes found on Vekoma roller coasters. A butterfly begins like a vertical loop, but as the track goes up, it twists 45 degrees to one side or the other, and then when it is headed down the track twists back. The maneuver is then repeated but in reverse. It is essentially the same in construction as a batwing or boomerang except for the coaster exiting the construct traveling in the same direction as it began. An example of this

2170-456: Is that rainy weather can greatly reduce friction between the tire and the train, possibly causing the train to slightly overshoot its intended position and cause an emergency stop. A headchopper is the name of an element where the support structure of the ride or a portion of the track appears to come very close to making contact with passengers, particularly with their heads. The illusion is intentional, and headchoppers are designed so that even

2232-496: Is the oldest continuously operating roller coaster in the world. The ride is one of only five roller coasters remaining that requires a brakeman to stand on the train. The Great Scenic Railway opened in December 1912, and has remained continuously in use since, making it the oldest continuously operating roller coaster. The roller coaster was originally built with 65,674 metres (215,466 ft) of Canadian Oregon pine. The roller coaster

2294-481: Is the only coaster to feature this element, according to the Roller Coaster DataBase . A bent Cuban eight is a double inversion element that features two "bent and twisted" Immelmann loops that are connected back to back. Designed by Maurer Rides GmbH , the element only appears on two X-Car roller coaster models from the company, including G Force that was at Drayton Manor Theme Park . A butterfly

2356-616: Is the only ride to feature this element. The non-inverting loop is a variety of loop that, when coming up, twists similar to a heartline roll, leaving riders completely right-side-up when at the top of the loop. Some roller coasters with this element include Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit at Universal Studios Florida , Shock at Rainbow MagicLand, Superman: Ultimate Flight at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom , Flying Aces at Ferrari World , Soaring with Dragon at Hefei Wanda Theme Park, DC Rivals Hypercoaster at Warner Bros. Movie World and Tempesto at Busch Gardens Williamsburg . An overbanked turn

2418-457: The roller coaster train to an elevated point. Upon reaching the top, the train is then disengaged from the lift hill and allowed to coast through the rest of the roller coaster's circuit. Lift hills usually propel the train to the top of the ride via one of a few different types of methods: a chain lift involving a long, continuous chain which trains hook on to and are carried to the top; a drive tire system in which multiple motorized tires push

2480-506: The Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal Orlando. Launch lift hills use mostly linear synchronous motors or linear induction motors but sometimes use drive tires. The linear induction motor is a simple but powerful type of electric motor used to propel the cars. Rather than using a standard enclosed spinning rotor and drive wheels, there is a long flat magnetic pole plate with closely spaced electric coils. This pole plate mounts on

2542-505: The aid of computer-simulated models, newer innovations produced more intense thrills while improving overall quality and durability. A banked turn is when the track twists from the horizontal plane into the vertical plane, tipping the train to the side in the direction of the turn. Banking is used to minimize the lateral G-forces on the riders to make the turn more comfortable. When a banked turn continues to create an upward or downward spiral of approximately 360 degrees or more, it becomes

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2604-452: The buzzing sound only occurs on Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) trains when the solenoid that releases the bar is out of alignment. There are other train types, such as NAD and even some PTC trains, that feature a single-position lap bar that has a mechanical release and therefore does not produce a buzzing sound. Most parks have switched to individual ratcheting lap bars, similar to the lap bars found on steel coasters. Ironically some of

2666-401: The car do not need to touch, and the gap between them can be quite wide to accommodate any side-to-side car motion, so there is no friction or wear between them. Further, the magnetic coil assembly on the driving pole plates are either potted or sealed in a weathertight enclosure, so that rain, vibration, and dust do not affect motor performance or cause drive motor slippage. An on-ride camera

2728-407: The construction of Orient Express at Worlds of Fun , which opened in 1980. Arrow would later refer to the element as a boomerang in future projects, such as the defunct Great American Scream Machine at Six Flags Great Adventure . One variation of the batwing is known as a bowtie , where the entrance and exit of the inversion are in the same direction. Dragon Mountain at Marineland of Canada

2790-501: The earlier ratcheting lap bar conversions use a solenoid release and can also produce a buzzing sound. It can be argued that single-position buzz bars afford riders more air time on roller coasters, as ratcheting lap bars tend to lock further during the ride in many installations. The traditional " pirate ship " style thrill ride often utilizes this type of restraint, as does the Troika . A drive tire, or squeeze tire depending on its usage,

2852-449: The operator can then ask the riders if they would like to go backwards. The speed up element is then repeated again only done in reverse. Most parks and carnivals require riders to be at least 42 inches or even taller, depending on circumstances and ride design. Most Musik Expresses are built with a backdrop dividing the rear third of the ride from the front two-thirds. This backdrop, normally covered in artwork and lights, and providing

2914-398: The other's track. Both Nemesis Inferno at Thorpe Park and Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure feature interlocking corkscrews. Bolliger & Mabillard introduced a variation of the corkscrew that they call a flat spin, where riders are quickly snapped through the inversion at varying speeds, as opposed to a standard corkscrew that rotates riders at slower, constant speeds. A cutback

2976-429: The ride within the station, but this is not always at the same location where boarding passengers are waiting. A roller coaster train describes the vehicle (s) which transports passengers around a roller coaster's circuit. More specifically, a roller coaster train is made up of two or more "cars" which are connected by some sort of specialized universal joint . The vehicle is called a "train" due to its similarities with

3038-416: The ride. A pre-drop, or preliminary drop, is any small hill following the lift hill that precedes the main drop. After a train is hauled up the lift and begins to descend down the hill in a standard configuration, the force of gravity pulls the train cars that are still hooked to the lift. When a pre-drop is used, the tension and stress on the lift mechanism is reduced prior to the train's release. The element

3100-416: The roller coaster. The roller coaster has three trains with two cars. Each car can sit up to 10 riders, although only 8 are used in the rear carriage. Each train weighs about 2 tonnes (2.2 short tons). The roller coaster begins by entering a cable lift hill. It then reaches its highest point. The ride starts with a few large drops and goes through a series of small structures. The ride then goes through

3162-461: The tallest rider, with both hands up, would be unable to make contact assuming rider height requirements are being met. Headchoppers were originally common elements on wooden coasters but have since become increasingly more common on steel coasters as well. On inverted roller coasters , the equivalent is a foot chopper , which creates the illusion that riders' legs will make contact with the ride's support structure or some other structure, similar to

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3224-424: The track underneath the car and a matching metal plate attached to the car moves across the magnetic pole faces. By applying a multiphase alternating current to the poles, the pole plate induces eddy currents into the moving plate and can be used to accelerate or brake the car. Compared to other drive mechanisms, the linear motor is typically maintenance-free. The pole faces on the track and moving plate attached to

3286-448: The train kinetic energy immediately during its quick acceleration at launch, which often occurs before the train enters its first significant incline. A launch track normally includes some form of brakes to brace for an expected return of the train, such as in a shuttle roller coaster design, or for an unexpected return of the train when a rollback occurs on a complete-circuit coaster. Rollbacks are more common on coasters that feature

3348-458: The train and rely on a brakeman operator to apply them as needed. Older wooden coasters are also more likely to rely on skid brakes, which may still depend on manual engagement at a nearby control panel or by moving large levers in the station. Single-position lap bars on wooden roller coasters are sometimes referred to as "buzz bars", a slang term named for the buzzing sound that some bars make as they lock or release. The term can be misleading as

3410-519: The train makes a turn of more than 180 degrees; however, because of the entry and exit curves, the overall effect is that of a 180-degree turn that exits toward the direction from which it entered, roughly parallel to the portion of track preceding the hammerhead turn. Hammerhead turns are found on some B&M hypercoasters . Examples of these coasters are Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure , Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland , Diamondback at Kings Island and Mako at SeaWorld Orlando . A horseshoe

3472-405: The train passes through keyhole elements. The train seats riders in pairs on both sides of the track, with nothing above or below each rider, as it passes through the center of an object creating the illusion its passengers may not have enough clearance to fit. A helix is a section of track that forms a spiral, which generally exceeds 360°. Helixes can spiral upward or downward. A launch track

3534-474: The train up an incline. Some roller coasters use drive tires instead of a chain on lift hills. Notable examples include many junior coasters made by Vekoma and Zierer , The Olympia Looping traveling roller coaster, and Mindbender at Galaxyland . Drive tires are also used to power other types of amusement rides, such as ferris wheels , Pirate Ships , and other spinning rides. When oriented horizontally, drive tires are often put in pairs so as to "squeeze"

3596-421: The train upward; a cable lift system as seen on Millennium Force at Cedar Point ; or a linear synchronous motor system as seen on Maverick . Launch lift hills are similar to launch tracks, but inclined rather than flat. Sometimes, launch lift hills serve the same purpose as lift hills but offer faster transport to the top of the lift hill; or they are sometimes used to power the train up into an element, like

3658-417: The train usually exiting in the opposite direction from which it entered. Top hats are commonly found on launched coasters, and in a standard configuration, the track twists so that the train does not invert during the ride. Top Thrill 2 at Cedar Point and Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure   —   the only two strata coasters in existence  —   feature a top hat element. In

3720-419: The train, while block brakes are brake sections that stop the train completely. Roller coasters may incorporate multiple brake runs throughout the coaster's track layout to adjust the train's speed at any given time. While modern roller coasters have at least one computer-controlled brake run embedded in the track, older coasters such as The Great Scenic Railway at Luna Park Melbourne may have brakes onboard

3782-715: The words "Mit Musik Geht Alles Besser", which translated from German reads, "With Music Everything Goes Better." The variant used in fairs across Hawaii feature murals of several famous artists, such as The Beatles , Jimi Hendrix , Janis Joplin , Elvis Presley , the logo of The Rolling Stones , and even fictional bands and singers. Previously located at Sofia Land (2002-2006), and Dreamland Margate (2015-2016) . Previously traveled German fair circuit (1987-1988) and located at Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach (1990). Headchopper (coaster element) Roller coasters are widely known for their drops, inversions, airtime , and other intense ride elements that contribute to

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3844-408: Was Sea Serpent at Morey's Piers in 1984. A corkscrew inversion resembles a helix that rotates riders 360 degrees perpendicular to the track. It was named for its resemblance of a corkscrew tool used to remove bottle corks. Unlike vertical loops , riders face forward for the duration of the inversion. The corkscrew was the first modern-day coaster inversion element. It first appeared in 1975 on

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