The Museum Godeffroy was a museum in Hamburg , Germany , which existed from 1861 to 1885.
74-721: The collection was founded by Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy , who became a wealthy shipping magnate a few years after the expansion of the trade towards Australia and the South Seas . His expert collectors and captains brought back to Hamburg zoological , botanical and ethnographic material. Captains of vessels, traders and missionaries received exact instructions and appropriate equipment so that they could collect soft bodied animals into alcohol, properly set butterflies or beetles, and prepare bird and mammal skins and skulls. Herbarium instructions and mineral collecting kits were also issued. Duplicate or unwanted parts were sold. Throughout
148-612: A Spanish expedition under Ferdinand Magellan reached the Marianas. This contact is recorded in Antonio Pigafetta 's chronicle of Magellan's voyage, in which he recounts that the Chamorro people had no apparent knowledge of people outside of their island group. A Portuguese account of the same voyage suggests that the Chamorro people who greeted the travellers did so "without any shyness as if they were good acquaintances". Further contact
222-476: A chain of sixteen atolls and coral islands, arranged in an approximate north-to-south line. In a geographical sense, the equator serves as the dividing line between the northern Gilbert Islands and the southern Gilbert Islands. The Republic of Kiribati contains all of the Gilberts, including the island of Tarawa , the site of the country's capital. The Mariana Islands are an arc-shaped archipelago made up by
296-527: A cluttered warehouse. It was time to find a proper place to house, list, organize, and finally display them to a fascinated public, and in 1860 Godeffroy wrote to Dr. Eduard Heinrich Graeffe (1833–1919) in Switzerland to request his services in founding a museum. The 28-year-old Swiss zoologist accepted and boarded a train for Hamburg in 1861. After a short time the Museum Godeffroy was founded, and Graeffe
370-805: A mandate to Japan and were named the South Seas Mandate . During World War II , Nauru and Ocean Island were occupied by Japanese troops, with also an occupation of some of the Gilbert Islands and were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. Following Japan's defeat in World War II its mandate became a United Nations Trusteeship administered by the United States as the Trust Territory of
444-719: A shareholder. After the death of his father Johann Cesar Godeffroy (1781–1845) on 3 July 1845 he took over the company. In this year he was elected to the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce . From 1846 the company negotiated partnerships and mergers with various companies notably "Elb-Kupferwerk" (copper ore processors) and "Reiherstieg Hermann V. Roos" (shipbuilders). In 1857 he took control of the newly established "L. R. Beit, Gold- und Silber-Affinerie" now Aurubis AG . Other business arrangements were made with "Tesdorf FJ & Son", "Elbhütte Affinir- und Handelsgesellschaft" and "Elb-Zuckersiederei" (sugar refiners). In these years also co-founded
518-627: A subset of the sea-migrating Austronesian people , who may also include the Polynesian people and the hypothetical Australo-Melanesian or " Melanesian people". Human settlement of Micronesia began several millennia ago. Based on the current scientific consensus, the Austronesian peoples originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration , known as the Austronesian expansion , from pre- Han Formosa , at around 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reached
592-565: A subspecies of the Pelew flying fox or the Mariana fruit bat , is also endemic to Yap. The region has a tropical marine climate moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds . There is little seasonal temperature variation. The dry season runs from December or January to June and the rainy season from July to November or December. Because of the location of some islands, the rainy season can sometimes include typhoons . The Northern Mariana Islands were
666-517: A tennis club. This is now Hirschpark de:Hirschpark . He also established a horse farm . In June 1836 with his younger brother, Adolph, Carl Merck , Charles Parish, Dr. Edward Sieveking , Dr. Johann Gustav Heckscher and five other enthusiasts he founded the Hamburg Rowing Club . It is the oldest rowing club on the European continent and still exists today. From 1859 to 1864 he sat as a member of
740-521: A time. However, they tend to stay mainly at ports of entry and are too few in number to be counted as a major source of income. Copra production used to be a more significant source of income, however, world prices have dropped in part to large palm plantations that are now planted in places like Borneo . The people today form many ethnicities, but all are descended from and belong to the Micronesian culture. Because of this mixture of descent, many of
814-524: A total land area of 2,700 km (1,000 sq mi), the largest of which is Guam , which covers 582 km (225 sq mi). The total ocean area within the perimeter of the islands is 7,400,000 km (2,900,000 sq mi). There are four main island groups in Micronesia: This does not include the separate island nation of Nauru , along with other distinctly separate islands and smaller island groups. The Caroline Islands are
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#1733085374910888-517: A widely scattered archipelago consisting of about 500 small coral islands , north of New Guinea and east of the Philippines . The Carolines consist of two nations: the Federated States of Micronesia , consisting of approximately 600 islands on the eastern side of the chain with Kosrae being the most eastern; and Palau consisting of 250 islands on the western side. The Gilbert Islands are
962-559: Is an atoll in the Marshall Islands. There are 23 islands in the Bikini Atoll. The islands of Bokonijien, Aerokojlol and part of Nam were destroyed during nuclear tests that occurred there. The islands are composed of low coral limestone and sand. The average elevation is only about 2.1 metres (7 ft) above low tide level. Nauru is an oval-shaped island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 42 km (26 mi) south of
1036-826: Is in the Victoria Museum in Melbourne, Australia.The zoological material supports Faunistic of Oceania and Australasia Johann Schmeltz , the former curator was already a co-worker of the Ethnographic Museum in Leiden (now the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ), which had purchased parts of the ethnographic collection. Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy Johann Cesar Godeffroy (7 July 1813 in Kiel – 9 February 1885 in Blankenese )
1110-525: Is under the immediate administration of the United States Air Force . Notwithstanding the fact that the notion of "Micronesia" has been quite well established since 1832 and has been used ever since, by most popular works, this set does not correspond to any geomorphological, archaeological, linguistic, ethnic or cultural unity, but on the contrary represents a disparate ensemble, with no real deep unity. In fact, "Micronesian people" does not exist as
1184-618: The Carolines to the south. The Chamorro language is included in the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian family. Because Guam was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, many words derive from the Spanish language . The traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers. The Chuukese people are an ethnic group in Oceania . They constitute 48% of the population of
1258-527: The Carolinian people may have originally immigrated from the Asian mainland and Indonesia to Micronesia around 2,000 years ago. Their primary language is Carolinian , called Refaluwasch by native speakers, which has a total of about 5,700 speakers. The Carolinians have a matriarchal society in which respect is a very important factor in their daily lives, especially toward the matriarchs . Most Carolinians are of
1332-450: The Equator , listed as the world's smallest republic , covering just 21 km (8 sq mi). With 12,511 residents, it is the third least-populated country , after Vatican City and Tuvalu . The island is surrounded by a coral reef, which is exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles. The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a seaport , although channels in
1406-943: The Museum für Völkerkunde Hamburg ; the Ethnological Museum of Berlin ; the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford ; and the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum in Dundee . There is also zoological material in the Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, the Museum für Naturkunde , Berlin, the Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste and the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna .The Godeffroy Collection of Australian and South Pacific insects
1480-579: The Ratak Chain and the Ralik Chain (meaning "sunrise" and "sunset" chains). All the islands in the chain are part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands , a presidential republic in free association with the United States. Having few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture . Of the 29 atolls, 24 of them are inhabited. Bikini Atoll
1554-472: The Roman Catholic faith. The immigration of Carolinians to Saipan began in the early 19th century, after the Spanish reduced the local population of Chamorro natives to just 3,700. They began to immigrate mostly sailing from small canoes from other islands, which a typhoon previously devastated. The Carolinians have a much darker complexion than the native Chamorros . The Chamorro people are
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#17330853749101628-673: The Spanish–American War . Spain then sold the remaining northerly islands to Germany in 1899. Germany lost all of her colonies at the end of World War I and the Northern Mariana Islands became a League of Nations Mandate, with Japan as the mandatory. After World War II , the islands were transferred into the United Nations Trust Territory System, with the United States as Trustee. In 1976,
1702-424: The United States Air Force . While geographically adjacent, it is not ethnoculturally part of Micronesia, due to its historical lack of human inhabitation. Micronesians may have possibly visited Wake Island in prehistoric times to harvest fish, but there is nothing to suggest any kind of settlement. The majority of the islands in the area are part of a coral atoll . Coral atolls begin as coral reefs that grow on
1776-962: The Western Cape , the Eastern Cape , British Kaffraria and Natal . After the financial crash of the late 1850 , the firm supplemented its revenue by taking on passengers to the Australian gold rush and the California gold rush . The German imperial government utilized the Godeffroy company as part of its colonial policy in the Pacific Islands. Nevertheless, in 1878, the company went bankrupt due to speculations with German mining stocks and then emerged as Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft der Südseeinseln zu Hamburg , or DHPG, with continuity and management by Godeffroy personnel. Johann Godeffroy attended
1850-613: The barques Johann Caesar , Peter Godeffroy , La Rochelle , Wandram , Suzanne , Iserbrook , Victoria , and until the economic crisis of 1857, the renowned American-built clipper Sovereign of the Seas . In 1855, trade was expanded into the Pacific following negotiations by Godeffroy's agent in Valparaiso, August Unselm. He sailed out to the Navigator Islands , The Friendly Islands , Fiji, and finally Tahiti . The trading business in
1924-669: The indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands , which are politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia. The Chamorro are commonly believed to have come from Southeast Asia at around 2000 BC . They are most closely related to other Austronesian natives to the west in the Philippines and Taiwan , as well as
1998-630: The Hamburg Parliament. Starting Pacific trading in Cochin-China and supported by merged, partner companies, share-holders (including Otto von Bismarck ) and bankers in Hamburg and under the close direction of Johann Caesar Godeffroy the company was soon throughout the South Seas, with centres of operation at Apia and Valparaiso, and a fleet of trading barques, brigs and schooners, which traded through
2072-633: The Kontorhäuser (Counting House Building) of the company "J. C. Godeffroy & son". The exhibition on two floors covered the natural history, ethnography and anthropology of the South Seas . Mammals , birds , reptiles , fish , amphibians , butterflies , beetles and other insects , marine life (especially shells ), masks, totems, costume, weapons, personal ornament and anthropological subjects, aboriginal skulls, photographs of native peoples and so on were displayed in small cases. Larger items, such as boats and reconstructed houses, stood free. Admission
2146-611: The Mariana Islands, and other possessions to Germany. Under German control, the islands became a protectorate and were administered from German New Guinea . Nauru had already been annexed and claimed as a colony by Germany in 1888. In the early 20th century, the islands of Micronesia were divided between three foreign powers: During World War I , Germany's Pacific island territories were seized and became League of Nations mandates in 1923. Nauru became an Australian mandate, while Germany's other territories in Micronesia were given as
2220-528: The Museum with their successful collecting of birds, mammals, fishes, shells, butterflies, beetles and other insects, plants, and ethnographic objects. The museum also functioned as a natural history dealership. On the establishment of the museum, Godeffroy was made an honorary member of the Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte . Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy is commemorated in
2294-687: The North German Bank and the North German Insurance Company. Due to lack of liquidity the company J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn at the end of 1879 began legal process with its creditors. This took over 30 years but finally in 1913 the company name "J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn" was erased from the Register. On 2 February 1837 Johann Cesar Godeffroy married Emily Hanbury (1815–1894) whose family had close trading ties with Livorno . The couple had five children, with Johann Cesar Godeffroy (1838–1912),
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2368-546: The Northern Mariana Islands and the United States entered into a covenant of political union under which commonwealth status was granted the Northern Mariana Islands and its residents received United States citizenship. The Marshall Islands are located north of Nauru and Kiribati , east of the Federated States of Micronesia , and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island . The islands consist of 29 low-lying atolls and 5 isolated islands, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets . The atolls and islands form two groups:
2442-721: The Northern Marianas the only islands in Oceania where rice was grown prior to European contact. However, it was considered a high-status crop and only used in rituals. It did not become a staple until after Spanish colonization . Construction of Nan Madol , a megalithic complex made from basalt lava logs in Pohnpei, began in around 1180 CE. This was followed by the construction of the Leluh complex in Kosrae in around 1200. The earliest known contact with Europeans occurred in 1521, when
2516-551: The Pacific Islands . Nauru became independent in 1968. Today, most of Micronesia are independent states, except for the U.S. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam and Wake Island , which are U.S. territories. The Pacific Community (SPC) is a regional intergovernmental organization whose membership includes both nations and territories in the Pacific Ocean and their metropolitan powers. Nationally,
2590-525: The Pacific was very profitable and new outposts and plantations were established on many Pacific Islands. The goods were copra , coconut oil and luxuries such as pearl , as well as slaves (see blackbirding ). In 1857, a central outpost, directing Pacific operations was established at Apia . Johann Godeffroy was also able to take advantage of an immigration scheme to Southern Africa and between October 1859 and September 1883 no less than 36 ships sailed for southern Africa, bringing hundreds of German families to
2664-461: The United States, and the $ 150 million the US paid into a trust fund for reparations of residents of Bikini Atoll who had to move after nuclear testing. Few mineral deposits worth exploiting exist, except for some high-grade phosphate, especially on Nauru . Most residents of Micronesia can freely move to and work within, the United States. Relatives working in the US who send money home to relatives represent
2738-525: The United States; some of them belong to the U.S. Territory of Guam and the rest belong to the U.S. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . The island of Nauru is its own sovereign nation. The Marshall Islands all belong to the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The sovereignty of Wake Island is contested: it is claimed both by the United States and by the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The United States has actual possession of Wake Island, which
2812-865: The Yap islands occurred in 1625. In the early 17th century Spain colonized Guam , the Northern Marianas and the Caroline Islands (what would later become the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Palau), creating the Spanish East Indies , which was governed from the Spanish Philippines . When Russian explorer Otto von Kotzebue visited the Marshall Islands in 1817, he noted that Marshallese families practiced infanticide after
2886-443: The ancestors of the Polynesian people . Further migrations by other Austronesians also followed, likely from Sulawesi , settling Palau and Yap by around 1000 BCE. The details of this colonization, however, are not very well known. In 200 BCE, a loosely connected group of Lapita colonists from Island Melanesia also migrated back northwards, settling the islands of eastern Micronesia almost simultaneously. This region became
2960-594: The area. The abridgement began 1885. The same year in which Cesar Godeffroy died, Dr. Wilhelm Godeffroy finished the negotiations without reaching his wish, to keep the collection in its own rooms in Hamburg. A large number of exhibits and specimens survive today in the Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig (now merged with the Staatlichen Ethnographischen Sammlung Sachsens and containing 5000 objects comprehensive for Micronesia and Fiji and including objects from Melanesia and Polynesia );
3034-486: The birth of a third child as a form of population planning due to frequent famines . In 1819, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions —a Protestant group—brought their Puritan ways to Polynesia. Soon after, the Hawaiian Missionary Society was founded and sent missionaries into Micronesia. Conversion was not met with as much opposition, as the local religions were less developed (at least according to Western ethnographic accounts). In contrast, it took until
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3108-446: The center of another wave of migrations radiating outwards, reconnecting them with other settled islands in western Micronesia. Around 800 CE, a second wave of migrants from Southeast Asia arrived in the Marianas, beginning what is now known as the Latte period . These new settlers built large structures with distinctive capped stone pillars known as haligi . They also reintroduced rice (which did not survive earlier voyages), making
3182-423: The company obtained a 25-year lease to the eastern islet of Niuoku of Nukulaelae Atoll. For many years the islanders and the company argued over the lease, including its terms and the importation of labourers, however the company remained until the lease expired in 1890. At Apia they had a shipbuilding yard and repairing sheds. The ships never insured and their captains were paid commission of three per cent, on
3256-460: The earlier populations on the islands in their migration pathway. The earliest known contact of Europeans with Micronesia was in 1521, when Magellan expedition landed in the Marianas . Jules Dumont d'Urville is usually credited with coining the term "Micronesia" in 1832, but in fact, Louis Domeny de Rienzi [ fr ] used this term a year earlier. Micronesia is a region in Oceania that includes approximately 2100 islands, with
3330-401: The eldest son. His brother Gustav Godeffroy was a Senator for the city of Hamburg in the Frankfurt National Assembly and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Norddeutsche Bank . His brother, Adolph Godeffroy in 1847 was co-founder of the passenger line "Hamburg-Amerikanischen Packetfahrt-AG“ (HAPAG) " (HAPAG) and until 1880 the presiding director. During the winter months the family lived in
3404-504: The end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries for missionaries to fully convert the inhabitants of Melanesia; however, a comparison of the cultural contrast must take into account the fact that Melanesia has always had deadly strains of malaria present in various degrees and distributions throughout its history (see De Rays Expedition ) and up to the present; conversely, Micronesia does not have—and never seems to have had—any malarial mosquitos nor pathogens on any of its islands in
3478-455: The ethnicities of Micronesia feel closer to some groups in Melanesia , or the Philippines . A good example of this are the Yapese people who are related to Austronesian tribes in the northern Philippines . Genetics also show a significant number of Micronesian have Japanese paternal ancestry: 9.5% of males from Micronesia as well as 0.2% in East Timor carry the Haplogroup D-M55 . There are also substantial Asian communities found across
3552-409: The finest alluvial soil soon transformed into plantations of, mainly, copra or coconut oil, pearl-shell or sea-island cotton. These were worked by over 1,000 labourers imported from Melanesia. Another plantation of 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) was later started at Yap in the Pelew Group and in 1873 trading posts were established in the Bismarck archipelago . In 1865 in the Ellice Group (now Tuvalu )
3626-626: The first islands in Oceania colonized by the Austronesian peoples . They were settled by the voyagers who sailed eastwards from the Philippines in approximately 1500 BCE. These populations gradually moved southwards until they reached the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands by 1300 BCE and reconnected with the Lapita culture of the southeast migration branch of Austronesians moving through coastal New Guinea and Island Melanesia . By 1200 BCE, they again began crossing open seas beyond inter-island visibility, reaching Vanuatu , Fiji , and New Caledonia ; before continuing eastwards to become
3700-462: The island, and is distributed among six sovereign nations. Some of the Caroline Islands are part of the Republic of Palau and some are part of the Federated States of Micronesia (often shortened to "FSM" or "Micronesia"—not to be confused with the identical name for the overall region). The Gilbert Islands (along with the Phoenix Islands and the Line Islands in Polynesia) comprise the Republic of Kiribati . The Mariana Islands are affiliated with
3774-405: The islands from China to the Pacific coast flying the company colours – a white flag with a ribboned golden dove on a blue horizontal bar with golden stripes, below the bar is a blue inscription: "J.C.G. & S. In Apia the company supplied arms and ammunition from an armaments subsidiary at Liege . These were supplied to the warring factions on Apia in exchange for 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) of
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#17330853749103848-404: The loss of the administrative center of Manila and indefensible after the loss of two Spanish fleets in the war. The Spanish government therefore decided to sell the remaining islands to a new colonial power: the German Empire . The treaty, which was signed by Spanish Prime Minister Francisco Silvela on 12 February 1899, transferred the Caroline Islands (Kosrae in the east to Palau in the west),
3922-478: The museum's history it also sold human skulls from the Pacific regions (including Australia ) where the company had a monopoly. This was very profitable. Anthropometry and "Missing Link" theories required especially Aborigine skulls and these were sold to scientific institutions and museums worldwide. The more important material was sold to Otto Finsch and Rudolf Virchow , then pre-eminent German physical anthropologists. The museum opened in 1861 in parts of
3996-427: The museum's holdings. Georg named the rare Samoa butterfly Papilio godeffroyi for Johann Godeffroy. After the discontinuation of all payments in Dec. 1879 the museum existed further as it did not belong to the company J.C. Godeffroy & Son anymore. Dr. Wilhelm Godeffroy became the owner for a grant to the company. Since 1881 the museum had been threatened in its existence, as all buildings should be pulled down in
4070-477: The net profit of each voyage. Ships always left Apia under sealed orders to disguise their intentions from competitors. More innovative was the introduction of debased South American currencies as the sole means of exchange so controlling the money. Beginning as a personal collection of birds, shells, fish, and other animals, as well as cultural objects from all localities visited by the Godeffroy ships, Godeffroy's natural history cabinet grew in size until it occupied
4144-399: The northernmost Philippines , specifically the Batanes Islands , by around 2200 BCE. Austronesians were the first people to invent oceangoing sailing technologies (notably catamarans , outrigger boats , lashed-lug boat building , and the crab claw sail ), which enabled their rapid dispersal into the islands of the Indo-Pacific . From 2000 BCE they assimilated (or were assimilated by)
4218-456: The past. In the Spanish–American War , Spain lost many of its remaining colonies. In the Pacific, the United States took possession of the Spanish Philippines and Guam. On 17 January 1899, the United States also took possession of unclaimed and uninhabited Wake Island. This left Spain with the remainder of the Spanish East Indies, about 6,000 tiny islands that were sparsely populated and not very productive. These islands were ungovernable after
4292-403: The primary income is the sale of fishing rights to foreign nations that harvest tuna using huge purse seiners . A few Japanese long liners still ply the waters. The crews aboard fishing fleets contribute little to the local economy since their ships typically set sail loaded with stores and provisions that are cheaper than local goods. Additional money comes in from government grants, mostly from
4366-430: The primary source of individual income. Additional individual income comes mainly from government jobs and work within shops and restaurants. The tourist industry consists mainly of scuba divers that come to see the coral reefs, do wall dives and visit sunken ships from WWII. Major stops for scuba divers in approximate order are Palau, Chuuk, Yap and Pohnpei. Some private yacht owners visit the area for months or years at
4440-417: The reef allow small boats access to the island. A fertile coastal strip 150 to 300 m (490 to 980 ft) wide lies inland from the beach. Wake Island is a coral atoll with a coastline of 19 km (12 mi) just north of the Marshall Islands . It is an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States. Access to the island is restricted and all activities on the island are managed by
4514-443: The region, most notably in the Northern Mariana Islands where they form the majority and smaller communities of Europeans who have migrated from the United States or are descendants of settlers during European colonial rule in Micronesia. Though they are all geographically part of the same region, they all have very different colonial histories. The US-administered areas of Micronesia have a unique experience that sets them apart from
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#17330853749104588-406: The rest of the Pacific. Micronesia has great economic dependency on its former or current motherlands, something only comparable to the French Pacific. Sometimes, the term American Micronesia is used to acknowledge the difference in cultural heritage. A 2011 survey found that 93.1% of Micronesian are Christians ; a survey in 2022 showed that 99% were Christian. It is thought that ancestors of
4662-421: The scientific name of a species of lizard, Hypsilurus godeffroyi . Micronesia Micronesia ( UK : / ˌ m aɪ k r ə ˈ n iː z i ə / , US : /- ˈ n iː ʒ ə / ) is a subregion of Oceania , consisting of approximately 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean . It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: Maritime Southeast Asia to
4736-512: The slopes of a central volcano . When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level. One exception is Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia , which still has the central volcano and coral reefs around it. The Yap Islands host a number of endemic bird species, including the Yap monarch and the Olive white-eye , in addition to four other restricted-range bird species. The endangered Yap flying-fox , though often considered
4810-410: The summits of fifteen volcanic mountains. The island chain arises as a result of the western edge of the Pacific Plate moving westward and plunging downward below the Mariana plate , a region that is the most volcanically active convergent plate boundary on Earth. The Marianas were politically divided in 1898, when the United States acquired title to Guam under the Treaty of Paris, 1898 , which ended
4884-444: The town school of Katharineum of Lübeck from about 1821 to 1830, as did his younger brothers and his older brother Gustav Adolph. He then trained at Parish & Co. whose owner Richard Parish was married to Susanne Godeffroy, a daughter of Peter Godeffroy, brother of his grandfather. An internship in England followed. Towards the end of 1835, he joined his father's company, "J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn" and on 1 January 1837 he became
4958-409: The trade was in Western Europe and the West Indies with textiles as export item; the goods returning to Hamburg included copper, coffee, wine, figs , and sugar from Cuba . Under Johann Cesar VI Godeffroy outposts were established in Havana and in Valparaiso . He built a fleet of trading ships that, at its peak, numbered 29 deep water sailing vessels and some 100 smaller ships. Among these ships were
5032-580: The upper floors of a house in the Old Wandrahm inside Hamburg, office spaces occupied the lower floor. This house was built around 1760. The rest of the year they lived far outside the city Dockenhuden, today a part of Blankenese in a cottage built by the Danish architect Christian Frederik Hansen in 1789 Landhaus J. C. Godeffroy . Nearby, in the area known as Iserbrook, he planted extensive woodlands where Hamburg bourgeoisie, notably Ernst Merck , William Henry O'Swald , Corad Hinrich Donner Johann Heinrich Schröder and Robert Miles Sloman were entertained at
5106-477: The west, Polynesia to the east, and Melanesia to the south—as well as with the wider community of Austronesian peoples . The region has a tropical marine climate and is part of the Oceanian realm . It includes four main archipelagos —the Caroline Islands , the Gilbert Islands , the Mariana Islands , and the Marshall Islands — as well as numerous islands that are not part of any archipelago. Political control of areas within Micronesia varies depending on
5180-430: Was Johann Schmeltz (1839–1909). In addition, he provided 1865 and 1881 sales catalogs and edited the Journal des Museum Godeffroy . A number of binomial names were published for the first time in these publications giving them significance in classification . The Semper brothers, also from Hamburg, Otto (1830–1907), Karl (1832–1893) and Georg (1837–1909) played an important part in the assembly and conservation of
5254-442: Was a German trader , blackbirder and Hanseat . He was the founder of Museum Godeffroy . The Godeffroys were French Huguenots of La Rochelle . In 1737 they were forced to flee France to avoid religious persecution after events following the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685. The family sought asylum in Prussia and finally settled in the port city of Hamburg, founding a trading empire known as J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn. At first
5328-554: Was made during the sixteenth century, although often initial encounters were very brief. Documents relating to the 1525 voyage of Diogo da Rocha suggest that he made the first European contact with inhabitants of the Caroline Islands, possibly staying on the Ulithi atoll for four months and encountering Yap . Marshall Islanders were encountered by the expedition of Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón in 1529. Other contact with
5402-557: Was sent to the Pacific in October 1861 to supervise the acquisition of more material. Graeffe settled in Apia and directed the Godeffroy operations there for the next decade while also collecting in Tahiti, Fiji, Tonga, Australia, Samoa, and other South Pacific Islands. Other scientific collectors were hired by the company who, working in different areas of the Pacific Ocean, helped increase the holdings of
5476-492: Was weekdays from 11 to 14 o'clock for one Mark , and on the weekends from 10 to 14 o'clock for 50 Pfennig . Experts in various fields ("Auftragssammler") were employed on expeditions and for scientific examination and other work on the collection. They included Eduard Heinrich Graeffe , Amalie Dietrich , Johann Stanislaus Kubary , Richard Parkinson , Andrew Garrett , Eduard Dämel , Franz Hübner , Alfred Tetens and Theodor Kleinschmidt , among others. The overall curator
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