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55-510: In close cooperation with Franz Gertsch , the Swiss architects Hansueli Jörg and Martin Sturm designed exhibition spaces that are aligned in their function with reference to the works on display.The museum building, completed in 2002, is divided into two exposed concrete cubes, which stand at right angles to one another and surround a museum garden. The total exhibition area of some 1000 metres. (10,000 sq ft)

110-811: A calm, safe environment is beneficial. Antipsychotic agents such as neuroleptics and haloperidol are not recommended as they may have adverse psychotomimetic effects . Gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal is of little use due to the rapid absorption of LSD, unless done within 30–60 minutes of ingesting exceedingly huge amounts. Administration of anticoagulants , vasodilators , and sympatholytics may be useful for treating ergotism . Many novel psychoactive substances of 25-NB (NBOMe) series, such as 25I-NBOMe and 25B-NBOMe , are regularly sold as LSD in blotter papers. NBOMe compounds are often associated with life-threatening toxicity and death. Fatalities involved in NBOMe intoxication suggest that

165-403: A withdrawal syndrome does not appear, suggesting that a potential syndrome does not necessarily relate to the possibility of acquiring rapid tolerance to a substance. A report examining substance use disorder for DSM-IV noted that almost no hallucinogens produced dependence, unlike psychoactive drugs of other classes such as stimulants and depressants . The mutagenic potential of LSD

220-402: A " bad trip ". Despite lower rates of depression and substance abuse found in psychedelic drug users compared to controls, LSD presents heightened risks for individuals with severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia. These hallucinogens can catalyze psychiatric disorders in predisposed individuals, although they do not tend to induce illness in emotionally healthy people. While research from

275-513: A bad trip after LSD intoxication may be presented with severe anxiety, tachycardia, often accompanied by phases of psychotic agitation and varying degrees of delusions. Cases of death on a bad trip have been reported due to prone maximal restraint (commonly known as a hogtie) and positional asphyxia when the individuals were restrained by law enforcement personnel . Massive doses are largely managed by symptomatic treatments , and agitation can be addressed with benzodiazepines . Reassurance in

330-401: A classical psychedelic, is deemed physiologically safe at standard dosages (50–200 μg) and its primary risks lie in psychological effects rather than physiological harm. A 2010 study by David Nutt ranked LSD as significantly less harmful than alcohol , placing it near the bottom of a list assessing the harm of 20 drugs. LSD can induce panic attacks or extreme anxiety, colloquially termed

385-502: A decision, together with Franz Gertsch, to create a museum to be maintained by them both. Willy Michel secured the financing for the entire project and established the willy michel foundation, which provides the basis for the museum's collection. This collection comprises the complete works of Franz Gertsch dating from the past 20 years. These specifically include the paintings Silvia I and Gräser I-IV (Grasses I-IV) as well as many woodcuts, among them several large-scale triptychs. In addition,

440-492: A decrease in activity and connectivity was observed in cortical areas that are dense with 5-HT 1A receptor. Experimental data suggest that subcortical structures, particularly the thalamus, play a synergistic role with the cerebral cortex in mediating the psychedelic experience. LSD, through its binding to cortical 5-HT 2A receptor, may enhance excitatory neurotransmission along frontostriatal projections and, consequently, reduce thalamic filtering of sensory stimuli towards

495-433: A high affinity for LSD. The psychedelic effects of LSD are attributed to cross-activation of 5-HT 2A receptor heteromers . Many but not all 5-HT 2A agonists are psychedelics and 5-HT 2A antagonists block the psychedelic activity of LSD. LSD exhibits functional selectivity at the 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors in that it activates the signal transduction enzyme phospholipase A2 instead of activating

550-797: A lid over the diethylamide end of the binding cavity which explains the slow rate of LSD unbinding from serotonin receptors. The related lysergamide lysergic acid amide (LSA) that lacks the diethylamide moiety is far less hallucinogenic in comparison. LSD, like other psychedelics, has been found to increase the expression of genes related to synaptic plasticity. This is in part due to binding to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor TrkB. The acute effects of LSD normally last between 6 and 10 hours depending on dosage, tolerance, and age. Aghajanian and Bing (1964) found LSD had an elimination half-life of only 175 minutes (about 3 hours). However, using more accurate techniques, Papac and Foltz (1990) reported that 1 μg/kg oral LSD given to

605-434: A median of 1.5 hours (range 0.5–4 hours) post-administration. Concentrations of LSD decreased following first-order kinetics with a half-life of 3.6±0.9 hours and a terminal half-life of 8.9±5.9 hours. The effects of the dose of LSD given lasted for up to 12 hours and were closely correlated with the concentrations of LSD present in circulation over time, with no acute tolerance observed. Only 1% of

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660-488: A positive result for LSD and a negative result for NBOMe compounds. Most serotonergic psychedelics are not significantly dopaminergic , and LSD is therefore atypical in this regard. The agonism of the D 2 receptor by LSD may contribute to its psychoactive effects in humans. LSD binds to most serotonin receptor subtypes except for the 5-HT 3 and 5-HT 4 receptors . However, most of these receptors are affected at too low affinity to be sufficiently activated by

715-410: A sense of spiritual enlightenment, and a feeling of interconnectedness with the universe. Negative experiences, commonly known as " bad trips ", can induce feelings of fear, agitation, anxiety, panic and paranoia. While the occurrence of a bad trip is unpredictable, factors such as mood, surroundings, sleep, hydration, and social setting, collectively referred to as " set and setting ", can influence

770-511: A significant number of individuals ingested the substance which they believed was LSD, and researchers report that "users familiar with LSD may have a false sense of security when ingesting NBOMe inadvertently". Researchers state that the alleged physiological toxicity of LSD is likely due to psychoactive substances other than LSD. NBOMe compounds are reported to have a bitter taste, are not active orally, and are usually taken sublingually. When NBOMes are administered sublingually, numbness of

825-470: A single male volunteer had an apparent plasma half-life of 5.1 hours, with a peak plasma concentration of 5 ng/mL at 3 hours post-dose. The pharmacokinetics of LSD were not properly determined until 2015, which is not surprising for a drug with the kind of low-μg potency that LSD possesses. In a sample of 16 healthy subjects, a single mid-range 200 μg oral dose of LSD was found to produce mean maximal concentrations of 4.5 ng/mL at

880-423: A standard concentration of 270 μg, while street samples of the 1970s contained 30 to 300 μg. By the 1980s, the amount had reduced to between 100 and 125 μg, dropping more in the 1990s to the 20–80 μg range, and even more in the 2000s (decade). "LSD," writes the chemist Alexander Shulgin , "is an unusually fragile molecule ... As a salt, in water, cold, and free from air and light exposure, it

935-425: Is a biased agonist that induces a conformation in serotonin receptors that preferentially recruits β-arrestin over activating G proteins . LSD also has an exceptionally long residence time when bound to serotonin receptors lasting hours, consistent with the long lasting effects of LSD despite its relatively rapid clearance . A crystal structure of 5-HT 2B bound to LSD reveals an extracellular loop that forms

990-712: Is a potent psychedelic drug that intensifies thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. Often referred to as acid or lucy , LSD can cause mystical, spiritual, or religious experiences. At higher doses, it primarily induces visual and auditory hallucinations. While LSD does not cause physical addiction, it can lead to adverse psychological reactions, such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions. Additionally, it may trigger "flashbacks," also known as hallucinogen persisting perception disorder , where individuals experience persistent visual distortions after use. The effects of LSD begin within 30 minutes of ingestion and can last up to 20 hours, with most trips averaging 8–12 hours. It

1045-474: Is divided into five clearly proportioned rooms. With the material selection reduced to the minimum, the rooms appear as pure white cubes and stand entirely in the service of the works displayed. Apart from the exhibition rooms, there is a 50-seat artcafé at the visitors' disposal, and a video lounge, where a documentary on Franz Gertsch is shown during the day. In 1998, the Burgdorf industrialist Willy Michel made

1100-479: Is estimated at 100 mg, based on LD 50 and lethal blood concentrations observed in rodent studies. LSD shows significant tachyphylaxis , with tolerance developing 24 hours after administration. The progression of tolerance at intervals shorter than 24 hours remains largely unknown. Tolerance typically resets to baseline after 3–4 days of abstinence. Significant cross-tolerance occurs between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin . A slight cross-tolerance to DMT

1155-1184: Is exceptionally potent, with as little as 20 μg capable of producing a noticeable effect. LSD can induce physical effects such as pupil dilation , decreased appetite , increased sweating, and wakefulness. The physical reactions to LSD vary greatly and some may be a result of its psychological effects. Commonly observed symptoms include increased body temperature, blood sugar , and heart rate, as well as goose bumps , jaw clenching, dry mouth, and hyperreflexia . In cases of adverse reactions, users may experience numbness, weakness, nausea, and tremors. The primary immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual hallucinations and illusions , often referred to as "trips". These effects typically begin within 20–30 minutes of oral ingestion, peak three to four hours after ingestion, and can last up to 20 hours, particularly with higher doses. An " afterglow " effect, characterized by an improved mood or perceived mental state, may persist for days or weeks following ingestion. Positive experiences, or "good trips", are described as intensely pleasurable and can include feelings of joy, euphoria, an increased appreciation for life, decreased anxiety,

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1210-548: Is made by alkaline hydrolysis of lysergamides like ergotamine , a substance usually derived from the ergot fungus on agar plate ; or, theoretically possible, but impractical and uncommon, from ergine (lysergic acid amide, LSA) extracted from morning glory seeds. Lysergic acid can also be produced synthetically, although these processes are not used in clandestine manufacture due to their low yields and high complexity. The precursor for LSD, lysergic acid , has been produced by GMO baker's yeast . A single dose of LSD

1265-506: Is observed in humans highly tolerant to LSD. Tolerance to LSD also builds up with consistent use, and is believed to result from serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor downregulation . Researchers believe that tolerance returns to baseline after two weeks of not using psychedelics. LSD is widely considered to be non-addictive, despite its potential for abuse . Attempts to train laboratory animals to self-administer LSD have been largely unsuccessful. Although tolerance to LSD builds up rapidly,

1320-503: Is stable indefinitely." LSD has two labile protons at the tertiary stereogenic C5 and C8 positions, rendering these centers prone to epimerisation . The C8 proton is more labile due to the electron-withdrawing carboxamide attachment, but removal of the chiral proton at the C5 position (which was once also an alpha proton of the parent molecule tryptophan ) is assisted by the inductively withdrawing nitrogen and pi electron delocalisation with

1375-448: Is synthesized from lysergic acid and commonly administered via tabs of blotter paper. LSD is mainly used recreationally or for spiritual purposes. As a serotonin receptor agonist , LSD's precise effects are not fully understood, but it is known to alter the brain’s default mode network , leading to its powerful psychedelic effects. The drug was first synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1938 and became widely studied in

1430-432: Is typically between 40 and 500 micrograms—an amount roughly equal to one-tenth the mass of a grain of sand. Threshold effects can be felt with as little as 25 micrograms of LSD. The practice of using sub-threshold doses is called microdosing . Dosages of LSD are measured in micrograms (μg), or millionths of a gram. In the mid-1960s, the most important black market LSD manufacturer ( Owsley Stanley ) distributed LSD at

1485-804: Is unclear. Overall, the evidence seems to point to limited or no effect at commonly used doses. Studies showed no evidence of teratogenic or mutagenic effects. There have been no documented fatal human overdoses from LSD, although there has been no "comprehensive review since the 1950s" and "almost no legal clinical research since the 1970s". Eight individuals who had accidentally consumed an exceedingly high amount of LSD, mistaking it for cocaine, and had gastric levels of 1000–7000 μg LSD tartrate per 100 mL and blood plasma levels up to 26 μg/ml, had suffered from comatose states , vomiting, respiratory problems, hyperthermia , and light gastrointestinal bleeding ; however, all of them survived without residual effects upon hospital intervention. Individuals experiencing

1540-464: Is varied. Some cases are attributed to somatic symptom disorder , where individuals fixate on normal somatic experiences previously unnoticed prior to drug consumption. Other instances are linked to associative reactions to contextual cues, similar to responses observed in individuals with past trauma or emotional experiences. The risk factors for flashbacks remain unclear, but pre-existing psychopathologies may be significant contributors. Estimating

1595-417: The sacred scriptures of the great religions of the world and the texts of ancient civilizations . LSD currently has no approved uses in medicine . A meta analysis concluded that a single dose was shown to be effective at reducing alcohol consumption in people suffering from alcoholism . LSD has also been studied in depression, anxiety, and drug dependence, with positive preliminary results. LSD

1650-432: The social commentary and ironic motifs of Pop art. From 1976 to 2013 he created a total of 28 paintings and 15 monochrome woodcuts; he worked on a single composition for up to a year. In 1986, Gertsch took a break from painting to master the woodcut printmaking technique, in which he has pioneered new territory. In his woodcuts, the artist is said to use colour expressive rather than realistically, in order to define anew

1705-672: The 1950s and 1960s. It was used experimentally in psychiatry for treating alcoholism and schizophrenia . However, its association with the counterculture movement of the 1960s led to its classification as a Schedule I drug in the U.S. in 1968. It was also listed as a Schedule 1 controlled substance by the United Nations in 1971 and remains without approved medical uses. Despite its legal restrictions, LSD remains influential in scientific and cultural contexts. Its therapeutic potential has been explored, particularly in treating mental health disorders. As of 2017, about 10% of people in

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1760-710: The 1960s indicated increased suggestibility under the influence of LSD among both mentally ill and healthy individuals, recent documents suggest that the CIA and Department of Defense have discontinued research into LSD as a means of mind control. Flashbacks are psychological episodes where individuals re-experience some of LSD's subjective effects after the drug has worn off, persisting for days or months post- hallucinogen use. These experiences are associated with hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), where flashbacks occur intermittently or chronically, causing distress or functional impairment. The etiology of flashbacks

1815-496: The 1970s, which were often based on Gertsch’s own documentary-style snapshots of family and friends. With these works, Gertsch gained attention as an observer of Swiss counterculture . His self-titled “situation portraits” include the artist’s depictions of his gender fluid friends getting ready for a party, which was called “a new art form” by the American psychologist and LSD guru Timothy Leary . Following his participation in

1870-514: The 1972 documenta, Gertsch’s new work featured more tightly framed figures. This phase of the artist’s work ended in 1978–1979 with five portraits of rock musician Patti Smith . In these paintings, Gertsch presents the rock icon in a realistic and authentic way, crouching in front of an amplifier , leaning forward into a tangle of microphones, or seen from behind or to the very edge of the painting. Moving between painting and printmaking , and portraiture and landscape, he maintained an investment in

1925-691: The U.S. had used LSD at some point, with 0.7% having used it in the past year. Usage rates have risen, with a 56.4% increase in adult use in the U.S. from 2015 to 2018. LSD is commonly used as a recreational drug. LSD can catalyze intense spiritual experiences and is thus considered an entheogen . Some users have reported out of body experiences. In 1966, Timothy Leary established the League for Spiritual Discovery with LSD as its sacrament . Stanislav Grof has written that religious and mystical experiences observed during LSD sessions appear to be phenomenologically indistinguishable from similar descriptions in

1980-529: The age of 92 in Riggisberg in Canton Bern . Gertsch is known for his realistic paintings and woodcuts for which he developed a new technique. The artist’s first large sized realist paintings date from 1969, when he painted “Huaa…!”, based on a film still showing a 19th century cavalryman the moment he’s been hit by a bullet. “Huaa...!” initiated the turn to the artist’s brightly coloured photorealistic works of

2035-552: The best possible transfer of colour from the print plates to the finished result. Colour played a central role for Gertsch – to the artist, the photographic image becomes a bearer of abstract qualities in colour and space. In his own words: «The more I focus on the photographic image, the more I move away from it» – towards recognizing that colour and the work has their own life, separate from the motif. Source: Source: LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide , commonly known as LSD (from German Lysergsäure-diethylamid ),

2090-415: The brain concentration of approximately 10–20  nM . In humans, recreational doses of LSD can affect 5-HT 1A (K i = 1.1 nM), 5-HT 2A (K i = 2.9 nM), 5-HT 2B (K i = 4.9 nM), 5-HT 2C (K i = 23 nM), 5-HT 5A (K i = 9 nM [in cloned rat tissues]), and 5-HT 6 receptors (K i = 2.3 nM). Although not present in humans, 5-HT 5B receptors found in rodents also have

2145-429: The cortex. This phenomenon appears to selectively involve ventral, intralaminar, and pulvinar nuclei. LSD is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at the carbon atoms C-5 and C-8, so that theoretically four different optical isomers of LSD could exist. LSD, also called (+)- d -LSD, has the absolute configuration (5 R ,8 R ). 5 S stereoisomers of lysergamides do not exist in nature and are not formed during

2200-399: The crossover between painting and photography giving a further emphasis. 47°03′29″N 7°37′30″E  /  47.0581°N 7.62494°E  / 47.0581; 7.62494 Franz Gertsch Franz Gertsch (8 March 1930 – 21 December 2022) was a Swiss painter and printmaker who was known for his large format photorealistic portraits and detailed studies of nature. Gertsch

2255-493: The drug was eliminated in urine unchanged, whereas 13% was eliminated as the major metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) within 24 hours. O-H-LSD is formed by cytochrome P450 enzymes , although the specific enzymes involved are unknown, and it does not appear to be known whether O-H-LSD is pharmacologically active or not. The oral bioavailability of LSD was crudely estimated as approximately 71% using previous data on intravenous administration of LSD. The sample

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2310-664: The enzyme phospholipase C as the endogenous ligand serotonin does. Exactly how LSD produces its effects is unknown, but it is thought that it works by increasing glutamate release in the cerebral cortex and therefore excitation in this area, specifically in layer V . LSD, like many other drugs of recreational use, has been shown to activate DARPP-32 -related pathways. The drug enhances dopamine D 2 receptor protomer recognition and signaling of D 2 –5-HT 2A receptor complexes, which may contribute to its psychotropic effects. LSD has been shown to have low affinity for H1 receptors , displaying antihistamine effects. LSD

2365-422: The museum expands its collection through the loan of additional works from other museums or privately, as well as attempting to purchase further works. Besides the presentation of Franz Gertsch's works, the museum is a regular venue for temporary exhibitions of a wide spectrum of contemporary art. Contemporaries and comparable younger colleagues, also contrasting approaches to reality are the exhibition themes, with

2420-740: The museum's "projects" series, curated by Riva Castleman . His work has since been presented at several retrospective exhibitions, the latest due to open in June 2024 at Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Copenhagen . In 2002 Gertsch opened a Museum Franz Gertsch in Burgdorf . On the 8 March 2019, Frantz Gertschs birthday, the Museums expansion was inaugurated by the Federal Councilor Simonetta Sommaruga . Gertsch died on 21 December 2022, at

2475-700: The perception of food's texture and taste are also noted, sometimes leading to aversion towards certain foods. There are reports of inanimate objects appearing animated, with static objects seeming to move in additional spatial dimensions. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo -like distortions of sounds. Basic visual effects often resemble phosphenes and can be influenced by concentration, thoughts, emotions, or music. Auditory effects may include echo -like distortions and an intensified experience of music. Higher doses can lead to more intense sensory perception alterations, including synesthesia, perception of additional dimensions, and temporary dissociation . LSD,

2530-691: The photorealist image and its simultaneous citation and monumentalization of the photographic instant. Gertsch’s figurative and photorealistic works can be associated with the European Pop art movement and with contemporary artists such as Gerhard Richter and Sigmar Polke in Germany, as well as Chuck Close in the USA. Just like these three artists, Gertsch’s point of departure is the photographic image. Focusing on detailed nature studies and close-up portraits, Gertsch however developed his unique style separating him from

2585-805: The prevalence of HPPD is challenging. It is considered rare, with occurrences ranging from 1 in 20 users experiencing the transient and less severe type 1 HPPD, to 1 in 50,000 for the more concerning type 2 HPPD. Contrary to internet rumors, LSD is not stored long-term in the spinal cord or other body parts. Pharmacological evidence indicates LSD has a half-life of 175 minutes and is metabolized into water-soluble compounds like 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, eliminated through urine without evidence of long-term storage. Clinical evidence also suggests that chronic use of SSRIs can potentiate LSD-induced flashbacks, even months after stopping LSD use. Several psychedelics, including LSD, are metabolized by CYP2D6 . Concurrent use of SSRIs , potent inhibitors of CYP2D6, with LSD may heighten

2640-476: The relationship between colour and three-dimensional space. The first motifs were monumental portraits of young women, the various prints were all in different colours and thus assumed the character of individual sheets. In addition to the detailed work in cutting the wooden plates, Gertsch’s graphic prints entail time-consuming mixing and colour testing of binder and mineral pigments especially imported from Japan , and thorough testing of hand-made Japan paper for

2695-661: The risk and are considered important in minimizing the likelihood of a negative experience. LSD induces an animated sensory experience affecting senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness, lasting from 6 to 20 hours, with the duration dependent on dosage and individual tolerance. Effects typically commence within 30 to 90 minutes post-ingestion, ranging from subtle perceptual changes to profound cognitive shifts . Alterations in auditory and visual perception are common. Users may experience enhanced visual phenomena, such as vibrant colors, objects appearing to morph, ripple or move, and geometric patterns on various surfaces. Changes in

2750-667: The risk of serotonin syndrome . Chronic usage of SSRIs, TCAs , and MAOIs is believed to diminish the subjective effects of psychedelics, likely due to SSRI-induced 5-HT 2A receptor downregulation and MAOI-induced 5-HT 2A receptor desensitization. Interactions between psychedelics and antipsychotics or anticonvulsants are not well-documented; however, co-use with mood stabilizers like lithium may induce seizures and dissociative effects , particularly in individuals with bipolar disorder . Lithium notably intensifies LSD reactions, potentially leading to acute comatose states when combined. The lethal oral dose of LSD in humans

2805-494: The synthesis can be separated by chromatography and can be isomerized to LSD. Pure salts of LSD are triboluminescent , emitting small flashes of white light when shaken in the dark. LSD is strongly fluorescent and will glow bluish-white under UV light . LSD is an ergoline derivative. It is commonly synthesized by reacting diethylamine with an activated form of lysergic acid . Activating reagents include phosphoryl chloride and peptide coupling reagents . Lysergic acid

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2860-528: The synthesis from d -lysergic acid. Retrosynthetically , the C-5 stereocenter could be analysed as having the same configuration of the alpha carbon of the naturally occurring amino acid L- tryptophan , the precursor to all biosynthetic ergoline compounds. However, LSD and iso-LSD, the two C-8 isomers, rapidly interconvert in the presence of bases , as the alpha proton is acidic and can be deprotonated and reprotonated. Non-psychoactive iso-LSD which has formed during

2915-399: The tongue and mouth followed by a metallic chemical taste was observed, and researchers describe this physical side effect as one of the main discriminants between NBOMe compounds and LSD. Despite its high potency, recreational doses of LSD have only produced low incidents of acute toxicity, but NBOMe compounds have extremely different safety profiles. Testing with Ehrlich's reagent gives

2970-650: Was born 1930 in Mörigen , Switzerland. Between 1947 and 1952 he studied with Max von Mühlenen and Hans Schwarzenbach in Bern. In 1972, he took part in the documenta 5 in Kassel with his painting "Medici". He participated in the 1978 and 2003 Venice Biennale and had a solo show there in 1999. Gertsch’s woodcuts were first shown at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1990, as part of

3025-486: Was equally divided between male and female subjects and there were no significant sex differences observed in the pharmacokinetics of LSD. Neuroimaging studies using resting state fMRI recently suggested that LSD changes the cortical functional architecture. These modifications spatially overlap with the distribution of serotoninergic receptors. In particular, increased connectivity and activity were observed in regions with high expression of 5-HT 2A receptor, while

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