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48-403: The estimated population of the district is around 15,900 as of 2020. According to 2015 data, the majority of the population are Kyrgyz (around 80%) while a minority are Pamiris (estimated at 20% of the population). The district is divided administratively into six jamoats . They are as follows: It borders Afghanistan to the south, China's Xinjiang region to the east, and Kyrgyzstan to

96-456: A Turkic ethnic group . Recent linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest Turkic peoples descended from agricultural communities in Northeast China who moved westwards into Mongolia in the late 3rd millennium BC, where they adopted a pastoral lifestyle. By the early 1st millennium BC, these peoples had become equestrian nomads . In subsequent centuries,

144-563: A July 2007 interview, Bermet Akayeva , the daughter of Askar Akayev , the former President of Kyrgyzstan, stated that Islam was increasingly taking root, even in the northern regions which had been under communist influence. She emphasized that many mosques have been built and that the Kyrgyz are "increasingly devoting themselves to Islam". Many ancient indigenous beliefs and practices, including shamanism and totemism , coexisted syncretically with Islam. Shamans, most of whom are women, still play

192-807: A lot of the Kirghiz over the border to China, causing their population to increase in China. Compared to Russian controlled areas, more benefits were given to the Muslim Kirghiz on the Chinese controlled areas. Russian settlers fought against the Muslim nomadic Kirghiz, which led the Russians to believe that the Kirghiz would be a liability in any conflict against China. The Muslim Kirghiz were sure that in an upcoming war, that China would defeat Russia. The Kirghiz of Xinjiang revolted in

240-409: A number of different transcriptions for the Kyrgyz people: these include Gegu (紇骨), Jiegu (結骨), Hegu (紇骨), Hegusi (紇扢斯), Hejiasi (紇戛斯), Hugu (護骨), Qigu (契骨), or Juwu (居勿), and then, during the reign of Tang Emperor Wuzong , Xiajiasi (黠戛斯), said to mean "red face". Edwin G. Pulleyblank surmises that "red face" was possibly a folk etymology provided by an interpreter who explained

288-519: A prominent role at funerals, memorials, and other ceremonies and rituals. This split between the northern and southern Kyrgyz in their religious adherence to Muslim practices can still be seen today. Likewise, the Sufi order of Islam has been one of the most active Muslim groups in Kyrgyzstan for more than a century. The Kyrgyz population of Afghanistan was 1,130 in 2003, all from eastern Wakhan District in

336-561: Is a US registered non-profit organization with the mission to strengthen civil, humanitarian, cultural and business ties between Kyrgyzstan and the United States by advancing intercultural awareness and cooperation. While preserving the multicultural heritage of Kyrgyzstan, KAF strives to cultivate a strong sense of identity for Kyrgyz Americans living in the US through cultural and educational initiatives. Kyrgyz-Washington Sister Region Organization

384-703: Is also found in Russia , Tajikistan , and Kazakhstan . They speak the Kyrgyz language , which is the official language of Kyrgyzstan. The earliest people known as "Kyrgyz" were the descendants of several Central Asian tribes, first emerging in western Mongolia around 201 BC. Modern Kyrgyz people are descended in part from the Yenisei Kyrgyz that lived in the Yenisey river valley in Siberia . The Kyrgyz people were constituents of

432-661: Is an example of a steppe region in North America outside of the Great Plains. In South America , cold steppe can be found in Patagonia and much of the high elevation regions east of the southern Andes . Relatively small steppe areas can be found in the interior of the South Island of New Zealand . In Australia , a moderately sized temperate steppe region exists in the northern and northwest regions of Victoria , extending to

480-666: Is another steppe region in Central Europe , centered in Hungary but also including portions of Slovakia , Poland , Ukraine , Romania , Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia , and Austria . Another large steppe area ( prairie ) is located in the central United States , western Canada and the northern part of Mexico . The shortgrass prairie steppe is the westernmost part of the Great Plains region. The Columbia Plateau in southern British Columbia , Oregon , Idaho , and Washington state ,

528-943: Is found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia , and neighbouring countries stretching from Ukraine in the west through Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to the Altai , Koppet Dag and Tian Shan ranges in China . The Eurasian Steppe is speculated by David W. Anthony to have had a role in the spread of the horse, the wheel and Indo-European languages . In the Eurasian steppe, soils often consist of chernozem . The inner parts of Anatolia in Turkey , Central Anatolia and East Anatolia in particular and also some parts of Southeast Anatolia , as well as much of Armenia and Iran are largely dominated by cold steppe. The Pannonian Plain

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576-554: Is usually covered with grass and shrubs , depending on the season and latitude . The term steppe climate denotes a semi-arid climate , which is encountered in regions too dry to support a forest , but not dry enough to be a desert . Steppes are usually characterized by a semi-arid or continental climate. Extremes can be recorded in the summer of up to 45 °C (115 °F) and in winter of down to −55 °C (−65 °F). Besides this major seasonal difference, fluctuations between day and night are also significant. In both

624-626: The Akto Turkmen , a former Kyrgyz tribe, now speaks Uyghur . A peculiar group, also included under the "Kyrgyz nationality" by the PRC official classification, are the so-called " Fuyu Kyrgyz ". It is a group of several hundred Yenisei Kirghiz ( Khakas people ) people whose forefathers were relocated from the Yenisei river region to Dzungaria by the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century, and upon defeat of

672-719: The Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan. They still lead a nomadic lifestyle and are led by a khan or tekin . The suppression of the 1916 rebellion against Russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz later to migrate to China and Afghanistan. Most of the Kyrgyz refugees in Afghanistan settled in the Wakhan region. Until 1978, the northeastern portion of Wakhan was home to about 3–5 thousand ethnic Kyrgyz. In 1978, most Kyrgyz inhabitants fled to Pakistan in

720-846: The Mediterranean area also hosts the same steppe-like vegetation, such as the Algerian-Moroccan Hautes Plaines and by extension the North Saharan steppe and woodlands . In Asia , a subtropical steppe can be found in semi-arid lands that fringe the Thar Desert of the Indian subcontinent as well as much of the Deccan Plateau in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats , and the Badia of

768-679: The Pamir River . The district's eastern border shares the Sarikol Range with China . This Tajikistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kyrgyz people The Kyrgyz people (also spelled Kyrghyz , Kirgiz , and Kirghiz ; / ˈ k ɪər ɡ ɪ z / KEER -giz or / ˈ k ɜːr ɡ ɪ z / KUR -giz ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia . They primarily reside in Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and China . A Kyrgyz diaspora

816-648: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan . They are found around the Little Pamir . The Kyrgyz form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . There are more than 145,000 Kyrgyz in China . They are known in Mandarin Chinese as Kē'ěrkèzī zú ( simplified Chinese : 柯尔克孜族 ; traditional Chinese : 柯爾克孜族 ). In the 19th century, Russian settlers on traditional Kirghiz land drove

864-819: The Tiele people , the Göktürks , and the Uyghur Khaganate before establishing the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate in the 9th century, and later a Kyrgyz khanate in the 15th century. There are several theories on the origin of ethnonym Kyrgyz . It is often said to be derived from the Turkic word kyrk ("forty"), with - iz being an old plural suffix, so Kyrgyz literally means "a collection of forty tribes". It also means "imperishable", "inextinguishable", "immortal", "unconquerable" or "unbeatable", as well as its association with

912-801: The 1932 Kirghiz rebellion , and also participated in the Battle of Kashgar (1933) and again in 1934 . They are found mainly in the Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with a smaller remainder found in the neighboring Wushi (Uqturpan) , Aksu , Shache ( Yarkand ), Yingisar, Taxkorgan and Pishan ( Guma ), and in Tekes , Zhaosu (Monggolkure), Emin (Dorbiljin), Bole ( Bortala ), Jinghev ( Jing ) and Gongliu County in northern Xinjiang. In Akto County ,

960-567: The Chinese annals of the Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian (compiled 109-91 BCE) as Gekun ( 鬲昆 , 隔昆 ) or Jiankun ( 堅昆 ). The Middle Age Chinese composition Tang Huiyao of the 8–10th century transcribed the name "Kyrgyz" as Jiegu (Kirgut), and their tamga was depicted as identical to the tamga of the present-day Kyrgyz tribes Azyk, Bugu, Cherik, Sary Bagysh and a few others. The 11th-century New Book of Tang described

1008-804: The Dzungars by the Qing dynasty , they were relocated from Dzungaria to Manchuria in the 18th century, and who now live in Wujiazi Village in Fuyu County , Heilongjiang Province. Their language (the Fuyü Gïrgïs dialect ) is related to the Khakas language . Certain segments of the Kyrgyz in China are followers of Tibetan Buddhism . Kyrgyz are the only Turkic people native to Pakistan. The Kyrgyz in Pakistan live mostly in

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1056-668: The Dzungars returned to modern Kyrgyzstan at this time. By the 16th century, the carriers of the ethnonym Kirgiz lived in South Siberia , Xinjiang, Tian Shan, Pamir-Alay , Middle Asia , Urals (among Bashkirs ), and in Kazakhstan . In the Tian Shan and Xinjiang area, the term Kyrgyz retained its unifying political designation, and became a general ethnonym for the Yenisei Kirgiz and aboriginal Turkic tribes that presently constitute

1104-524: The Kyrgyz (結骨) with red hair, white skin, and green eyes. Contemporary Persian writer Gardizi recounted a legend that ascribed these traits to Saqaliba ancestry in the tribe. The Yenisei Kyrgyz lived in the upper Yenisey River valley, central Siberia . In late antiquity , the Yenisei Kyrgyz were a part of the Tiele people . Later, in the Early Middle Ages , the Yenisei Kyrgyz were a part of

1152-414: The Kyrgyz by the name Bulute . The oldest notes about a definite mention of the Kyrgyz ethnonym originate from the 6th century. There is a certain probability that there was relations between Kyrgyz and Gegunese already in the 2nd century BC and between Kyrgyz and Khakas since the 6th century AD, but there is a missing unique mention. The Kyrgyz as an ethnic group are mentioned quite unambiguously during

1200-516: The Kyrgyz from Pamir ). Depending on the geographical location of samples, West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroup lineages make up 27% to 42.6% in the Kyrgyz, with haplogroup mtDNA H being the most predominant West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroup at about 14.2% (range 8.3% Talas to 21.3% Sary-Tash) among the Kyrgyz. However, the majority of Kyrgyz belong to East Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, with mtDNA haplogroup D (approx. 20.2%, range 14.6% Talas to 25.5% Sary-Tash ) and D4 in particular (approx. 18.5% ) being

1248-647: The Kyrgyz from Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz people from China clustered more closely with Europeans and South Asians. Kyrgyz are predominantly Muslims of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam . Islam was first introduced by Arab traders who travelled along the Silk Road in the 7th and 8th centuries. In the 8th century, orthodox Islam reached the Fergana Valley with the Uzbeks . However, in the 10th-century Persian text Hudud al-'Alam ,

1296-533: The Kyrgyz population. Though it is impossible to directly identify the Yenisei and Tien Shan Kyrgyz, a trace of their ethnogenetical connections is apparent in archaeology, history, language and ethnography. A majority of modern researchers came to the conclusion that the ancestors of Kyrgyz tribes had their origin in the most ancient tribal unions of Sakas / Scythians , Wusun / Issedones , Dingling , Mongols , and Huns . 18th-century Qing administrators referred to

1344-660: The Kyrgyz were still described as a people who "venerate the Fire and burn the dead". The Kyrgyz began to convert to Islam in the mid-17th century. Sufi missionaries played an important role in the conversion. By the 19th century, the Kyrgyz were considered devout Muslims and some performed the Hajj . Atheism has some following in the northern regions under Russian communist influence. A few cultural rituals of Shamanism are practiced to this day, particularly in Central Kyrgyzstan. During

1392-527: The Pamirs in the late XIII century, and the rest are Pamiris who are indigenous people of the Tajik and Chinese Pamir Region. Formerly the highlands was used by both ethnicities mostly as summer pasture. The Pamir Highway curves from the southwest to the northeast. The four major lakes are Karakul in the northeast and three river lakes: Sarez Lake on the river Bartang , Yashil Kul on the river Gunt , and Zorkul on

1440-684: The Tang dynasty in destroying the Uyghur Khaganate and rescuing the Princess Taihe from the Uyghurs . They also killed a Uyghur khagan in the process. Then Kyrgyz quickly moved as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years. In the 12th century, however, Kyrgyz domination had shrunk to the Altai and Sayan Mountains as a result of Mongol expansion. With

1488-653: The aftermath of the Saur Revolution . They requested 5,000 visas from the United States consulate in Peshawar for resettlement in Alaska , a state of the United States which they thought might have a similar climate and temperature with the Wakhan Corridor . Their request was denied. In the meantime, the heat and the unsanitary conditions of the refugee camp were killing off the Kyrgyz refugees at an alarming rate. Turkey , which

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1536-489: The confederation of the Göktürks and the Uyghur Khaganate . In 840, a revolt led by the Yenisei Kyrgyz brought down the Uyghur Khaganate, and brought the Yenisei Kyrgyz to a dominating position in the former Second Turkic Khaganate . With the rise to power, the center of the Kyrgyz Khaganate moved to Jeti-su , and brought about a spread south of the Kyrgyz to Tian Shan and Xinjiang , bringing them into contact with

1584-674: The early Romanized form Kirghiz – from the contemporary Russian киргизы – to refer not only to the modern Kyrgyz, but also to their more numerous northern relatives, the Kazakhs . When distinction had to be made, more specific terms were used: the Kyrgyz proper were known as the Kara-Kirghiz ("Black Kirghiz", from the colour of their tents), and the Kazakhs were named the Kirghiz-Kaisak  [ kk ] or "Kirghiz-Kazak". The Kyrgyz are

1632-449: The epic hero Manas , who – according to a founding myth – unified the 40 tribes against the Khitans . A rival myth, recorded in 1370 in the History of Yuan , concerns 40 women born on a steppe motherland. The earliest records of the ethnonym appear to have been the Chinese transcriptions Gekun ( 鬲昆 , LH * kek-kuən < Old Chinese : * krêk-kûn ) and Jiankun ( 堅昆 , LH * ken-kuən < OC : * kên-kûn ). Those suggest that

1680-402: The ethnonym based on Turkic qïzïl ~ qizqil , meaning 'red'. By the time of the Mongol Empire , the ethnonym's original meaning had apparently been forgotten – as was shown by variations in readings of it across different reductions of the History of Yuan . This may have led to the adoption of Kyrgyz and its mythical explanation. During the 18th and 19th centuries, European writers used

1728-420: The existing peoples of what is now Western China , especially the Tibetan Empire . The khagans of the Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate claimed descent from the Han Chinese general Li Ling , which was mentioned in the diplomatic correspondence between the Kirghiz khagan and the Tang dynasty emperor, since the Tang imperial Li family claimed descent from Li Ling's grandfather, Li Guang . The Kirghiz qaghan assisted

1776-618: The highlands of Mongolia and northern Nevada , 30 °C (85 °F) can be reached during the day with sub-freezing readings at night. Steppes average 250–500 mm (10–20 in) of annual precipitation and feature hot summers and cold winters when located in mid-latitudes. In addition to the precipitation level, its combination with potential evapotranspiration defines a steppe climate. Steppe can be classified by climate: It can also be classified by vegetation type, e.g. shrub-steppe and alpine-steppe . The world's largest steppe region, often referred to as "the Great Steppe ",

1824-455: The most frequent Eastern Eurasian lineage among them. A 2011 study of autosomal ancestry found that East Eurasian ancestry is predominant in most Kyrgyz living in Kyrgyzstan. East Eurasian ancestry makes up roughly two-thirds with exceptions of Kyrgyz living in Tajikistan and the western areas of Kyrgyzstan, where it forms only half. A 2022 study and report found that Kyrgyz people from China were found to have more West Eurasian ancestry than

1872-503: The north, primarily Chitral , where Kyrgyz is the only Turkic language spoken in Pakistan. There are only a few thousand left, and many have assimilated with Pashtun or the Kho . They used to dominate the region of Gilgit-Baltistan . There are also Afghan refugees of Kyrgyz origin in Pakistan. Some also come from Kyrgyzstan from the Soviet-Afghan War where some defected and settled in Pakistan. There are also Kyrgyz nationals who work in Pakistan. The Kyrgyz American Foundation (KAF)

1920-414: The north. Within Tajikistan it is bordered to the west by four other GBAO districts and the Region of Republican Subordination . The land is mostly a desolate plateau with scattered mountains, especially toward the east and south. The highest mountains are around the Fedchenko Glacier in the northwest and along the Pamir River in the south. The population consists of around 65% Kyrgyz who migrated to

1968-511: The original ethnonym was * kirkur ~ kirgur and/or * kirkün , and another transcription Jiegu ( 結骨 , EMC : * kέt-kwət ) suggests * kirkut / kirgut . Yury Zuev proposed that the ethnonym possibly means 'field people, field Huns ' (cf. Tiele tribal name 渾 Hún < MC * ɣuən ). Peter Golden reconstructs * Qïrğïz < * Qïrqïz < * Qïrqïŕ and suggests a derivation from Old Turkic qır 'gray' (horse color) plus suffix -q(X)r/ğ(X)r ~ k(X)z/g(X)z . Besides, Chinese scholars later used

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2016-461: The rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. In 1207, after the establishment of Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Mongol empire), Genghis Khan's oldest son Jochi occupied Kyrgyzstan without resistance. The state remained a Mongol vassal until the late 14th century. Various Turkic peoples ruled them until 1685, when they came under the control of the Oirats ( Dzungars ), which lasted until 1757 . Many Kyrgyz tribes that had fled

2064-538: The southern and mid regions of New South Wales . This area borders the semi-arid and arid Australian Outback which is found farther inland on the continent. In Europe , some Mediterranean areas have a steppe-like vegetation, such as central Sicily in Italy , southern Portugal , parts of Greece in the southern Athens area, and central-eastern Spain , especially the southeastern coast (around Murcia ), and places cut off from adequate moisture due to rain shadow effects such as Zaragoza . In northern Africa ,

2112-414: The steppe populations of Central Asia appear to have been progressively Turkified by an East Asian dominant minority moving out of Mongolia. The Yenisei Kyrgyz , whose 9–10th century migration to the Tienshan area was of "particularly great importance for the formative process" of the Kyrgyz, have their origins in the western parts of modern-day Mongolia and first appear in written records in

2160-505: The time of Genghis Khan 's rule (1162–1227), when their name replaces the former name Khakas. The genetic makeup of the Kyrgyz is consistent with their origin as a mix of tribes. For instance, 63% of modern Kyrgyz men of Jumgal District are Haplogroup R1a1 . Low diversity of Kyrgyz R1a1 indicates a founder effect within the historical period. Other groups of Kyrgyz especially Southwest Kyrgyz show considerably lower haplogroup R frequencies and almost lack haplogroup N (except for

2208-437: The two regions and by undertaking professional analysis and advances in Kyrgyzstan and Washington State in the areas of agricultural development, outdoor recreational tourism, and water resource management. Steppe In physical geography , a steppe ( / s t ɛ p / ) is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: A steppe

2256-439: Was established in 2019. The organization is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of business, government, and community leaders, as well as ordinary citizens, in Wenatchee , Washington. The mission of the Kyrgyz-Washington Sister Region Organization is to foster cross-cultural understanding and professional development between Kyrgyzstan and Washington State. Our mission is carried out through exchanges of delegations between

2304-502: Was under the military coup rule of General Kenan Evren , stepped in, and resettled the entire group in the Lake Van region of Turkey in 1982. The village of Ulupamir (or "Great Pamir" in Kyrgyz) in Erciş in Van Province was given to these, where more than 5,000 of them still reside today. The documentary film 37 Uses for a Dead Sheep – the Story of the Pamir Kirghiz was based on the life of these Kyrgyz in their new home. Some Kyrgyz returned to Wakhan in October 1979, following

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