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78-489: MIME is an Internet standard . It is specified in a series of requests for comments : RFC 2045 , RFC 2046 , RFC 2047 , RFC 4288 , RFC 4289 and RFC 2049 . The integration with SMTP email is specified in RFC 1521 and RFC 1522 . Although the MIME formalism was designed mainly for SMTP, its content types are also important in other communication protocols . In

156-466: A 2.0 or a 1.1." This header field indicates the media type of the message content, consisting of a type and subtype , for example Through the use of the multipart type, MIME allows mail messages to have parts arranged in a tree structure where the leaf nodes are any non-multipart content type and the non-leaf nodes are any of a variety of multipart types. This mechanism supports (non-exhaustively): The original MIME specifications only described

234-683: A binary-to-text encoding scheme was used and that appropriate initial decoding is necessary before the message can be read with its original encoding (e.g. UTF-8). There is no encoding defined which is explicitly designed for sending arbitrary binary data through SMTP transports with the 8BITMIME extension. Thus, if BINARYMIME isn't supported, base64 or quoted-printable (with their associated inefficiency) are sometimes still useful. This restriction does not apply to other uses of MIME such as Web Services with MIME attachments or MTOM . Since RFC 2822, conforming message header field names and values use ASCII characters; values that contain non-ASCII data should use

312-457: A cross-platform alternative to the Andrew-specific data format. The presence of this header field indicates the message is MIME-formatted. The value is typically "1.0". The field appears as follows: According to MIME co-creator Nathaniel Borenstein , the version number was introduced to permit changes to the MIME protocol in subsequent versions. However, Borenstein admitted short-comings in

390-457: A file, instead of displaying it as a page in a browser window, with filename suggesting the default file name. In June 1992, MIME (RFC 1341, since made obsolete by RFC 2045) defined a set of methods for representing binary data in formats other than ASCII text format. The content-transfer-encoding: MIME header field has 2-sided significance: The RFC and the IANA's list of transfer encodings define

468-533: A security protocol with a low adoption rate: DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC). Essentially, at every stage of the DNS lookup process, DNSSEC adds a signature to data to show it has not been tampered with. Some companies have taken the initiative to secure internet protocols. It is up to the rest to make it more widespread. Quoted-printable Quoted-Printable , or QP encoding , is a binary-to-text encoding system using printable ASCII characters ( alphanumeric and

546-502: A single message. The root part would contain the HTML document, and use image tags to reference images stored in the latter parts. The type is defined in RFC 2387. multipart/report is a message type that contains data formatted for a mail server to read. It is split between a text/plain (or some other content/type easily readable) and a message/delivery-status, which contains the data formatted for

624-521: A snapshot of the list. Internet standards are a set of rules that devices have to follow when they connect in a network. Since the technology has evolved, the rules of the engagement between computers had to evolve with it. These are the protocols that are in place used today. Most of these were developed long before the Internet Age , going as far back as the 1970s, not long after the creation of personal computers . TCP/IP The official date for when

702-513: A standard for use in 1979. It was then updated several times and the final version. It took a few years for the protocol to be presented in its final form. ISO 7498 was published in 1984. Lastly in 1995 the OSI model was revised again satisfy the urgent needs of uprising development in the field of computer networking. UDP The goal of User Datagram Protocol was to find a way to communicate between two computers as quickly and efficiently as possible. UDP

780-576: A time. Normally, the standards used in data communication are called protocols. All Internet Standards are given a number in the STD series. The series was summarized in its first document, STD 1 (RFC 5000), until 2013, but this practice was retired in RFC 7100. The definitive list of Internet Standards is now maintained by the RFC Editor. Documents submitted to the IETF editor and accepted as an RFC are not revised; if

858-531: A whole does not have a charset; non-ASCII characters in the part headers are handled by the Encoded-Word system, and the part bodies can have charsets specified if appropriate for their content-type. Notes: The MIME standard defines various multipart-message subtypes, which specify the nature of the message parts and their relationship to one another. The subtype is specified in the Content-Type header field of

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936-607: Is a normative specification of a technology or methodology applicable to the Internet . Internet Standards are created and published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). They allow interoperation of hardware and software from different sources which allows internets to function. As the Internet became global, Internet Standards became the lingua franca of worldwide communications. Engineering contributions to

1014-473: Is a simple way to send multiple text messages. The default content-type for each part is "message/rfc822". The MIME type is defined in RFC 2046. The multipart/alternative subtype indicates that each part is an "alternative" version of the same (or similar) content, each in a different format denoted by its "Content-Type" header. The order of the parts is significant. RFC1341 states: In general, user agents that compose multipart/alternative entities should place

1092-454: Is a statement describing all relevant aspects of a protocol, service, procedure, convention, or format. This includes its scope and its intent for use, or "domain of applicability". However, a TSs use within the Internet is defined by an Applicability Statement. An AS specifies how, and under what circumstances, TSs may be applied to support a particular Internet capability. An AS identifies the ways in which relevant TSs are combined and specifies

1170-530: Is an example of how local factors may affect how an application chooses which "best" part of the message to display. While it is intended that each part of the message represent the same content, the standard does not require this to be enforced in any way. At one time, anti-spam filters would only examine the text/plain part of a message, because it is easier to parse than the text/html part. But spammers eventually took advantage of this, creating messages with an innocuous-looking text/plain part and advertising in

1248-444: Is defined as a MIME content transfer encoding for use in e-mail . QP works by using the equals sign = as an escape character . It also limits line length to 76, as some software has limits on line length. MIME defines mechanisms for sending other kinds of information in e-mail, including text in languages other than English , using character encodings other than ASCII. However, these encodings often use byte values outside

1326-496: Is defined in RFC 1847. A multipart/encrypted message has two parts. The first part has control information that is needed to decrypt the application/octet-stream second part. Similar to signed messages, there are different implementations which are identified by their separate content types for the control part. The most common types are "application/pgp-encrypted" (RFC 3156) and "application/pkcs7-mime" ( S/MIME ). The MIME type defined in RFC 1847. The MIME type multipart/form-data

1404-435: Is defined in several "Best Current Practice" documents, notably BCP 9 (currently RFC 2026 and RFC 6410). There were previously three standard maturity levels: Proposed Standard , Draft Standard and Internet Standard . RFC 6410 reduced this to two maturity levels. RFC 2026 originally characterized Proposed Standards as immature specifications, but this stance was annulled by RFC 7127. A Proposed Standard specification

1482-404: Is discouraged, as the file name should be specified either with the parameter filename , or with both the parameters filename and name . In HTTP, the response header field Content-Disposition: attachment is usually used as a hint to the client to present the response body as a downloadable file. Typically, when receiving such a response, a Web browser prompts the user to save its content as

1560-539: Is formally created by official standard-developing organizations. These standards undergo the Internet Standards Process . Common de jure standards include ASCII , SCSI , and Internet protocol suite . Specifications subject to the Internet Standards Process can be categorized into one of the following: Technical Specification (TS) and Applicability Statement (AS). A Technical Specification

1638-570: Is gathered. Many Proposed Standards are actually deployed on the Internet and used extensively, as stable protocols. Actual practice has been that full progression through the sequence of standards levels is typically quite rare, and most popular IETF protocols remain at Proposed Standard. In October 2011, RFC 6410 merged the second and third maturity levels into one Internet Standard . Existing older Draft Standards retain that classification, absent explicit actions. For old Draft Standards two possible actions are available, which must be aproved by

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1716-519: Is interpreted as "Subject: ¡Hola, señor!". The encoded-word format is not used for the names of the headers fields (for example Subject ). These names are usually English terms and always in ASCII in the raw message. When viewing a message with a non-English email client, the header field names might be translated by the client. The MIME multipart message contains a boundary in the header field Content-Type: ; this boundary, which must not occur in any of

1794-440: Is not encrypted so in practice HTTPS is used, which stands for HTTP Secure. TLS/SSL TLS stands for Transport Layer Security which is a standard that enables two different endpoints to interconnect sturdy and privately. TLS came as a replacement for SSL. Secure Sockets Layers was first introduced before the creation of HTTPS and it was created by Netscape. As a matter of fact HTTPS was based on SSL when it first came out. It

1872-420: Is sent via global networks. IPsec Internet Protocol Security is a collection of protocols that ensure the integrity of encryption in the connection between multiple devices. The purpose of this protocol is to protect public networks. According to IETF Datatracker the group dedicated to its creation was proposed into existence on 25 November 1992. Half a year later the group was created and not long after in

1950-608: Is stable, has resolved known design choices, has received significant community review, and appears to enjoy enough community interest to be considered valuable. Usually, neither implementation nor operational experience is required for the designation of a specification as a Proposed Standard. Proposed Standards are of such quality that implementations can be deployed in the Internet. However, as with all technical specifications, Proposed Standards may be revised if problems are found or better solutions are identified, when experiences with deploying implementations of such technologies at scale

2028-519: Is the existing BGP safeguard called Routing Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI). It is a database of routes that are known to be safe and have been cryptographically signed. Users and companies submit routes and check other users' routes for safety. If it were more widely adopted, more routes could be added and confirmed. However, RPKI is picking up momentum. As of December 2020, tech giant Google registered 99% of its routes with RPKI. They are making it easier for businesses to adopt BGP safeguards. DNS also has

2106-411: Is used for sending files with different Content-Type header fields inline (or as attachments). If sending pictures or other easily readable files, most mail clients will display them inline (unless explicitly specified with Content-Disposition: attachment in which case offered as attachments). The default content-type for each part is "text/plain". The type is defined in RFC 2046. multipart/digest

2184-435: Is used to express values submitted through a form. Originally defined as part of HTML 4.0, it is most commonly used for submitting files with HTTP . It is specified in RFC 7578, superseding RFC 2388. example The content type multipart/x-mixed-replace was developed as part of a technology to emulate server push and streaming over HTTP. Internet standard In computer network engineering , an Internet Standard

2262-603: The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for the World Wide Web , servers insert a MIME header field at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use the content type or media type header to select an appropriate viewer application for the type of data indicated. MIME originated from the Andrew Messaging System, which was part of Andrew Project developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), as

2340-789: The Standards Track , and are defined in RFC 2026 and RFC 6410. The label Historic is applied to deprecated Standards Track documents or obsolete RFCs that were published before the Standards Track was established. Only the IETF , represented by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), can approve Standards Track RFCs. The definitive list of Internet Standards is maintained in the Official Internet Protocol Standards . Previously, STD 1 used to maintain

2418-563: The World Wide Web . They allow for the building and rendering of websites. The three key standards used by the World Wide Web are Hypertext Transfer Protocol , HTML , and URL . Respectively, they specify the transfer of data between a browser and a web server, the content and layout of a web page, and what web page identifiers mean. Network standards are a type of internet standard which defines rules for data communication in networking technologies and processes. Internet standards allow for

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2496-497: The equals sign = ) to transmit 8-bit data over a 7-bit data path or, generally, over a medium which is not 8-bit clean . Historically, because of the wide range of systems and protocols that could be used to transfer messages, e-mail was often assumed to be non-8-bit-clean – however, modern SMTP servers are in most cases 8-bit clean and support 8BITMIME extension. It can also be used with data that contains non-permitted octets or line lengths exceeding SMTP limits. It

2574-407: The ASCII range so they need to be encoded further before they are suitable for use in a non-8-bit-clean environment. Quoted-Printable encoding is one method used for mapping arbitrary bytes into sequences of ASCII characters. So, Quoted-Printable is not a character encoding scheme itself, but a data coding layer to be used under some byte-oriented character encoding. QP encoding is reversible, meaning

2652-559: The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Domain Name System (DNS).   This reflects common practices that focus more on innovation than security.  Companies have the power to improve these issues.  With the Internet in the hands of the industry, users must depend on businesses to protect vulnerabilities present in these standards. Ways to make BGP and DNS safer already exist but they are not widespread. For example, there

2730-555: The IESG: A Draft Standard may be reclassified as an Internet Standard as soon as the criteria in RFC 6410 are satisfied; or, after two years since RFC 6410 was aproved as BCP (October 2013), the IESG can choose to reclassify an old Draft Standard as Proposed Standard . An Internet Standard is characterized by a high degree of technical maturity and by a generally held belief that the specified protocol or service provides significant benefit to

2808-411: The IETF offers include RFCs, internet-drafts, IANA functions, intellectual property rights, standards process, and publishing and accessing RFCs. There are two ways in which an Internet Standard is formed and can be categorized as one of the following: "de jure" standards and "de facto" standards. A de facto standard becomes a standard through widespread use within the tech community. A de jure standard

2886-400: The IETF start as an Internet Draft , may be promoted to a Request for Comments , and may eventually become an Internet Standard. An Internet Standard is characterized by technical maturity and usefulness. The IETF also defines a Proposed Standard as a less mature but stable and well-reviewed specification. A Draft Standard was an intermediate level, discontinued in 2011. A Draft Standard

2964-740: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It is the leading Internet standards association that uses well-documented procedures for creating these standards. Once circulated, those standards are made easily accessible without any cost. Till 1993, the United States federal government was supporting the IETF. Now, the Internet Society's Internet Architecture Board (IAB) supervises it. It is a bottom-up organization that has no formal necessities for affiliation and does not have an official membership procedure either. It watchfully works with

3042-438: The Internet community. Generally Internet Standards cover interoperability of systems on the Internet through defining protocols, message formats, schemas, and languages. An Internet Standard ensures that hardware and software produced by different vendors can work together. Having a standard makes it much easier to develop software and hardware that link different networks because software and hardware can be developed one layer at

3120-510: The Internet language in order to remain competitive in the current Internet phase. Some basic aims of the Internet Standards Process are; ensure technical excellence; earlier implementation and testing; perfect, succinct as well as easily understood records. Creating and improving the Internet Standards is an ongoing effort and Internet Engineering Task Force plays a significant role in this regard. These standards are shaped and available by

3198-561: The Internet. An Internet Standard is documented by a Request for Comments (RFC) or a set of RFCs. A specification that is to become a Standard or part of a Standard begins as an Internet Draft , and is later, usually after several revisions, accepted and published by the RFC Editor as an RFC and labeled a Proposed Standard . Later, an RFC is elevated as Internet Standard , with an additional sequence number, when maturity has reached an acceptable level. Collectively, these stages are known as

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3276-478: The MIME encoded-word syntax (RFC 2047) instead of a literal string. This syntax uses a string of ASCII characters indicating both the original character encoding (the " charset ") and the content-transfer-encoding used to map the bytes of the charset into ASCII characters. The form is: " =? charset ? encoding ? encoded text ?= ". The ASCII codes for the question mark ("?") and equals sign ("=") may not be represented directly as they are used to delimit

3354-448: The MIME parts to display automatically. Thunderbird prior to version 3 also sends out newly composed messages with inline content disposition for all MIME parts. Most users are unaware of how to set the content disposition to attachment . Many mail user agents also send messages with the file name in the name parameter of the content-type header instead of the filename parameter of the header field Content-Disposition . This practice

3432-543: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and other standard development organizations. Moreover, it heavily relies on working groups that are constituted and proposed to an Area Director. IETF relies on its working groups for expansion of IETF conditions and strategies with a goal to make the Internet work superior. The working group then operates under the direction of the Area Director and progress an agreement. After

3510-414: The body parts in increasing order of preference, that is, with the preferred format last. Systems can then choose the "best" representation they are capable of processing; in general, this will be the last part that the system can understand, although other factors may affect this. Since a client is unlikely to want to send a version that is less faithful than the plain text version, this structure places

3588-626: The byte's numeric value. For example, an ASCII form feed character (decimal value 12) can be represented by =0C , and an ASCII equal sign (decimal value 61) must be represented by =3D . All characters except printable ASCII characters or end of line characters (but also = ) must be encoded in this fashion. All printable ASCII characters (decimal values between 33 and 126) may be represented by themselves, except = (decimal 61, hexadecimal 3D, therefore =3D ). ASCII tab and space characters , decimal values 9 and 32, may be represented by themselves, except if these characters would appear at

3666-596: The circulation of the proposed charter to the IESG and IAB mailing lists and its approval then it is further forwarded to the public IETF. It is not essential to have the complete agreement of all working groups and adopt the proposal. IETF working groups are only required to recourse to check if the accord is strong. Likewise, the Working Group produce documents in the arrangement of RFCs which are memorandum containing approaches, deeds, examination as well as innovations suitable to

3744-414: The common consideration of the necessities that the effort should discourse. Then an IETF Working Group is formed and necessities are ventilated in the influential Birds of a Feather (BoF) assemblies at IETF conferences. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the premier internet standards organization. It follows an open and well-documented processes for setting internet standards. The resources that

3822-518: The communication procedure of a device to or from other devices. In reference to the TCP/IP Model, common standards and protocols in each layer are as follows: The Internet has been viewed as an open playground, free for people to use and communities to monitor. However, large companies have shaped and molded it to best fit their needs. The future of internet standards will be no different. Currently, there are widely used but insecure protocols such as

3900-498: The concluding form. This process is followed in every area to generate unanimous views about a problem related to the internet and develop internet standards as a solution to different glitches. There are eight common areas on which IETF focus and uses various working groups along with an area director. In the "general" area it works and develops the Internet standards. In "Application" area it concentrates on internet applications such as Web-related protocols. Furthermore, it also works on

3978-406: The constituent parts. The message consists of a root part (by default, the first) which reference other parts inline, which may in turn reference other parts. Message parts are commonly referenced by Content-ID . The syntax of a reference is unspecified and is instead dictated by the encoding or protocol used in the part. One common usage of this subtype is to send a web page complete with images in

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4056-474: The development of internet infrastructure in the form of PPP extensions. IETF also establish principles and description standards that encompass the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) along with the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) counterpart the exertion of the IETF using innovative technologies. The IETF is the standards making organization concentrate on

4134-550: The document has to be changed, it is submitted again and assigned a new RFC number. When an RFC becomes an Internet Standard (STD), it is assigned an STD number but retains its RFC number. When an Internet Standard is updated, its number is unchanged but refers to a different RFC or set of RFCs. For example, in 2007 RFC 3700 was an Internet Standard (STD 1) and in May 2008 it was replaced with RFC 5000. RFC 3700 received Historic status, and RFC 5000 became STD 1. The list of Internet standards

4212-477: The encoded text, soft line breaks may be added as desired. A soft line break consists of an = at the end of an encoded line, and does not appear as a line break in the decoded text. These soft line breaks also allow encoding text without line breaks (or containing very long lines) for an environment where line size is limited, such as the 1000 characters per line limit of some SMTP software, as allowed by RFC 2821. A slightly modified version of Quoted-Printable

4290-536: The encoded word. The ASCII code for space may not be represented directly because it could cause older parsers to split up the encoded word undesirably. To make the encoding smaller and easier to read the underscore is used to represent the ASCII code for space creating the side effect that underscore cannot be represented directly. The use of encoded words in certain parts of header fields imposes further restrictions on which characters may be represented directly. For example, Subject: =?iso-8859-1?Q?=A1Hola,_se=F1or!?=

4368-789: The end of the encoded line. In that case, they would need to be escaped as =09 (tab) or =20 (space), or be followed by a = (soft line break) as the last character of the encoded line. This last solution is valid because it prevents the tab or space from being the last character of the encoded line. If the data being encoded contains meaningful line breaks, they must be encoded as an ASCII CR LF sequence, not as their original byte values, neither directly nor via = signs. Conversely, if byte values 13 and 10 have meanings other than end of line (in media types, for example), then they must be encoded as =0D and =0A respectively. Lines of Quoted-Printable encoded data must not be longer than 76 characters. To satisfy this requirement without altering

4446-596: The first internet went live is January 1, 1983. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) went into effect. ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) and the Defense Data Network were the networks to implement the Protocols. These protocols are considered to be the essential part of how the Internet works because they define the rules by which the connections between servers operate. They are still used today by implementing various ways data

4524-457: The functioning of the Internet and Internet-linked arrangements. In other words, Requests for Comments (RFCs) are primarily used to mature a standard network protocol that is correlated with network statements. Some RFCs are aimed to produce information while others are required to publish Internet standards. The ultimate form of the RFC converts to the standard and is issued with a numeral. After that, no more comments or variations are acceptable for

4602-528: The generation of "standard" stipulations of expertise and their envisioned usage. The IETF concentrates on matters associated with the progress of current Internet and TCP/IP know-how. It is alienated into numerous working groups (WGs), every one of which is accountable for evolving standards and skills in a specific zone, for example routing or security. People in working groups are volunteers and work in fields such as equipment vendors, network operators and different research institutions. Firstly, it works on getting

4680-459: The input has many 8-bit characters, then Quoted-Printable becomes both unreadable and extremely inefficient. Base64 is not human-readable, but has a uniform overhead for all data and is the more sensible choice for binary formats or text in a script other than the Latin script . Any 8-bit byte value may be encoded with 3 characters: an = followed by two hexadecimal digits (0–9 or A–F) representing

4758-432: The mail server to read. The type is defined in RFC 6522. A multipart/signed message is used to attach a digital signature to a message. It has exactly two body parts, a body part and a signature part. The whole of the body part, including mime fields, is used to create the signature part. Many signature types are possible, like "application/pgp-signature" (RFC 3156) and "application/pkcs7-signature" ( S/MIME ). The type

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4836-525: The mid 1993 the first draft was published. HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol is one of the most commonly used protocols today in the context of the World Wide Web. HTTP is a simple protocol to govern how documents, that are written in HyperText Mark Language(HTML) , are exchanged via networks. This protocol is the backbone of the Web allowing for the whole hypertext system to exist practically. It

4914-406: The original bytes and hence the non-ASCII characters they represent can be identically recovered. Quoted-Printable and Base64 are the two MIME content transfer encodings, if the trivial "7bit" and "8bit" encoding are not counted. If the text to be encoded does not contain many non-ASCII characters, then Quoted-Printable results in a fairly readable and compact encoded result. On the other hand, if

4992-507: The overall message. For example, a multipart MIME message using the digest subtype would have its Content-Type set as "multipart/digest". The RFC initially defined four subtypes: mixed, digest, alternative and parallel. A minimally compliant application must support mixed and digest; other subtypes are optional. Applications must treat unrecognized subtypes as "multipart/mixed". Additional subtypes, such as signed and form-data, have since been separately defined in other RFCs. multipart/mixed

5070-456: The parameters or sub-functions of TS protocols. An AS also describes the domains of applicability of TSs, such as Internet routers, terminal server, or datagram-based database servers. An AS also applies one of the following "requirement levels" to each of the TSs to which it refers: TCP/ IP Model & associated Internet Standards Web standards are a type of internet standard which define aspects of

5148-440: The parts, is placed between the parts, and at the beginning and end of the body of the message, as follows: Each part consists of its own content header (zero or more Content- header fields) and a body. Multipart content can be nested. The Content-Transfer-Encoding of a multipart type must always be "7bit", "8bit" or "binary" to avoid the complications that would be posed by multiple levels of decoding. The multipart block as

5226-495: The plain text version (if present) first. This makes life easier for users of clients that do not understand multipart messages. Most commonly, multipart/alternative is used for email with two parts, one plain text (text/plain) and one HTML (text/html) . The plain text part provides backwards compatibility while the HTML part allows use of formatting and hyperlinks. Most email clients offer a user option to prefer plain text over HTML; this

5304-421: The process is called the Standards Track . If an RFC is part of a proposal that is on the Standards Track, then at the first stage, the standard is proposed and subsequently organizations decide whether to implement this Proposed Standard. After the criteria in RFC 6410 is met (two separate implementations, widespread use, no errata etc.), the RFC can advance to Internet Standard. The Internet Standards Process

5382-430: The reader's mail user agent to store the attachment. The following example is taken from RFC 2183, where the header field is defined: The filename may be encoded as defined in RFC 2231. As of 2010, a majority of mail user agents did not follow this prescription fully. The widely used Mozilla Thunderbird mail client ignores the content-disposition fields in the messages and uses independent algorithms for selecting

5460-415: The specification that hindered the implementation of this feature: "We did not adequately specify how to handle a future MIME version. ... So if you write something that knows 1.0, what should you do if you encounter 2.0 or 1.1? I sort of thought it was obvious but it turned out everyone implemented that in different ways. And the result is that it would be just about impossible for the Internet to ever define

5538-399: The structure of mail messages. They did not address the issue of presentation styles. The content-disposition header field was added in RFC 2183 to specify the presentation style. A MIME part can have: In addition to the presentation style, the field Content-Disposition also provides parameters for specifying the name of the file, the creation date and modification date, which can be used by

5616-446: The text/html part. Anti-spam software eventually caught up on this trick, penalizing messages with very different text in a multipart/alternative message. The type is defined in RFC 2046. A multipart/related is used to indicate that each message part is a component of an aggregate whole. It is for compound objects consisting of several inter-related components – proper display cannot be achieved by individually displaying

5694-416: The values shown below, which are not case sensitive. '7bit', '8bit', and 'binary' mean that no binary-to-text encoding on top of the original encoding was used. In these cases, the header field is actually redundant for the email client to decode the message body, but it may still be useful as an indicator of what type of object is being sent. Values ' quoted-printable ' and ' base64 ' tell the email client that

5772-426: Was an intermediary step that occurred after a Proposed Standard but prior to an Internet Standard. As put in RFC 2026: In general, an Internet Standard is a specification that is stable and well-understood, is technically competent, has multiple, independent, and interoperable implementations with substantial operational experience, enjoys significant public support, and is recognizably useful in some or all parts of

5850-579: Was apparent that one common way of encrypting data was needed so the IETF specified TLS 1.0 in RFC 2246 in January, 1999. It has been upgraded since. Last version of TLS is 1.3 from RFC 8446 in August 2018. OSI Model The Open Systems Interconnection model began its development in 1977. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization . It was officially published and adopted as

5928-572: Was conceived and realized by David P. Reed in 1980. Essentially the way it works is using compression to send information. Data would be compressed into a datagram and sent point to point. This proved to be a secure way to transmit information and despite the drawback of losing quality of data UDP is still in use. Becoming a standard is a two-step process within the Internet Standards Process: Proposed Standard and Internet Standard . These are called maturity levels and

6006-491: Was created by the team of developers spearheaded by Tim Berners-Lee . Berners-Lee is responsible for the proposal of its creation, which he did in 1989. August 6, 1991 is the date he published the first complete version of HTTP on a public forum. This date subsequently is considered by some to be the official birth of the World Wide Web. HTTP has been continually evolving since its creation, becoming more complicated with time and progression of networking technology. By default HTTP

6084-472: Was originally published as STD 1 but this practice has been abandoned in favor of an online list maintained by the RFC Editor. The standardization process is divided into three steps: There are five Internet standards organizations: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Society (ISOC), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). All organizations are required to use and express

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