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99-537: MMC is about the size of a postage stamp: 32 mm × 24 mm × 1.4 mm. MMC originally used a 1- bit serial interface , but newer versions of the specification allow transfers of 4 or 8 bits at a time. MMC can be used in many devices that can use Secure Digital (SD) cards. MMCs may be available in sizes up to 16 gigabytes (GB). They are used in almost every context in which memory cards are used, like cellular phones , digital audio players, digital cameras , and PDAs . Typically, an MMC operates as

198-533: A binit as an arbitrary information unit equivalent to some fixed but unspecified number of bits. Samsung Samsung Group ( Korean :  삼성 ; Hanja :  三星 ; RR :  samseong [samsʌŋ] ; stylised as SΛMSUNG ) is a South Korean multinational manufacturing conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Digital City, Suwon , South Korea. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under

297-409: A byte or word , is referred to, it is usually specified by a number from 0 upwards corresponding to its position within the byte or word. However, 0 can refer to either the most or least significant bit depending on the context. Similar to torque and energy in physics; information-theoretic information and data storage size have the same dimensionality of units of measurement , but there

396-434: A 600 million won decline from the 14 trillion won in 2022. The said drop can be attributed to the weak demand after COVID and a slowing global economy. Despite this decision, the company's shares increased by more than 4%. Samsung has been the top two applicant for PCT filled patents in 2022 and 2023 worldwide. Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture and has been

495-744: A KRW-USD exchange rate of 1,084.5 KRW per USD, the spot rate as of 19 August 2011. These amounts do not include the revenues from Samsung's subsidiaries based outside South Korea. Samsung Electronics is a multinational electronics and information technology company headquartered in Suwon and the flagship company of the Samsung Group. Its products include air conditioners , computers , digital television sets , active-matrix organic light-emitting diodes (AMOLEDs), mobile phones , display monitors , computer printers , refrigerators , semiconductors and telecommunications networking equipment. It

594-588: A conducting path at a certain point of a circuit. In optical discs , a bit is encoded as the presence or absence of a microscopic pit on a reflective surface. In one-dimensional bar codes , bits are encoded as the thickness of alternating black and white lines. The bit is not defined in the International System of Units (SI). However, the International Electrotechnical Commission issued standard IEC 60027 , which specifies that

693-472: A debate, "Samsung has the government in its hands. Samsung manages the legal world, the press, the academics and bureaucracy ". Samsung comprises around 80 companies. Its activities include construction , consumer electronics , financial services , shipbuilding , and medical services , and two research and development stations that have allowed the chaebol to enter the industries of "high-polymer chemicals , genetic engineering tools [and biotech as

792-413: A four- or eight-bit-wide data bus . Version 4.x full-size cards and reduced-size cards can be marketed as MMCplus and MMCmobile , respectively. Version 4.x cards are fully backward compatible with existing readers but require updated hardware and software to use their new capabilities. Even though the four-bit-wide bus and high-speed modes of operation are deliberately electrically compatible with SD,

891-475: A low-cost flash-memory system with a built-in controller that can reside inside an Android or Windows phone or in a low-cost PC and can appear to its host as a bootable device, in lieu of a more expensive form of solid-state storage, such as a traditional NVMe solid-state drive , UFS chip , or SD card. In 2004, a group of companies—including Seagate and Hitachi —introduced an interface called CE-ATA for small form factor hard disk drives. This interface

990-588: A major driving force behind the " Miracle on the Han River ". Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea's total exports. Samsung's revenue was equal to 22.4% of South Korea's $ 1.67 trillion GDP in 2022. "You can even say the Samsung chairman is more powerful than the President of South Korea . [South] Korean people have come to think of Samsung as invincible and above the law", said Woo Suk-hoon, host of

1089-589: A mechanical adapter. MMCmicro cards have the high-speed and four-bit-bus features of the 4.x spec, but not the eight-bit bus, due to the absence of the extra pins. This variant was formerly known as S-card when introduced by Samsung on 13 December 2004. It was later adapted and introduced in 2005 by the MultiMediaCard Association (MMCA) as the third form factor memory card in the MultiMediaCard family. MMCmicro appears very similar to microSD , but

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1188-431: A number of bytes which is a low power of two. A string of four bits is usually a nibble . In information theory , one bit is the information entropy of a random binary variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability, or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known. As a unit of information , the bit is also known as a shannon , named after Claude E. Shannon . The symbol for

1287-458: A popular economics podcast in a Washington Post article headlined "In South Korea, the Republic of Samsung", published on 9 December 2012. Critics claimed that Samsung knocked out smaller businesses, limiting choices for South Korean consumers and sometimes colluded with fellow giants to fix prices while bullying those who investigate. Lee Jung-hee , a South Korean presidential candidate, said in

1386-607: A range of aircraft from the 1980s to the 1990s. The company was founded in 1999 as Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), the result of a merger between then three domestic major aerospace divisions of Samsung Aerospace , Daewoo Heavy Industries and Hyundai Space and Aircraft Company. However, Samsung still manufactures aircraft engines and gas turbines . In 2000, Samsung R&D opened a development center in Warsaw , Poland . Its work began with set-top-box technology before moving into digital TV and smartphones . The smartphone platform

1485-560: A small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong (now Ingyo-dong). It dealt in dried fish, locally-grown groceries and noodles. The company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul. He started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang . In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik , a textiles company, and built

1584-411: A storage medium for devices, in a form that can easily be removed for access by a PC via a connected MMC reader. eMMC ( embedded MMC) is a small MMC chip used as embedded non-volatile memory that is normally soldered on printed circuit boards , though pluggable eMMC modules are used on some devices (e.g. Orange Pi and ODROID ). The latest version of the eMMC standard ( JESD84-B51 ) by JEDEC

1683-818: A total premium income of $ 11.7 billion in 2011 and total assets of $ 28.81 billion on 31 March 2011. It is the largest provider of general insurance in South Korea. Samsung Fire has been listed on the Korea Exchange stock market since 1975 (number 000810). Samsung Heavy Industries is a shipbuilding and engineering company headquartered in Seoul, founded in August 1974. Its principal products are bulk carriers, container vessels, crude oil tankers, cruisers, passenger ferries, material handling equipment steel and bridge structures. It achieved total revenues of 13,358.6 billion won in 2011 and

1782-506: A whole], aerospace , and nanotechnology ." As of April 2011, the Samsung Group comprised 59 unlisted companies and 19 listed companies, all of which had their primary listing on the Korea Exchange . In FY 2009, Samsung reported consolidated revenues of 220 trillion KRW ($ 172.5 billion). In FY 2010, Samsung reported consolidated revenues of 280 trillion KRW ($ 258 billion), and profits of 30 trillion KRW ($ 27.6 billion) based upon

1881-482: Is Korea's largest IT service company. It achieved total revenues of 6,105.9 billion won (US$ 5.71 billion) in 2012. Samsung C&T Corporation is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (000830). Samsung Electro-Mechanics , established in 1973 as a manufacturer of key electronic components, is headquartered in Suwon , South Korea. It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 009150). Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), established in 1987,

1980-468: Is a portmanteau of binary digit . The bit represents a logical state with one of two possible values . These values are most commonly represented as either " 1 " or " 0 " , but other representations such as true / false , yes / no , on / off , or + / − are also widely used. The relation between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within

2079-668: Is a tertiary hospital staffed by approximately 7,400, including over 1,200 doctors and 2,300 nurses. Since its foundation in the 1990s, the Samsung Medical Center has successfully incorporated and developed an advanced model with the motto of becoming a "patient-centered hospital", a new concept in Korea. Samsung donates around US$ 100 million per annum to the Samsung Medical Center. It incorporates Samsung Seoul Hospital, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Samsung Cancer Center and Samsung Life Sciences Research Center. In 2010,

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2178-537: Is available online. In 2004, the Reduced-Size MultiMediaCard ( RS-MMC ) was introduced as a smaller form factor of the MMC, with about half the size: 24 mm × 18 mm × 1.4 mm. The RS-MMC uses a simple mechanical adapter to elongate the card so it can be used in any MMC (or SD) slot. RS-MMCs are currently available in sizes up to and including 2 GB. The modern continuation of an RS-MMC

2277-490: Is based on an 8-bit parallel interface. Almost all mobile phones and tablets used this form of flash for main storage until 2016, when Universal Flash Storage (UFS) started to take control of the market. However, as of 2023, eMMC is still used in many consumer applications, including lower-end smartphones, such that Kioxia has introduced new 64 GB and 128 GB eMMC 5.1 modules based on modern 3D NAND flash scheduled for mass production in 2024. eMMC does not support

2376-669: Is commonly known as MiniDrive ( MD-MMC ). A MiniDrive is generally a microSD card adapter in the RS-MMC form factor. This allows a user to take advantage of the wider range of modern MMCs available to exceed the historic 2 GB limitations of older chip technology. Implementations of RS-MMCs include Nokia and Siemens , who used RS-MMC in their Series 60 Symbian smartphones , the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet , and generations 65 and 75 (Siemens). However, since 2006, all of Nokia's new devices with card slots have used miniSD or microSD cards, with

2475-522: Is headquartered in Incheon, South Korea and its existing three plants comprises the largest biologic contract manufacturing complex. It expanded its contract development service lab to San Francisco, U.S. Samsung Biologics is listed on the Korean Exchange stock market (number 207940). Samsung Bioepis is a biosimilar medicine producer and joint venture between Samsung Biologics (50 per cent plus one share) and

2574-449: Is headquartered in Suwon and operates research labs around the world. Ace Digitech is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 036550). Cheil Industries is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 001300). Cheil Worldwide is a marketing company that offers advertising, public relations, etc. It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 030000). Credu

2673-468: Is important in mobile devices. However, simple dual-voltage parts quickly went out of production in favor of MMCplus and MMCmobile, which offer capabilities in addition to dual-voltage capability. The version 4.x of the MMC standard, introduced in 2005, introduced two significant changes to compete against SD cards: (1) the ability to run at higher speeds (26 MHz and 52 MHz) than the original MMC (20 MHz) or SD (25 MHz, 50 MHz), and (2)

2772-486: Is in general no meaning to adding, subtracting or otherwise combining the units mathematically, although one may act as a bound on the other. Units of information used in information theory include the shannon (Sh), the natural unit of information (nat) and the hartley (Hart). One shannon is the maximum amount of information needed to specify the state of one bit of storage. These are related by 1 Sh ≈ 0.693 nat ≈ 0.301 Hart. Some authors also define

2871-757: Is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 02803450). Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance is a multinational general insurance company headquartered in Seoul. It was founded in January 1952 as Korea Anbo Fire and Marine Insurance and was renamed Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance in December 1993. Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance offers services including accident insurance, automobile insurance, casualty insurance, fire insurance, liability insurance , marine insurance , personal pensions and loans. As of March 2011 it had operations in 10 countries and 6.5 million customers. Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance had

2970-632: Is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 032830). Samsung SDI builds lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles such as the BMW i3 , and acquired Magna Steyr 's battery plant near Graz in 2015. Samsung SDI also produced CRTs and VFD displays until 2012. SDI began using the " 21700 " cell format in August 2015. Samsung plans to convert its factory in Göd , Hungary to supply 50,000 cars per year. Samsung SDI uses lithium-ion technology for its phone and portable computer batteries. On 5 December 2012,

3069-461: Is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 067280). Imarket Korea provides procurement services and business-to-business goods. It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 122900). Samsung Card is a South Korean credit card company. It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 029780). Hotel Shilla (also known as "The Shilla") opened in March 1979, following

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3168-554: Is more compressed—the same bucket can hold more. For example, it is estimated that the combined technological capacity of the world to store information provides 1,300 exabytes of hardware digits. However, when this storage space is filled and the corresponding content is optimally compressed, this only represents 295 exabytes of information. When optimally compressed, the resulting carrying capacity approaches Shannon information or information entropy . Certain bitwise computer processor instructions (such as bit set ) operate at

3267-505: Is not a user-removable card, but rather a permanent attachment to the printed circuit board (PCB). Therefore, in the event of an issue with either the memory or its controller, the eMMC would need to be replaced or repaired. In eMMC, the host system simply reads and writes data to and from the logical block addresses . The eMMC controller hardware and firmware lifts the burden on the host system by performing error correction and data management. eMMC exists in 100, 153, and 169 ball packages and

3366-595: Is the largest provider of life insurance in South Korea. Samsung Air China Life Insurance is a 50:50 joint venture between Samsung Life Insurance and China National Aviation Holding . It was established in Beijing in July 2005. Siam Samsung Life Insurance: Samsung Life Insurance holds a 37 per cent stake while the Saha Group also has a 37.5 per cent stake in the joint venture, with the remaining 25 per cent owned by Thanachart Bank. It

3465-490: Is the unit byte , coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956, which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a single character of text (until UTF-8 multibyte encoding took over) in a computer and for this reason it was used as the basic addressable element in many computer architectures . The trend in hardware design converged on the most common implementation of using eight bits per byte, as it

3564-719: Is the world's second-largest shipbuilder by revenues (after Hyundai Heavy Industries ). It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 010140). Samsung Life Insurance is a multinational life insurance company headquartered in Seoul, founded in March 1957 as Dongbang Life Insurance. It became an affiliate of the Samsung Group in July 1963. Samsung Life's principal activity is the provision of individual life insurance and annuity products and services. As of December 2011 it had operations in seven countries, 8.08 million customers and 5,975 employees. Samsung Life had total sales of 22,717 billion won in 2011 and total assets of 161,072 billion won at 31 December 2011. It

3663-642: Is version 5.1A, released January 2019, with speeds (250 MB/s read, 125 MB/s write) rivaling discrete SATA -based SSDs (500 MB/s). As of 23 September 2008, the MultimediaCard Association (MMCA) turned over all MMC specifications to the JEDEC organization including embedded MMC (eMMC), SecureMMC, and miCARD assets. JEDEC is an organization devoted to standards for the solid-state industry. The latest eMMC specifications can be requested from JEDEC, free-of-charge for JEDEC members. Older versions of

3762-452: Is widely used today. However, because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design, the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight bits. Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size, conventionally named " words ". Like the byte, the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design, and is typically between 8 and 80 bits, or even more in some specialized computers. In

3861-786: The Burj Khalifa in United Arab Emirates. In 1993, Lee Kun-hee sold off ten of Samsung Group's subsidiaries, downsized the company, and merged other operations to concentrate on three industries: electronics, engineering and chemicals. In 1996, the Samsung Group reacquired the Sungkyunkwan University foundation. Samsung became the world's largest producer of memory chips in 1992 and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after Intel (see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year). In 1995, it created its first liquid-crystal display screen. Samsung grew to be

3960-579: The Korean hanja Samsung ( 三 星 ) is three stars . The three stands for something big, numerous and powerful , while stars stands for everlasting or eternal . In 1938, during Japanese-ruled Korea , Lee Byung-chul (1910–1987) of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu and founded Mitsuboshi Trading Company (株式会社三星商会 ( Kabushiki gaisha Mitsuboshi Shōkai ) ), or Samsung Sanghoe ( 주식회사 삼성상회 ). Samsung started out as

4059-449: The SPI-bus protocol and uses NAND flash. Modern computers, both laptops and desktops, often have SD slots, which can additionally read MMCs if the operating system drivers can. Since the introduction of SD cards, few companies build MMC slots into their devices (an exception is some mobile devices like the Nokia 9300 communicator in 2004, where the smaller size of the MMC is a benefit), but

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4158-448: The world's largest mobile phone maker by unit sales, overtaking Nokia , which had been the market leader since 1998. On 24 August 2012, nine American jurors ruled that Samsung Electronics had to pay Apple $ 1.05 billion in damages for violating six of its patents on smartphone technology. The award was still less than the $ 2.5 billion requested by Apple. The decision also ruled that Apple did not violate five Samsung patents cited in

4257-410: The yottabit (Ybit). When the information capacity of a storage system or a communication channel is presented in bits or bits per second , this often refers to binary digits, which is a computer hardware capacity to store binary data ( 0 or 1 , up or down, current or not, etc.). Information capacity of a storage system is only an upper bound to the quantity of information stored therein. If

4356-407: The 1950s and 1960s, these methods were largely supplanted by magnetic storage devices such as magnetic-core memory , magnetic tapes , drums , and disks , where a bit was represented by the polarity of magnetization of a certain area of a ferromagnetic film, or by a change in polarity from one direction to the other. The same principle was later used in the magnetic bubble memory developed in

4455-698: The 1980s, Samsung Electronics began to invest heavily in research and development, investments that were pivotal in pushing the company to the forefront of the global electronics industry. In 1982, it built a television assembly plant in Portugal; in 1984, a plant in New York; in 1985, a plant in Tokyo; in 1987, a facility in England; and another facility in Austin, Texas , in 1996. As of 2012, Samsung has invested more than US$ 13 billion in

4554-418: The 1980s, and is still found in various magnetic strip items such as metro tickets and some credit cards . In modern semiconductor memory , such as dynamic random-access memory , the two values of a bit may be represented by two levels of electric charge stored in a capacitor . In certain types of programmable logic arrays and read-only memory , a bit may be represented by the presence or absence of

4653-611: The Austin facility, which operates under the name Samsung Austin Semiconductor. This makes the Austin location the largest foreign investment in Texas and one of the largest single foreign investments in the United States. In 1987, United States International Trade Commission found that the Samsung Group of South Korea unlawfully sold computer chips in the United States without licenses from

4752-526: The European Union's antitrust regulator fined Samsung SDI and several other major companies for fixing prices of TV cathode-ray tubes in two cartels lasting nearly a decade. It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 006400). Samsung SDS is a multinational IT Service company, founded in March 1985. Its main activity is the deployment of IT systems ( ERP , IT infrastructure, IT consulting, IT outsourcing, data center operation, etc.). It

4851-508: The Korean government reviewed the number of media outlets allowed. TBC allowed an early success thanks to its connections to Samsung, boosting the sale of its television sets. In 1980, Samsung acquired the Gumi -based Hanguk Jeonja Tongsin and entered telecommunications hardware. Its early products were switchboards. The facility was developed into the telephone and fax manufacturing systems and became

4950-404: The Samsung Group in 1991, it severed all payment guarantees and share-holding ties with Samsung affiliates." One Hansol Group source asserted, "Hansol, Shinsegae, and CJ have been under independent management since their respective separations from the Samsung Group". One Shinsegae department store executive director said, "Shinsegae has no payment guarantees associated with the Samsung Group". In

5049-448: The Samsung Medical Center and pharmaceutical multinational Pfizer agreed to collaborate on research to identify the genomic mechanisms responsible for clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma . Hanhwa Techwin was a developer and manufacturer of surveillance (including security cameras), aeronautics , optoelectronics , automations and weapons technology . It was announced to be sold to Hanwha Group in December 2014 and

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5148-477: The Samsung Trading Corporation, with the Samsung's founder Lee Byung-chul. The trading firm grew to become the now Samsung C&T Corporation . After a few years, Cho and Lee separated due to differences in management style. Cho wanted a 30 equity share. Samsung Group was separated into Samsung Group and Hyosung Group, Hankook Tire and other businesses. In the late 1960s, Samsung Group entered

5247-411: The Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate). As of 2024, Samsung has the world's fifth-highest brand value . Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company . Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, and retail. Samsung entered the electronics industry in

5346-655: The U.S.-based Biogen Idec (50 per cent). In 2014, Biogen Idec agreed to commercialize future anti-TNF biosimilar products in Europe through Samsung Bioepis. Samsung Engineering is a multinational construction company headquartered in Seoul, founded in January 1969. Its principal activity is the construction of oil refining plants; upstream oil and gas facilities; petrochemical plants and gas plants; steel making plants; power plants ; water treatment facilities ; and other infrastructure. It achieved total revenues of 9,298.2 billion won (US$ 8.06 billion) in 2011. Samsung Engineering

5445-424: The average. This principle is the basis of data compression technology. Using an analogy, the hardware binary digits refer to the amount of storage space available (like the number of buckets available to store things), and the information content the filling, which comes in different levels of granularity (fine or coarse, that is, compressed or uncompressed information). When the granularity is finer—when information

5544-621: The best medical service, advanced medical research and development of outstanding medical personnel". The Samsung Medical Center consists of a hospital and a cancer center, which is the largest in Asia. The hospital is located in an intelligent building with floor space of more than 200,000 square meters and 20 floors above ground and 5 floors underground, housing 40 departments, 10 specialist centers, 120 special clinics and 1,306 beds. The 655-bed Cancer Center has 11 floors above ground and 8 floors underground, with floor space of over 100,000 square meters. SMC

5643-672: The binary digit is either "bit", per the IEC 80000-13 :2008 standard, or the lowercase character "b", per the IEEE 1541-2002 standard. Use of the latter may create confusion with the capital "B" which is the international standard symbol for the byte. The encoding of data by discrete bits was used in the punched cards invented by Basile Bouchon and Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1732), developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard (1804), and later adopted by Semyon Korsakov , Charles Babbage , Herman Hollerith , and early computer manufacturers like IBM . A variant of that idea

5742-453: The case. Samsung decried the decision saying that the move could harm innovation in the sector. It also followed a South Korean ruling stating that both companies were guilty of infringing on each other's intellectual property. In first trading after the ruling, Samsung shares on the KOSPI fell 7.7%, the largest fall since 24 October 2008, to 1,177,000 South Korean won . Apple then sought to ban

5841-487: The center of Samsung's mobile phone manufacturing. They have produced over 800 million mobile phones to date. The company grouped them together under Samsung Electronics in the 1980s. After Lee, the founder's death in 1987, Samsung Group was separated into five business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group , Hansol Group and the JoongAng Group . Shinsegae (discount store, department store)

5940-560: The chip inventor, Texas Instruments Inc. Since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics; in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income. It was in this period that Samsung started to rise as an international corporation in the 1990s. Samsung's construction branch was awarded contracts to build one of the two Petronas Towers in Malaysia, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and

6039-651: The commission received complaints stating that the agency hired students to attack competitors of Samsung Electronics in online forums. Samsung Taiwan made an announcement on its Facebook page in which it stated that it had not interfered with any evaluation report and had stopped online marketing campaigns that constituted posting or responding to content in online forums. In 2015, Samsung has been granted more U.S. patents than any other company. The company received 7,679 utility patents through 11 December. The Galaxy Note 7 smartphone went on sale on 19 August 2016. However, in early September 2016, Samsung suspended sales of

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6138-435: The company dropping support for the MMC standard in its products. While Siemens exited the mobile phone business completely in 2006, the company continues to use MMC for some PLC storage leveraging MD-MMC advances. The Dual-Voltage MultimediaCard ( DV-MMC ) was one of the first changes in MMC. These cards can operate at 1.8 V in addition to 3.3 V. Running at lower voltages reduces the card's energy consumption, which

6237-485: The company had raised a large number of secret funds through bank accounts illegally opened under the names of up to 1,000 Samsung executives – under his own name, four accounts were opened to manage 5 billion won . In 2010, Samsung announced a ten-year growth strategy centered around five businesses. One of these businesses was to be focused on biopharmaceuticals , to which has committed ₩ 2.1 trillion. In first quarter of 2012, Samsung Electronics became

6336-463: The company. Kim said that Samsung lawyers trained executives to serve as scapegoats in a "fabricated scenario" to protect Lee, even though those executives were not involved. Kim also told the media that he was "sidelined" by Samsung after he refused to pay a $ 3.3 million bribe to the U.S. Federal District Court judge presiding over a case where two of their executives were found guilty on charges related to memory chip price-fixing. Kim revealed that

6435-415: The early 21st century, retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits. The International System of Units defines a series of decimal prefixes for multiples of standardized units which are commonly also used with the bit and the byte. The prefixes kilo (10 ) through yotta (10 ) increment by multiples of one thousand, and the corresponding units are the kilobit (kbit) through

6534-457: The electrical state of a flip-flop circuit. For devices using positive logic , a digit value of 1 (or a logical value of true) is represented by a more positive voltage relative to the representation of 0 . Different logic families require different voltages, and variations are allowed to account for component aging and noise immunity. For example, in transistor–transistor logic (TTL) and compatible circuits, digit values 0 and 1 at

6633-527: The electronics industry. It formed several electronics-related divisions, such as Samsung Electronics Devices, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Samsung Corning and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications, and opened the facility in Suwon . Its first product was a black-and-white television set. Byung-chul was also the owner of the Tongyang Broadcasting Company , a private radio and television company that existed from 1964 to 1980, shut down after

6732-549: The first plant in Chimsan-dong, Daegu . It was the largest woollen mill in the country at the time of construction. Samsung diversified into many different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as a leader in a wide range of industries. Samsung moved into lines of business such as insurance, securities, and retail. In 1947, Cho Hong-jai, the Hyosung group's founder, jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa, or

6831-441: The format. The card was announced to be available starting in the third quarter of 2007. It was expected to save the 12 Taiwanese companies who planned to manufacture the product and related hardware up to US$ 40 million in licensing fees, which presumably would otherwise be paid to owners of competing flash memory formats. The initial card was to have a capacity of 8 GB, while the standard would allow sizes up to 2048 GB. It

6930-405: The initialization protocol is different, so firmware and software updates are required to use these features in an SD reader. MMCmicro is a smaller version of MMC. With dimensions of 14 mm × 12 mm × 1.1 mm, it is smaller and thinner than RS-MMC. Like MMCmobile, MMCmicro allows dual voltage, is backward compatible with MMC, and can be used in full-size MMC and SD slots with

7029-419: The intention of the late Lee Byung-chul , founder of the Samsung Group. Shilla Hotels and Resorts is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 008770). Samsung C&T Corporation covers the three main sectors of Environment & Asset, Food Culture and Resort. Samsung Medical Center was founded on 9 November 1994, under the philosophy of "contributing to improving the nation's health through

7128-893: The late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s; these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lee's death in 1987, Samsung was separated into five business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group , Hansol Group, and JoongAng Group. Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics , Samsung Heavy Industries , Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T Corporation . Other subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance and Cheil Worldwide . Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics (the world's largest information technology company , consumer electronics maker and chipmaker measured by 2017 revenues), Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's second largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues), and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T Corporation (respectively

7227-409: The level of manipulating bits rather than manipulating data interpreted as an aggregate of bits. In the 1980s, when bitmapped computer displays became popular, some computers provided specialized bit block transfer instructions to set or copy the bits that corresponded to a given rectangular area on the screen. In most computers and programming languages, when a bit within a group of bits, such as

7326-473: The output of a device are represented by no higher than 0.4 V and no lower than 2.6 V, respectively; while TTL inputs are specified to recognize 0.8 V or below as 0 and 2.2 V or above as 1 . Bits are transmitted one at a time in serial transmission , and by a multiple number of bits in parallel transmission . A bitwise operation optionally processes bits one at a time. Data transfer rates are usually measured in decimal SI multiples of

7425-534: The phone and announced an informal recall. This occurred after some units of the phones had batteries with a defect that caused them to produce excessive heat, leading to fires and explosions. Samsung replaced the recalled units of the phones with a new version; however, it was later discovered that the new version of the Galaxy Note 7 also had the battery defect. Samsung recalled all Galaxy Note 7 smartphones worldwide on 10 October 2016, and permanently ended production of

7524-461: The phone the following day. In 2018, they inaugurated the world's largest mobile manufacturing facility in Noida , India, in the presence of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and South Korean President Moon Jae-in . In 2023, Samsung announced its decision to reduce the production of memory chips. This action is on account of the company's projected 96% decline in quarterly operating profit -

7623-477: The sales of eight Samsung phones (Galaxy S 4G, Galaxy S2 AT&T , Galaxy S2 Skyrocket, Galaxy S2 T-Mobile, Galaxy S2 Epic 4G, Galaxy S Showcase, Droid Charge and Galaxy Prevail) in the United States, but this was denied by the court. As of 2013, the Fair Trade Commission of Taiwan is investigating Samsung and its local Taiwanese advertising agency for false advertising . The case was commenced after

7722-415: The same device or program . It may be physically implemented with a two-state device. A contiguous group of binary digits is commonly called a bit string , a bit vector, or a single-dimensional (or multi-dimensional) bit array . A group of eight bits is called one  byte , but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined. Frequently, half, full, double and quadruple words consist of

7821-424: The slightly thinner, pin-compatible MMCs can be used in almost any device that can use SD cards if the software/firmware on the device is capable. While few companies build MMC slots into devices as of 2018, due to SD cards dominating the memory card market, the embedded MMC (e.MMC) is still widely used in consumer electronics as a primary means of integrated storage and boot ROM in portable devices. eMMC provides

7920-399: The standard are freely available, but some optional enhancements to the standard such as MiCard and SecureMMC specifications, must be purchased separately. While there is no royalty charged for devices to host an MMC or eMMC, a royalty may be necessary in order to manufacture the cards themselves. A highly detailed datasheet that contains essential information for writing an MMC host driver

8019-415: The states of electrical relays which could be either "open" or "closed". When relays were replaced by vacuum tubes , starting in the 1940s, computer builders experimented with a variety of storage methods, such as pressure pulses traveling down a mercury delay line , charges stored on the inside surface of a cathode-ray tube , or opaque spots printed on glass discs by photolithographic techniques. In

8118-554: The symbol for binary digit should be 'bit', and this should be used in all multiples, such as 'kbit', for kilobit. However, the lower-case letter 'b' is widely used as well and was recommended by the IEEE 1541 Standard (2002) . In contrast, the upper case letter 'B' is the standard and customary symbol for byte. Multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways. For convenience of representing commonly reoccurring groups of bits in information technology, several units of information have traditionally been used. The most common

8217-469: The take-over completed in June 2015. It was later renamed Hanwha Techwin. The company was listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 012450) Samsung Thales Co., Ltd. (until 2001 known as Samsung Thomson-CSF Co., Ltd .) was a joint venture between Samsung-Techwin and the France-based aerospace and defense company Thales . It was established in 1978 and is based in Seoul. Samsung's involvement

8316-607: The two formats are not physically compatible and have incompatible pinouts. The MiCard is a backward-compatible extension of the MMC standard with a theoretical maximum size of 2048 GB (2 terabytes) announced on 2 June 2007. The card is composed of two detachable parts, much like a microSD card with an SD adapter. The small memory card fits directly in a USB port and has MMC-compatible electrical contacts. With an included electromechanical adapter, it can also fit in traditional MMC and SD card readers. To date, only one manufacturer (Pretec) has produced cards in this format. The MiCard

8415-556: The two possible values of one bit of storage are not equally likely, that bit of storage contains less than one bit of information. If the value is completely predictable, then the reading of that value provides no information at all (zero entropic bits, because no resolution of uncertainty occurs and therefore no information is available). If a computer file that uses n  bits of storage contains only m  <  n  bits of information, then that information can in principle be encoded in about m  bits, at least on

8514-462: The two stable states of a flip-flop , two positions of an electrical switch , two distinct voltage or current levels allowed by a circuit , two distinct levels of light intensity , two directions of magnetization or polarization , the orientation of reversible double stranded DNA , etc. Bits can be implemented in several forms. In most modern computing devices, a bit is usually represented by an electrical voltage or current pulse, or by

8613-507: The unit bit per second (bit/s), such as kbit/s. In the earliest non-electronic information processing devices, such as Jacquard's loom or Babbage's Analytical Engine , a bit was often stored as the position of a mechanical lever or gear, or the presence or absence of a hole at a specific point of a paper card or tape . The first electrical devices for discrete logic (such as elevator and traffic light control circuits , telephone switches , and Konrad Zuse's computer) represented bits as

8712-477: The use of a logarithmic measure of information in 1928. Claude E. Shannon first used the word "bit" in his seminal 1948 paper " A Mathematical Theory of Communication ". He attributed its origin to John W. Tukey , who had written a Bell Labs memo on 9 January 1947 in which he contracted "binary information digit" to simply "bit". A bit can be stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in either of two possible distinct states . These may be

8811-466: The world's 13th and 36th largest construction companies). Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th largest life insurance company), Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort , the oldest theme park in South Korea) and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 15th largest advertising agency, as measured by 2012 revenues). According to Samsung's founder, the meaning of

8910-564: The world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Ten years later, Sony , which had not invested in large-size TFT-LCDs , contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006, S-LCD was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers. S-LCD was owned by Samsung (50% plus one share) and Sony (50% minus one share) and operates its factories and facilities in Tanjung, South Korea. As of 26 December 2011, it

9009-405: Was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture. Compared to other major Korean companies, Samsung survived the 1997 Asian financial crisis relatively unharmed. However, Samsung Motor was sold to Renault at a significant loss. As of 2010, Renault Samsung is 80.1 per cent owned by Renault and 19.9 per cent owned by Samsung. Additionally, Samsung manufactured

9108-606: Was developed by the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan . At the time of the announcement, twelve Taiwanese companies (including ADATA Technology, Asustek , BenQ , Carry Computer Eng. Co. , C-One Technology , DBTel , Power Digital Card Co. , and RiCHIP ) had signed on to manufacture the new memory card. However, as of June 2011, none of the listed companies had released any such cards, nor had any further announcements been made about plans for

9207-415: Was developed with partners, officially launched with the original Samsung Solstice line of devices and other derivatives in 2008, which was later developed into Samsung Galaxy line of devices including Notes, Edge and other products. In 2007, former Samsung chief lawyer Kim Yong Chul claimed that he was involved in bribing and fabricating evidence on behalf of the group's chairman, Lee Kun-hee , and

9306-526: Was electrically and physically compatible with the MMC specification. However, support for further development of the standard ended in 2008. The game card format used on the PlayStation Vita was found to be based on the MMC standard, but with a different pinout and support for custom initialization commands as well as copy protection. Bit The bit is the most basic unit of information in computing and digital communication . The name

9405-440: Was formed in 2004, and Toshiba owns 51 per cent of its stock, while Samsung owns the remaining 49 per cent. Samsung Electronics is listed on the Korea Exchange stock market (number 005930). Samsung Biologics is a biopharmaceutical division of Samsung, founded in 2011. It has contract development and manufacturing (CDMO) services including drug substance and product manufacturing and bioanalytical testing services. The company

9504-543: Was originally part of Samsung Group, separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ Group (Food/Chemicals/Entertainment/logistics), Hansol Group (Paper/Telecom), and the JoongAng Group (Media). Today these separated groups are independent and they are not part of or connected to the Samsung Group. One Hansol Group representative said, "Only people ignorant of the laws governing the business world could believe something so absurd", adding, "When Hansol separated from

9603-439: Was stated to have data transfer speeds of 480  Mbit/s (60  Mbyte/s ), with plans to increase data over time. The currently implemented embedded MMC ( eMMC or e.MMC ) architecture puts the MMC components (flash memory, buffer and controller) into a small ball grid array (BGA) IC package for use in circuit boards as an embedded non-volatile memory system. This is noticeably different from other versions of MMC as this

9702-518: Was the world's largest mobile phone maker by unit sales in the first quarter of 2012, with a global market share of 25.4%. It was also the world's second-largest semiconductor maker by 2011 revenues (after Intel ). Steco is a joint venture established between Samsung Electronics and Japan's Toray Industries in 1995. Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation (TSST) is a joint venture between Samsung Electronics and Toshiba of Japan which specialises in optical disc drive manufacturing. TSST

9801-465: Was the perforated paper tape . In all those systems, the medium (card or tape) conceptually carried an array of hole positions; each position could be either punched through or not, thus carrying one bit of information. The encoding of text by bits was also used in Morse code (1844) and early digital communications machines such as teletypes and stock ticker machines (1870). Ralph Hartley suggested

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