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21-630: Muduga , also called Mudugar, is a Southern Dravidian language of India influenced by Kannada and Tulu . It is mainly spoken by Muduga tribes in the Attappady valley south of the Nilgiris in Palakkad district, Kerala. It is mutually intelligible with Attapady Kurumba . This Dravidian languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Southern Dravidian languages Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam are recognized among

42-659: A comprehensive and authoritative source of reference on the Dravidian languages. After a brief service (1960–61) at the University of California, Berkeley , he returned to India and started the Department of Linguistics at Osmania University which later became the first center of Advanced Studies in Linguistics in India. He was also instrumental in conceptualizing, designing and implementing

63-515: A set of centralized vowel around retroflexes and alveolars with Irula having /ɨ, ʉ, ə, ɵ/ + length. Kurumba languages have nasalized vowels, eg. Jenu Kuruba ã·we , Kannada āme, āve, ēve, ēme, Tamil yāmai, āmai. Most Malayalamoid languages including Malayalam lost the pronounial endings of verbs. Kannada lost clusivity. Old Tamil retained the PD like tense system of past vs non past but none currently do, all have past, present, future. Common plural marker

84-441: A trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil oṉṟu, āṟu, nāṟu, nāṟṟam, muṟi, kīṟu; Tulu oñji, āji, nāduni, nāta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kīruni, gīcuni}. The retroflex approximant mostly became a /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/ , e.g. Tamil ēẓu, puẓu, Tulu {ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru. The vowels have mostly remained the same with the 5 /a, e, i, o, u/ + length; Malayalam and Tulu have an extra /ə̆/ and /ɯ/. The Nilagiri languages developed

105-763: Is -kaḷ(u) in Tamil-Kannada while Tulu uses -ḷŭ, -kuḷŭ, certain Malayalamoid languages use other methods like -ya in Ravula and having kuṟe before the word in Eranadan. Most languages outside Kannadoid have plural pronouns as singular form suffixed with the plural marker, eg, Kannada nīvu (PD * nīm ), Malayalam niṅṅaḷ, (nīn-kaḷ), Tulu nikuḷu . The Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Four subgroups are generally accepted: South Dravidian, South-Central Dravidian, Central Dravidian and North Dravidian. Most scholars agree that

126-482: Is a collection of twenty-one important articles published during the period 1955–1998, which attempts to provide solutions to many outstanding problems of Dravidian linguistics. His recent work The Dravidian Languages published by Cambridge University Press (2003) is a culmination of the scholarly research carried out by him in the last fifty years. It replaces Caldwell 's one-hundred-fifty-year-old A comparative Grammar of Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages as

147-644: The Dravidian Linguistics Association in 1980. He was the first of the two Indian scholars to become a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2004), and only second Indian after S. K. Chatterji to receive an honorary membership from the Linguistic Society of America in 1985. He was elected Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , UK, in 2004. He had been an executive member of Sahitya Akademi , New Delhi, 1990–2002. He

168-513: The official languages of India and are spoken mainly in South India . All three are officially recognized as classical languages by the Government of India, along with Sanskrit , Telugu , and Odia . Standard Tamil and Malayalam have both retroflex lateral /ɭ/ and retroflex approximant /ɻ/ sounds, whereas most of the remaining like Kannada have merged the central approximant with

189-646: The Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (2000 –2001), Member, Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton (1999–2000), Visiting Fellow, Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, Institute for Advanced Study, La Trobe University, Melbourne (2001), Visiting Scientist, Max Planck Institute in Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany (2003 September–November); He was also served as President of the Linguistic Society of India in 1970, and also as President of

210-439: The Department of Linguistics at Osmania University , where he served as a professor from 1962 to 1986. His magnum opus , The Dravidian Languages , is considered a landmark volume in the study of Dravidian linguistics. Krishnamurti was a student and close associate of Murray Barnson Emeneau . He got his A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1955 and 1957, respectively. His grandson, Ravi Bhadriraju,

231-588: The South Dravidian and South-Central Dravidian branches (called "Tamil-Tulu" and "Telugu-Kui" in Zvelebil 1990 :56) are more closely related to each other than to the other branches of the Dravidian languages. For this reason, Krishnamurti suggested the alternative terms South Dravidian I for the former branch and South Dravidian II for the latter. South Dravidian is classified internally into two subbranches: Tamil–Kannada and Tulu. The languages that constitute

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252-576: The Tamil–Kannada branch are Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam , Irula , Toda , Kota , Kodava , and Badaga and the languages that constitute the Tulu branch are Tulu , Koraga , Kudiya , Bellari . According to R. C. Hiremath , Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum, the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the Tamil–Kannada inner branch started with

273-951: The compilation of A Telugu Dialect Dictionary of Occupational Vocabularies in Andhra Pradesh, India, and so far over a dozen volumes covering different occupations and dialects have been published. This series is first of its kind in India. Krishnamurti worked as a lecturer in Telugu at Andhra University (1949–61); Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (1960–61); Reader in Telugu, S. V. U.(1961–62); Professor of Linguistics (1962–88), Osmania University, Dean, Faculty of Arts (1973–76), Member, Univ Syndicate (1971–75); Director, Southern Regional Centre, Indian Council of Social Science Research (1978–82); Vice-Chancellor, University of Hyderabad (1986–93), Honorary Professor, University of Hyderabad 1993–99; Andhra University 2003–. Krishnamurti

294-471: The lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in Kannada. However, all the retroflex approximants changed into retroflex laterals in Kannada later. In Kannada, the bilabial voiceless plosive ( /p/ ) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a glottal fricative ( /h/ ) or has disappeared completely. This change

315-651: The separation of Tulu in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE. Bhadriraju Krishnamurti Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (19 June 1928 – 11 August 2012) was an Indian linguist who specialised in Dravidian languages . He was born in Ongole in the Madras Presidency of British India (now in Andhra Pradesh , India ). He was the vice-chancellor of the University of Hyderabad from 1986 to 1993, and founded

336-474: The standpoint of Telugu. His comprehensive grammar on koṃḍa or Kūbi is a monumental work in the area of non-literary Dravidian languages. His research was devoted to the central problems of phonology and morphology/syntax of Dravidian, and he made significant contributions in advancing the then nascent field of comparative and historical Dravidian studies in the second half of the twentieth century. His Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: Current Perspectives

357-431: The velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words, eg. Tamil/Malayalam cey , Irula cē(y)- , Toda kïy- , Kannada key/gey , Badaga gī- , Telugu cēyu , Gondi kīānā . Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale . The alveolar ṯ, ṯṯ, nṯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes

378-409: Was a rhythm guitarist in the famous death metal band , Job for a Cowboy . Krishnamurti is considered to be among the first to apply the rigour of modern comparative linguistic theory to further the study of Dravidian languages . His thesis Telugu Verbal Bases (1961) is the first comprehensive account of comparative Dravidian phonology and derivational morphology of verbal bases in Dravidian from

399-831: Was also associated with the study of South Indian languages in many western institutions, and was a visiting professor of linguistics at several universities. He was the first Asian Fellow at ANU (1974), a Resident Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences , Stanford (1975–76), and Rama Watumaull Distinguished Indian Scholar at the University of Hawaii (1995). He was a visiting professor at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1967), Cornell University, Ithaca (1967, 1970), Australian National University (1974), Tokyo University (1982), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (1983), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (1986), University of Hawaii (1995), University of Texas at Arlington (1995). Resident Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in

420-560: Was conferred an honorary doctorate in literature by Sri Venkateswara University in 1998, and by Dravidian University in 2007. He was elected Fellow of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, in 2004. He received the Gidugu Ramamurti Award at the 15th TANA (Telugu Association of North America), Detroit, July 2005. He was the first recipient of the Telugu Bhaarati Award instituted by C.P.Brown Academy, Hyderabad (2008). He also received

441-503: Was later taken to other Kannadoid languages and Tuluoid languages like Bellari and Koraga, eg. Tamil peyar , Kannada hesaru , Bellari/Koraga hudari ; Tamil puṟṟu , Jenu Kuruba uṯṯu , Ka. puttu, huttu, uttu. Tamil-Malayalam and Telugu show the conversion of Voiceless velar plosive ( /k/ ) into Voiceless palatal plosive ( /c/ ) at the beginning of the words (refer to comparative method for details). Kannada and other languages, however, are totally inert to this change and hence

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