Classical Armenian ( Armenian : գրաբար , romanized : grabar , Eastern Armenian pronunciation [ɡəɾɑˈpʰɑɾ] , Western Armenian pronunciation [kʰəɾɑˈpʰɑɾ] ; meaning "literary [language]"; also Old Armenian or Liturgical Armenian ) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language . It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and most Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in Classical Armenian. Many ancient manuscripts originally written in Ancient Greek , Hebrew , Syriac and Latin survive only in Armenian translation.
11-414: Movses Kaghankatvatsi ( Old Armenian : Մովսէս Կաղանկատուացի [Movsēs Kałankatuac῾i] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) 'Moses of Kaghankatuk'), or Movses Daskhurantsi ( Մովսէս Դասխուրանցի [Movsēs Dasxuranc῾i] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) 'Moses of Daskhuran), is the reputed author (or the alias of several authors) of
22-556: A statement in the History itself, to attribute the name of the author as Movses Kaghankatvatsi . The statement in question (Book II, ch. 11) says: When the enemy became aware of what had happened, they pursued them and overtook a group of them at the foot of the mountain opposite the large village of Kaghankatuik, which is in the same province of Uti where I too am from. Movses narrates the Khazar invasion of Transcaucasia and other events up to
33-483: A tenth-century Classical Armenian historical work on Caucasian Albania and the eastern provinces of Armenia, known as The History of the Country of Albania ( Պատմութիւն Աղուանից Աշխարհի , Patmutʿiwn Ałuanicʿ Ašxarhi ). The first historian to mention Movses' work was the medieval Armenian legal scholar Mkhitar Gosh , referring to him as "Movses Daskhurantsi." A later historian, Kirakos Gandzaketsi , referred to
44-573: Is also important for the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European language . There are seven monophthongs : There are also traditionally six diphthongs: In the following table is the Classical Armenian consonantal system. The stops and affricate consonants have, in addition to the more common voiced and unvoiced series, also a separate aspirated series , transcribed with the notation used for Ancient Greek rough breathing after
55-560: The author of Books I and II, and Daskhurantsi (tenth century) as the editors of Kaghankatvatsi's text and the author of Book III. Old Armenian language Classical Armenian continues to be the liturgical language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church and is often learned by Biblical , Intertestamental , and Patristic scholars dedicated to textual studies. Classical Armenian
66-532: The letter: p῾ , t῾ , c῾ , č῾ , k῾ . Each phoneme has two symbols in the table. The left indicates the pronunciation in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); the right one is the corresponding symbol in the Armenian alphabet . քառ (kʻaṙ) նոյն (noyn) < *no-ēn (adverbial suffix) *h₁nó-eyni- ("over there" +"that") The pluralization suffix -k', which since Old Armenian was used form
77-454: The nominative and the accusative. All the strong cases lost their suffix in the singular; by contrast, almost every weak case in the singular keep a suffix. The cases are: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative and instrumental. The o-type model shows an extremely simplified paradigm with many instances of syncretism and the constant use of the pluralization suffix -k' in the plural; not only do strong cases tend to converge in
88-507: The nominative plural, could be linked to the final -s in PIE *tréyes > Old Armenian երեք (erekʻ) and չորք (čʻorkʻ), which then can point to a pre-Armenian *kʷtwr̥s (< *kʷetwóres). Otherwise, it derives from the number "two", երկու (erku) and was originally used as a mark for the dual number. There are no dual prefixes or dual plurals in Old Armenian. In the second and third person singular of
99-417: The present, the pluralization suffix -k' can be noticed again instead of the final part of the original PIE ending. The first person suffix -em comes from the PIE suffix in athematic verbs *-mi . Nouns in Old Armenian can belong to three models of declinations: o-type, i-type and i-a-type. Nouns can show more than one model of conjugation and retain all cases from PIE except for the vocative, which merged with
110-619: The seventh century in Book I and II of his History . Book III of his History differs from the previous ones in style of writing and date. It deals with the Caspian expeditions of the Rus' and their conquest of Partav in the tenth century. Because of such time lapse and difference in style, attribution of the work to a single author seems doubtful. For this reason it has been common to assume two consecutive authors or editors, Kaghankatvatsi (seventh century) as
121-533: The singular, but most of the weak cases converge into -oy, perhaps from the PIE dative *-oey. There is no suffix for the dual number. Adjectives in Old Armenian have at least two models of declension: i-a-type and i-type. An adjective, provided that it is not indeclinable, can show both models. Most of the declension show a great deal of syncretism and the plural shows again the pluralization suffix -k'. The instrumental plural has two possible forms. երկարօք (erkar ōkʻ ) < *dweh₂r óysu The adjective "long" shows
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