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18-518: The cinder cone has an elevation of 620 metres (2,030 ft) with a base diameter of 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi). On the summit of the mountain is 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) crater that is breached to the southwest. The other volcanic edifices adjacent to Bud Dajo are: Matanding, located northeast of the Bud Dajo with an elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft) asl ; Guimba, east and elevation of 482 metres (1,581 ft) asl; and Sungal, southeast which

36-471: Is 518 metres (1,699 ft) asl., dangerous volcano. The basaltic volcanic cone is part of Zamboanga-Sulu volcanic arc . Two volcanoes falsely attributed to the eruption on January 4, 1641, which engulfed southern Philippines in darkness. Further studies later found the eruption to have come from Mount Melibengoy in Cotabato . The earthquake and subsequent tsunami on September 21, 1897, that devastated

54-436: Is a position along a vertical direction (the plumb line direction) above or below a given vertical datum (a reference level surface, such as mean sea level ). Vertical distance or vertical separation is the distance between two vertical positions. Many vertical coordinates exist for expressing vertical position: depth, height, altitude, elevation, etc. Points lying on an equigeopotential surface are said to be on

72-460: Is a measure of a location's vertical distance ( height , elevation or altitude ) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level . In geodesy , it is formalized as orthometric height . The zero level varies in different countries due to different reference points and historic measurement periods. Climate change and other forces can cause sea levels and elevations to vary over time. Elevation or altitude above sea level

90-697: Is a sacred mountain for the indigenous peoples of the Sulu archipelago. The mountain was the site of the First Battle of Bud Dajo during the Moro Rebellion of the Philippine–American War in 1906, which culminated in the killing by U.S. forces of over 800-900 villagers, mostly civilians, hiding on the crater of Bud Dajo. The event is known as the Moro Crater Massacre . The barbaric killings committed by

108-567: Is a standard measurement for: Elevation or altitude is generally expressed as " metres above mean sea level" in the metric system , or " feet above mean sea level" in United States customary and imperial units . Common abbreviations in English are: For elevations or altitudes, often just the abbreviation MSL is used, e.g., Mount Everest (8849 m MSL), or the reference to sea level is omitted completely, e.g., Mount Everest (8849 m). Altimetry

126-468: Is the measurement of altitude or elevation above sea level. Common techniques are: Accurate measurement of historical mean sea levels is complex. Land mass subsidence (as occurs naturally in some regions) can give the appearance of rising sea levels . Conversely, markings on land masses that are uplifted (due to geological processes) can suggest a relative lowering of mean sea level. Vertical position Vertical position or vertical location

144-477: Is used for distance climbed during sports such as mountaineering , skiing , hiking , running or cycling In German-speaking countries the abbreviation 'Hm' for Höhenmeter ("height metre") is used; if it is preceded by a '±' it refers to the cumulative elevation gain . Various instruments and techniques may be used for measuring or determining vertical position: Many physical phenomena are related to vertical position, as driven by gravity : When one gives

162-660: The Second Battle of Bud Dajo was committed by the American government under governor-general Wood and the new American president, another Republican, William Howard Taft , with fewer casualties due to negotiations, where the Moros were forced to leave the sacred ground under American colonial rule. In 1913, the American government under both Wood and Taft launched another similar massacre at Bud Bagsak, another sacred mountain near Bud Dajo. Above sea level Height above mean sea level

180-567: The physical dimension and unit of length , the vertical coordinate does not represent distance in physical space , as would be measured with a ruler or tape measure . Sometimes a geopotential metre (symbol gpm or m') or dynamic metre is introduced for emphasis. However, this practice is not acceptable with the International System of Units (SI). Another non-SI unit is the vertical metre , introduced when there may be confusion between vertical, horizontal, or slant distances . It

198-437: The American government, under governor-general Leonard Wood and American president and Republican Theodore Roosevelt , included the murder of hundreds of women and children, whose bodies were photographed by the American soldiers as war trophies. In many of the photographs, the American soldiers smiled in glee as skulls, rotting dismembered limbs and torso, and blown-out heads with punctured cheeks were piled-up around them. When

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216-463: The American public knowledge and discussion as other issues occurred in their daily lives. The horrific atrocities committed by the Americans during the massacre continue to influence the peoples of the Sulu archipelago today, whose people were obliterated in the name of colonialism and white supremacy, and whose sacred mountain and its spirits were disrespected. In 1911, another similar massacre now called

234-413: The Moros were just defending their land from colonizers that sought to erase their cultural identities. The American government also justified the killing of women by stating that their soldiers killed them because they wore traditional pants, which made them look like men in the eyes of the soldiers. Although the massacre received backlash from certain parts of the American public, the issue later faded from

252-661: The Southern Philippines was believed to be from a submarine eruption therefore excludes Bud Dajo. A short-term monitoring (seismic and visuals) surveys were conducted by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology in 1993 and in 1997 on the mountain. No unusual activities were observed within the vicinity of the volcano. The mountain and surrounding areas were declared as a national park by Proclamation No. 261 on February 28, 1938, encompassing 213 hectares (530 acres) of land. Recent reports have shown that

270-566: The ground or a building. Several physical quantities may be defined based on the definitions above: Vertical distance quantities, such as orthometric height , may be expressed in various units: metres , feet , etc. Certain vertical coordinates are not based on length , for example, geopotential numbers have units of m /s . Normalization by a constant nominal gravity value (units of m/s ) yields units of metre, as in geopotential height (based on standard gravity ) or dynamic height (based on normal gravity at 45 degrees latitude). Despite

288-659: The mountain is very deforested with few remaining forest cover usually on the steep ridges. The game refuge is not currently listed as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources . Some vulnerable and endangered species, not necessarily endemic to the area, but can be found within the Mount Dajo National Park are (from BirdLife International ): Bud Dajo

306-405: The photographs and numbers of killings were known to the American public, the government at the time received some backlash. In an attempt to cover-up the massacre, the American government branded the historical event as fake news, and when branding didn't work, they changed the narrative and explained that the Moros of Bud Dajo were uncivilized, falsely depicting them as war-thirsty beings. In truth,

324-406: The same vertical level , as in a water level . The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), more specifically ISO 19111 , offers the following two definitions: ISO 6709 (2008 version) makes the following additional definition: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) offers similar definitions: ICAO further defines: I.e., elevation would be the altitude of

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