Misplaced Pages

#827172

55-578: The company was authorized by the legislature of Pennsylvania as the Norwegian Creek Slackwater Company, on April 14, 1827. Subsequently, when railroads began to replace canals, the company became the Mt. Carbon Railroad on April 29, 1829. The MC extended from the navigation (canal) at Mt. Carbon (south of Pottsville) to the confluence of the Norwegian Creek and then followed that tributary to

110-423: A 180 mm (7.1 in) lip to form the flange. The buses run on normal road wheels with side-mounted guidewheels to run against the flanges. Buses are steered normally when off the busway, analogous to the 18th-century wagons which could be manoeuvered around pitheads before joining the track for the longer haul. Bridge rail is a rail with an inverted-U profile. Its simple shape is easy to manufacture, and it

165-412: A bumpy ride for the passengers, damage to either wheel or rail and possibly derailing . The traditional form of grooved rail is the girder guard section illustrated to the left. This rail is a modified form of flanged rail and requires a special mounting for weight transfer and gauge stabilisation. If the weight is carried by the roadway subsurface, steel ties are needed at regular intervals to maintain

220-425: A change. Cylindrical wheel treads have to "skid" on track curves so increase both drag and rail and wheel wear. On very straight track a cylindrical wheel tread rolls more freely and does not "hunt". The gauge is narrowed slightly and the flange fillets keep the flanges from rubbing the rails. United States practice is a 1 in 20 cone when new. As the tread wears it approaches an unevenly cylindrical tread, at which time

275-416: A horizontal axis (however see grooved rail below). The head is profiled to resist wear and to give a good ride, and the foot profiled to suit the fixing system. Unlike some other uses of iron and steel, railway rails are subject to very high stresses and are made of very high quality steel. It took many decades to improve the quality of the materials, including the change from iron to steel. Minor flaws in

330-462: A limited weight. The metal strips of strap-iron rails sometimes separated from the wooden base and speared into the floor of the carriages above, creating what was referred to as a "snake head". The long-term maintenance expense involved outweighed the initial savings in construction costs. Cast-iron rails with vertical flanges were introduced by Benjamin Outram of B. Outram & Co. which later became

385-472: A much quieter ride than stone blocks and it was possible to fasten the rails directly using clips or rail spikes . Their use, and Vignoles's name, spread worldwide. The joint where the ends of two rails are connected to each other is the weakest part of a rail line. The earliest iron rails were joined by a simple fishplate or bar of metal bolted through the web of the rail. Stronger methods of joining two rails together have been developed. When sufficient metal

440-416: A nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting cyclists , who could get their wheels caught in the groove. The grooves may become filled with gravel and dirt (particularly if infrequently used or after a period of idleness) and need clearing from time to time, this being done by a "scrubber" vehicle (either a specialised tram, or a maintenance road-rail vehicle ). Failure to clear the grooves can lead to

495-500: A prize for the best design, and was one of the earliest lines to use double-headed rail, where the head and foot of the rail had the same profile. These rails were supported by chairs fastened to the sleepers. The advantage of double-headed rails was that, when the rail head became worn, they could be turned over and re-used. In 1835 Peter Barlow of the London and Birmingham Railway expressed concern that this would not be successful because

550-626: A railroad. There were no steel mills in America capable of rolling long lengths, so he sailed to the United Kingdom which was the only place where his flanged T rail (also called T-section) could be rolled. Railways in the UK had been using rolled rail of other cross-sections which the ironmasters had produced. In May 1831, the first 500 rails, each 15 feet (4.6 m) long and weighing 36 pounds per yard (17.9 kg/m), reached Philadelphia and were placed in

605-481: A railway must choose the nearest suitable size. Worn, heavy rail from a mainline is often reclaimed and downgraded for re-use on a branch line , siding or yard . The earliest rails used on horse-drawn wagonways were wooden,. In the 1760s strap-iron rails were introduced with thin strips of cast iron fixed onto the top of the wooden rails. This increased the durability of the rails. Both wooden and strap-iron rails were relatively inexpensive, but could only carry

SECTION 10

#1732884406828

660-624: A smaller cross-section than the Stevens rail, with a wider base than modern rail, fastened with screws through the base. Other lines which adopted it were the Hull and Selby , the Newcastle and North Shields , and the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal Navigation and Railway Company. When it became possible to preserve wooden sleepers with mercuric chloride (a process called Kyanising ) and creosote , they gave

715-574: A termination point of its main railroad line from Philadelphia in direct competition with the Schuylkill Canal. The canal company was leased by the railroad in 1870, and the canal north of Port Clinton was abandoned at the signing of the lease. In about 1848, iron T-rail replaced the wood and strap rail, but mule power, other than on the section used by the P&;RR, prevailed until 1862. A switchback at Mt. Laffee linked Beechwood Colliery, in 1868–69, with

770-886: Is a much stronger material, which steadily replaced iron for use on railway rail and allowed much longer lengths of rails to be rolled. The American Railway Engineering Association (AREA) and the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) specified carbon, manganese, silicon and phosphorus content for steel rails. Tensile strength increases with carbon content, while ductility decreases. AREA and ASTM specified 0.55 to 0.77 percent carbon in 70-to-90-pound-per-yard (34.7 to 44.6 kg/m) rail, 0.67 to 0.80 percent in rail weights from 90 to 120 lb/yd (44.6 to 59.5 kg/m), and 0.69 to 0.82 percent for heavier rails. Manganese increases strength and resistance to abrasion. AREA and ASTM specified 0.6 to 0.9 percent manganese in 70 to 90 pound rail and 0.7 to 1 percent in heavier rails. Silicon

825-539: Is for lower speed freight branch lines or rapid transit ; for example, most of the New York City Subway system track is constructed with 100 lb/yd (49.6 kg/m) rail. Main line track is usually built with 130 lb/yd (64.5 kg/m) rail or heavier. Some common North American rail sizes include: Some common North American crane rail sizes include: Some common Australian rail sizes include: Advances in rail lengths produced by rolling mills include

880-424: Is preferentially oxidised by oxygen and is added to reduce the formation of weakening metal oxides in the rail rolling and casting procedures. AREA and ASTM specified 0.1 to 0.23 percent silicon. Phosphorus and sulfur are impurities causing brittle rail with reduced impact-resistance. AREA and ASTM specified maximum phosphorus concentration of 0.04 percent. The use of welded rather than jointed track began in around

935-468: Is put into the rail joint, the joint is almost as strong as the rest of the rail length. The noise generated by trains passing over the rail joints, described as "the clickity clack of the railroad track", can be eliminated by welding the rail sections together. Continuously welded rail has a uniform top profile even at the joints. In late 1830s, Britain's railways used a range of different rail patterns. The London and Birmingham Railway , which had offered

990-558: Is required in the combined section. A modern block rail with a further reduction in mass is the LR55 rail which is polyurethane grouted into a prefabricated concrete beam. It can be set in trench grooves cut into an existing asphalt road bed for Light Rail (trams). The weight of a rail per length is an important factor in determining rail strength and hence axleloads and speeds. Weights are measured in pounds per yard ( imperial units in Canada,

1045-454: Is the popular name for flat-bottomed rail, recognising engineer Charles Vignoles who introduced it to Britain . Charles Vignoles observed that wear was occurring with wrought iron rails and cast iron chairs on stone blocks, the most common system at that time. In 1836 he recommended flat-bottomed rail to the London and Croydon Railway for which he was consulting engineer. His original rail had

1100-518: Is then known as grooved rail , groove rail , or girder rail . The flangeway has the railhead on one side and the guard on the other. The guard carries no weight, but may act as a checkrail. Grooved rail was invented in 1852 by Alphonse Loubat , a French inventor who developed improvements in tram and rail equipment, and helped develop tram lines in New York City and Paris. The invention of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing

1155-512: The Butterley Company in Ripley. The wagons that ran on these plateway rails had a flat profile. Outram's partner William Jessop preferred the use of " edge rails " where the wheels were flanged and the rail heads were flat - this configuration proved superior to plateways. Jessop's (fishbellied) first edge rails were cast by the Butterley Company . The earliest of these in general use were

SECTION 20

#1732884406828

1210-557: The First World War . Bullhead rail was developed from double-headed rail. The profile of the head of the rail is not the same as the foot. Because it does not have a symmetrical profile, it was not possible to reverse bullhead rail over and use the foot as the head. It was an expensive method of laying track as heavy cast iron chairs were needed to support the rail, which was secured in the chairs by wooden (later steel) wedges or "keys", which required regular attention. Bullhead rail

1265-578: The 1924 standard as "R.B.S." (Revised). Bullhead rail has been almost completely replaced by flat-bottom rail on the British rail system, although it survives on some branch lines and sidings . It can also be found on heritage railways , due both to the desire to maintain an historic appearance, and the use of old track components salvaged from main lines. The London Underground continued to use bullhead rail after it had been phased out elsewhere in Britain but, in

1320-448: The 1940s and had become widespread by the 1960s. The earliest rails were simply lengths of timber. To resist wear, a thin iron strap was laid on top of the timber rail. This saved money as wood was cheaper than metal. The system had the flaw that every so often the passage of the wheels on the train would cause the strap to break away from the timber. The problem was first reported by Richard Trevithick in 1802. The use of strap rails in

1375-540: The 40-inch gauge prevailed on the Mill Creek until 1844 when a link with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (P&R) brought implementation of iron T-rails and standard gauge. The P&R had constructed a 2.5 mile railroad to Port Carbon to connect with its terminal at Mount Carbon, Pennsylvania and offering mine operators alternative railroad transportation for mined coal. In 1849, the Mill Creek R. R. distribution to

1430-480: The Mahanoy Valley collieries to be transported south through St. Clair, Pennsylvania to the markets. Rail profile#Strap rail The rail profile is the cross sectional shape of a railway rail , perpendicular to its length. Early rails were made of wood, cast iron or wrought iron. All modern rails are hot rolled steel with a cross section (profile) approximate to an I-beam , but asymmetric about

1485-583: The Schuylkill Canal and the P&R was over 100,000 tons of coal to the canal and 140,000 tons to the railroad. An 1857 charter supplement authorized the Mill Creek R. R. to build branches to the Mahanoy Valley in the Second Coal Region, but an unassociated corporation, the Mahanoy & Broad Mountain Railroad, instead built that line, which was leased and operated by the P&R. This expansion allowed coal from

1540-551: The Schuylkill Navigation Canal at Mt. Carbon. Rolling stock consisted of 150 cars of one ton capacity. The Mt. Carbon Railroad was about 4 miles long; the average distance of hauling on its tracks was about 3 miles. The MC was the entrance for the Danville & Pottsville Railroad (1826) from the Mahanoy Valley, built in 1834 (at Wadesville), and the P&RR to Pottsville when in 1842, the P&RR had made Mt. Carbon

1595-560: The Schuylkill River were double track, and the balance single track arranged to accommodate substantial traffic. Engineer William R. Hopkins began construction during October, 1829. The Company was under the corporate presidency of John R. White, a mine owner and operator since 1821, whose mines were located on the west branch of this railroad. In 1832, the line was equipped with wood and strap rails . There were three 6 in × 4 in (150 mm × 100 mm) oak tracks on

1650-632: The Southern Anthracite Coal Field. From its opening date, between150 to 225 tons of mined coal were carried over the line daily. The finished railroad initially had a four-mile main line and three miles of laterals. Philadelphia rail advocate George W. Smith described the Mill Creek railroad in 1832, as quickly and cheaply built without direction of an engineer and in the infancy of railroads. Eventually it had nine lateral branches totaling five miles. It carried 30,300 tons of coal, in 1831, for an average haul of three miles. Horse power and

1705-404: The United Kingdom and United States) and kilograms per metre in mainland Europe and Australia ). 1 kg/m = 2.0159 lb/yd. Commonly, in rail terminology pound is a metonym for the expression pounds per yard and hence a 132–pound rail means a rail of 132 pounds per yard. Rails are made in a large number of different sizes. Some common European rail sizes include: In

Mount Carbon Railroad - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-519: The United States (for instance on the Albany and Schenectady Railroad c. 1837) led to passengers being threatened by "snake-heads" when the straps curled up and penetrated the carriages. T-rail was a development of strap rail which had a 'T' cross-section formed by widening the top of the strap into a head. This form of rail was generally short-lived, being phased out in America by 1855. Plate rail

1815-509: The canal docks, while the traffic bearing line coming down Norwegian Creek had 6 in × 10 in (150 mm × 250 mm) white oak and pine rails, 16 feet long, capped with iron. Ties, on 8-foot (2.4 m) centers, rested on 2-inch (51 mm) oak blocks set at right angles to the rail. The light up-track had 6 in × 8 in (150 mm × 200 mm) rails. The 3-mile (4.8 km) average haul delivered, in 1832, 57,234 short tons (51,922 t) of anthracite to

1870-656: The countries of the former USSR , 65 kg/m (131 lb/yd) rails and 75 kg/m (151 lb/yd) rails (not thermally hardened) are common. Thermally hardened 75 kg/m (151 lb/yd) rails also have been used on heavy-duty railroads like Baikal–Amur Mainline , but have proven themselves deficient in operation and were mainly rejected in favor of 65 kg/m (131 lb/yd) rails. The American Society of Civil Engineers (or ASCE) specified rail profiles in 1893 for 5 lb/yd (2.5 kg/m) increments from 40 to 100 lb/yd (19.8 to 49.6 kg/m). Height of rail equaled width of foot for each ASCE tee-rail weight; and

1925-624: The diagram. The parallel cross-section which developed in later years was referred to as bullhead . Meanwhile, in May 1831, the first flanged T rail (also called T-section) arrived in America from Britain and was laid into the Pennsylvania Railroad by Camden and Amboy Railroad . They were also used by Charles Vignoles in Britain. The first steel rails were made in 1857 by Robert Forester Mushet , who laid them at Derby station in England. Steel

1980-465: The east branch to be rebuilt after World War II. The Danville & Pottsville Railroad tunnel and its Plane 1 above Wadesville disappeared in the renovation. Mill Creek and Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Company The Mill Creek & Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Co. was the second railroad built in Pennsylvania and the third in the United States , beginning operations in mid–1829. It

2035-426: The following: Welding of rails into longer lengths was first introduced around 1893. Welding can be done in a central depot or in the field. It has long been recognised that conical wheels and rails that are sloped by the same amount follow curves better than cylindrical wheels and vertical rails. A few railways such as Queensland Railways for a long time had cylindrical wheels until much heavier traffic required

2090-409: The gauge. Installing these means that the whole surface needs to be excavated and reinstated. Block rail is a lower profile form of girder guard rail with the web eliminated. In profile it is more like a solid form of bridge rail, with a flangeway and guard added. Simply removing the web and combining the head section directly with the foot section would result in a weak rail, so additional thickness

2145-770: The head. AREA recommended the ARA 90 lb/yd (44.6 kg/m) profile. Old ASCE rails of lighter weight remained in use, and satisfied the limited demand for light rail for a few decades. AREA merged into the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association in 1997. By the mid-20th century, most rail production was medium heavy (112 to 119 lb/yd or 55.6 to 59.0 kg/m) and heavy (127 to 140 lb/yd or 63.0 to 69.4 kg/m). Sizes under 100 lb/yd (49.6 kg/m) rail are usually for lighter duty freight, low use trackage, or light rail . Track using 100 to 120 lb/yd (49.6 to 59.5 kg/m) rail

2200-405: The last few years, there has been a concerted effort to replace it with flat-bottom rail. However, the process of replacing track in tunnels is a slow one, due to the difficulty of using heavy plant and machinery. Where a rail is laid in a road surface (pavement) or within grassed surfaces, there has to be accommodation for the flange. This is provided by a slot called the flangeway. The rail

2255-448: The line on the west branch of Norwegian Creek. The P&RR leased the Mt. Carbon on May 16, 1862, and merged the line into the parent organization on June 13, 1872, in which year trackage was the same as in the 1830s (except for material), seven miles, with four double/racked. Many branches to collieries were built, but MC never extended the main lines beyond their original chartered limits. Coal traffic through stripping operation caused

Mount Carbon Railroad - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-554: The numerous coal mines northwest of Pottsville. It extended in a Y-shaped configuration, about two miles up each branch of Norwegian Creek towards Mine Hill – to the Mt. Laffee area in the west and Wadesville in the East, all through coal deposits. This railroad had a common gauge of 56 1/2 inches and was built in a more substantial manner than either the Mill Creek or Schuylkill Valley railroads (which predated it). The first three miles along

2365-812: The profiles specified fixed proportion of weight in head, web and foot of 42%, 21% and 37%, respectively. ASCE 90 lb/yd (44.6 kg/m) profile was adequate; but heavier weights were less satisfactory. In 1909, the American Railway Association (or ARA) specified standard profiles for 10 lb/yd (4.96 kg/m) increments from 60 to 100 lb/yd (29.8 to 49.6 kg/m). The American Railway Engineering Association (or AREA) specified standard profiles for 100 lb/yd (49.6 kg/m), 110 lb/yd (54.6 kg/m) and 120 lb/yd (59.5 kg/m) rails in 1919, for 130 lb/yd (64.5 kg/m) and 140 lb/yd (69.4 kg/m) rails in 1920, and for 150 lb/yd (74.4 kg/m) rails in 1924. The trend

2420-511: The so-called cast iron fishbelly rails from their shape. Rails made from cast iron were brittle and broke easily. They could only be made in short lengths which would soon become uneven. John Birkinshaw 's 1820 patent, as rolling techniques improved, introduced wrought iron in longer lengths, replaced cast iron and contributed significantly to the explosive growth of railroads in the period 1825–40. The cross-section varied widely from one line to another, but were of three basic types as shown in

2475-414: The steel that may pose no problems in other applications can lead to broken rails and dangerous derailments when used on railway tracks. By and large, the heavier the rails and the rest of the track work, the heavier and faster the trains these tracks can carry. Rails represent a substantial fraction of the cost of a railway line. Only a small number of rail sizes are made by steelworks at one time, so

2530-652: The supporting chair would cause indentations in the lower surface of the rail, making it unsuitable as the running surface. Although the Great Northern Railway did experience this problem, double-headed rails were successfully used and turned by the London and South Western Railway , the North Eastern Railway , the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and the South Eastern Railway . Double-headed rails continued in widespread use in Britain until

2585-475: The track, marking the first use of the flanged T rail. Afterwards, the flanged T rail became employed by all railroads in the United States. Col. Stevens also invented the hooked spike for attaching the rail to the crosstie (or sleeper). In 1860, the screw spike was introduced in France where it was widely used. Screw spikes are the most common form of spike in use worldwide in the 21st century. Vignoles rail

2640-420: The two-mile, 40-inch gauge railroad. By July 4, 1829, it was near completion and coal was being transported and passed to the canal in that same year, prior to its completion, making it the third commercial operational railroad in the United States. The railroad utilized English strap rail which enabled a single horse to easily pull six tons in six cars, and the Mill Creek R. R. was the first line in operation in

2695-560: Was a short four mile line (eventually with about five miles of lateral connections) extending from Port Carbon, Pennsylvania along the Mill Creek towards active anthracite coal mines. Its purpose was to transport mined coal to Port Carbon which was the terminus for the Schuylkill Canal , the conduit to markets in Philadelphia. A legislative act authorizing the incorporation of the Mill Creek and Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Company

2750-576: Was an early type of rail and had an 'L' cross-section in which the flange kept an unflanged wheel on the track. The flanged rail has seen a minor revival in the 1950s, as guide bars , with the Paris Métro ( Rubber-tyred metro or French Métro sur pneus ) and more recently as the Guided bus . In the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway the rail is a 350 mm (14 in) thick concrete beam with

2805-587: Was difficult to keep it in gauge. Flat bottomed rail is the dominant rail profile in worldwide use. Flanged T rail (also called T-section) is the name for flat bottomed rail used in North America . Iron-strapped wooden rails were used on all American railways until 1831. Col. Robert L. Stevens , the President of the Camden and Amboy Railroad , conceived the idea that an all-iron rail would be better suited for building

SECTION 50

#1732884406828

2860-677: Was passed by the Pennsylvania legislature on February 7, 1828. This proposed horse-powered railroad was to extend from near the mouth of Mill Creek in Port Carbon, Pennsylvania to a point on the Center turnpike near the foot of Broad mountain towards St. Clair, Pennsylvania, to transport coal from mines along its route to Port Carbon where the commodity could be transferred to the Schuylkill Navigation (Canal) system and ultimately transported to Philadelphia and beyond. In May, 1829, work began on

2915-451: Was the standard for the British railway system from the mid-19th until the mid-20th century. In 1954, bullhead rail was used on 449 miles (723 km) of new track and flat-bottom rail on 923 miles (1,485 km). One of the first British Standards , BS 9, was for bullhead rail - it was originally published in 1905, and revised in 1924. Rails manufactured to the 1905 standard were referred to as "O.B.S." (Original), and those manufactured to

2970-408: Was to increase rail height/foot-width ratio and strengthen the web. Disadvantages of the narrower foot were overcome through use of tie plates . AREA recommendations reduced the relative weight of rail head down to 36%, while alternative profiles reduced head weight to 33% in heavier weight rails. Attention was also focused on improved fillet radii to reduce stress concentration at the web junction with

3025-493: Was widely used before more sophisticated profiles became cheap enough to make in bulk. It was notably used on the Great Western Railway 's 7 ft  1 ⁄ 4  in ( 2,140 mm ) gauge baulk road , designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel . Barlow rail was invented by William Henry Barlow in 1849. It was designed to be laid straight onto the ballast , but the lack of sleepers (ties) meant that it

#827172