Misplaced Pages

#829170

20-528: Agung erupted in 1843, as recorded in a report by Heinrich Zollinger : "After having been dormant for a long time, this year the mountain began to be alive again. In the first days of the activity earthquake shocks were felt after which followed the emission of ash, sand and stones." The eruption of 1963 was one of the largest and most devastating eruptions in Indonesia's history. On February 18, 1963, local residents heard loud explosions and saw clouds rising from

40-427: A 12-kilometre exclusion zone around the volcano on 24 September. Evacuees gathered in sports halls and other community buildings around Klungkung , Karangasem , Buleleng , and other areas. By late October 2017, the activity of the volcano decreased significantly, leading to lowering of the highest status of emergency on 29 October. On 21 November, activity increased once again. A phreatic eruption took place, with

60-501: A Swiss botanist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Strombolian In volcanology , a Strombolian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption with relatively mild blasts, typically having a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 1 or 2. Strombolian eruptions consist of ejection of incandescent cinders , lapilli , and volcanic bombs , to altitudes of tens to a few hundreds of metres. The eruptions are small to medium in volume, with sporadic violence. This type of eruption

80-536: A botanical garden, and on small government-financed scientific expeditions. He returned to Switzerland in 1848, but came back to Java in 1855 with his wife and two children. The species Clavaria zollingeri described scientifically by French mycologist Joseph-Henri Léveillé in 1846 was named after Heinrich Zollinger, who researched the genus Clavaria , and collected the type specimen in Java. Zollinger died in Kandangan,

100-663: A village located near Mount Bromo in East Java , Indonesia . He had been suffering from the long-term effects of malaria . Zollinger issued and sold two series of specimens which superficially resemble exsiccatae , namely Plantae Javanicae 1843–1847 and Plantae Japonicae 1847 . Specimens collected by Zollinger are cared for at Plantentuin Meise , National Herbarium of Victoria , Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria , and Kew Herbarium . [REDACTED] Media related to Heinrich Zollinger at Wikimedia Commons This article about

120-528: Is high on the slopes of Gunung Agung. Heinrich Zollinger Heinrich Zollinger (22 March 1818 – 19 May 1859) was a Swiss botanist. Zollinger was born in Feuerthalen , Switzerland. From 1837 to 1838 he studied botany at the University of Geneva under Augustin and Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle , but had to interrupt his studies due to financial problems. In 1842 he moved to Java , working in

140-505: Is named for the Italian volcano Stromboli . The tephra typically glows red when leaving the vent, but its surface cools and assumes a dark to black colour and may significantly solidify before impact. The tephra accumulates in the vicinity of the vent, forming a cinder cone . Cinder is the most common product; the amount of volcanic ash is typically rather minor. The lava flows are more viscous , and therefore shorter and thicker, than

160-452: The Selat district south of the volcano. More than 100,000 people in a 10 km (6 mi) radius of the volcano were ordered to evacuate. Australia's Bureau of Meteorology reported on 27 November that ash from the eruption had been observed at an altitude of 9,144 m. By the beginning of December, the eruption reduced to minor emissions of steam and smoke. On 12 December, a picture of the crater

180-410: The ash cloud top reaching 3,842 metres (12,605 ft) above sea level. Thousands of people immediately fled the area, and over 29,000 temporary refugees were reported to be housed in over 270 locations nearby. Early on Saturday 25 November a magmatic eruption began. The resulting eruption plume was reported to rise about 1.5–4 km above the summit crater, drifting towards the south and dusting

200-765: The "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean". The most energetic Strombolian eruptions are sometimes termed "Violent Strombolian" by volcanologists. Such eruptions are associated with higher magma gas content, leading to a turbulent churn flow regime in the conduit, producing stronger and much more frequent explosions. Violent Strombolian eruptions are more explosive in nature than their regular counterparts (up to VEI 3), and may produce sustained lava fountains, long distance lava flows, eruption columns several kilometres in height, and heavy ash fallout. Rarely, Violent Strombolian eruptions may transition into Subplinian eruptions . Examples of Violent Strombolian activity include

220-453: The area experienced 844 volcanic earthquakes, peaking at 300 to 400 earthquakes on 26 September. The frequency and intensity of these quakes caused much alarm among seismologists , as similar volcanoes have historically been known to erupt with even fewer warning signs. Alert was raised to the highest level and about 122,500 people were evacuated from their houses around the volcano. The Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority declared

SECTION 10

#1732876577830

240-593: The area surrounding Mount Agung in the Karangasem Regency ; 5 fires were in the Buleleng Regency (northern part of the island) and 5 were near Mount Batur in the Bangli Regency . (Temperatures decrease from April to July, then rise again from August onward.) Balinese people believe that Mt Agung is a replica of Mt Meru , the central axis of the universe. The most important temple on Bali, Pura Besakih ,

260-586: The conduit system is not strongly affected by the eruptive activity, so that the eruptive system can repeatedly reset itself. Monogenetic cones usually erupt in the Strombolian style. For example, the Parícutin volcano erupted continuously between 1943–1952, Mount Erebus , Antarctica has produced Strombolian eruptions for at least many decades, and Stromboli itself has been producing Strombolian eruptions for over two thousand years. The Romans referred to Stromboli as

280-552: The corresponding Hawaiian eruptions ; it may or may not be accompanied by production of pyroclastic rock . Instead the gas coalesces into bubbles, called gas slugs , that grow large enough to rise through the magma column, bursting near the top due to the decrease in pressure and throwing magma into the air. Each episode thus releases volcanic gases, sometimes as frequently as a few minutes apart. Gas slugs can form as deep as 3 kilometers, making them difficult to predict. Strombolian eruptive activity can be very long-lasting because

300-416: The crater of Mount Agung. On February 24, lava began flowing down the northern slope of the mountain, eventually traveling 7 km in the next 20 days. On March 17, the volcano erupted ( VEI 5 ), sending debris 8 to 10 km into the air and generating massive pyroclastic flows . These flows devastated numerous villages, killing an estimated 1,100–1,500 people. Cold lahars caused by heavy rainfall after

320-479: The eruption killed an additional 200. A second eruption on May 16 led to pyroclastic flows that killed another 200 inhabitants. Minor eruptions and flows followed and lasted almost a year. The lava flows missed, sometimes by mere metres, the Mother Temple of Besakih . The saving of the temple is regarded by Balinese as miraculous and a signal from the gods that they wished to demonstrate their power but not destroy

340-578: The monument that the Balinese had erected. During the eruptions and earthquakes, the wreck of the US transport ship, USAT Liberty , which had been grounded at nearby Tulamben during World War II after being torpedoed by a Japanese submarine, slipped off the beach and settled totally underwater. Andesite was the dominant lava type with some samples mafic enough to be classified as basaltic andesite . The eruption had global effects on temperatures. In late 2017,

360-446: The surroundings with thin layer of dark ash, leading some airlines to cancel flights bound for Australia and New Zealand. An orange glow was later observed around the crater at night, suggesting that fresh magma had indeed reached the surface. On 26 November 2017, another eruption occurred, the second in less than a week. Ngurah Rai International Airport was closed 26 November 2017, leaving many tourists stranded. Lahars were reported in

380-597: The wet or rainy season runs from November to March – but it does not wet the whole island equally. The mountain range of Gunung Agung divides the island between a dry northern part (narrower) and a wet southern part (broader). In the 1984–2009 period, the average annual rainfall in the northern part was 1761.3 mm / year, while the southern part received 2024.5 mm / year. Of the 27 wildfires recorded in Bali's forests and savannas in September 2023, 13 – nearly half – occurred in

400-438: Was taken showing a steadily growing lava dome occupying approximately one third of the crater. In June 2018, Agung erupted with 2 km high plumes interrupting air traffic. On 3 July, a Strombolian explosion occurred, sending debris in all directions. In late May 2019 an eruption spewed lava and rocks over about 3 km, with some ash falling on nearby villages and temporarily interrupting international flights. In Bali,

#829170