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109-420: Mouna Ragam ( / ˈ m aʊ n ə ˈ r ɑː ɡ əm / transl.  Silent Symphony ) is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam , and produced by G. Venkateswaran . The film stars Mohan and Revathi , with Karthik in a guest appearance. V. K. Ramasamy , Ra. Sankaran , Bhaskar, Kanchana , Vani, Kalaiselvi and Sonia play supporting roles. It narrates

218-466: A silver jubilee film . Ratnam considered Mouna Ragam his first commercial success. While the film performed very well in urban areas, it was largely shunned by audiences in rural areas. The film was critically acclaimed, especially for its realistic portrayal of urban Tamil people . In a 31 August 1986 review, the review board of the Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan praised Revathi and Mohan's performances,

327-452: A "overwrite" response is needed, typically the "FÜ"(Filling) position of the automatic brake-lever, otherwise the trains brake-computer will perform an emergency-brake after 10 seconds. Equipment for this override (NBÜ) is necessary in tunnels above 1000 m. For regional trains, UIC 541-5 is not sufficient since 2011, long distance trains must at least be equipped with UIC 541-5. The sections where not to stop are marked with yellow bars on

436-949: A "patient-understanding-and-poised-at-all-times" man, contrasting him with Manohar who she described as a "dashing, brave and epitome-of-the-word-'dude ' ". She noted that Divya, like the female leads in most of Ratnam's films, is "practical with strong convictions" and the characters "go through their confusions unapologetically". According to Ratnam, the line " Neenga thottaale kambilipoochi oorraa madhri irukku " (When you touch me, it feels as if caterpillars are crawling on me), spoken by Divya to Chandrakumar, expressed how she would feel on her wedding night. Many critics have mentioned that Mouna Ragam 's background score suits its scenes and themes. According to Martin Clayton, Trevor Herbert and Richard Middleton's 2003 book, The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction , "Oho Megam Vandhadho" resembled Broadway and MTV styles of singing and dancing, and

545-496: A Geisha , Slumdog Millionaire , Up in the Air , The Artist , Gloria Bell , and Malcolm & Marie . Director Richard Linklater helmed the prominent Before trilogy, consisting of Before Sunrise , Before Sunset , and Before Midnight . Kasautii Zindagii Kay is a popular Indian romantic drama television series of the 2000s. Same-sex romantic dramas that tackle LGBT issues include Brokeback Mountain , Blue

654-399: A PassComm system. On modern trains with sliding doors the body-indicator light (BIL), usually used to show that doors on a carriage are open, will flash when the brake has been used. Pulling the alarm chain on a British train will pull a lever connected to the brake pipe flaps. Pulling the alarm activates a piston, causing the flaps to be opened and all the air pushed out the air tube, forcing

763-704: A Retrospective of Mani Ratnam's Films at the 2002 Calcutta Film Festival and at the 2002 Locarno Film Festival . An enhanced 5.1 Digital Dolby soundtrack was released in May 2008 by Bayshore Records. Mouna Ragam emerged a milestone of Tamil cinema and Mani Ratnam's breakthrough film. It has been acclaimed for combining box-office success with elements of an art film . The film introduced techniques such as soft-focus shots, flare filters and backlighting, which became popular in Tamil cinema. Ratnam continued using these techniques in his later films, notably Nayakan (1987) and Agni Natchathiram (1988). Mouna Ragam ' s theme of

872-531: A Thief , Vertigo , The Crying Game , The Bodyguard , Unfaithful , Wicker Park , The Phantom of the Opera , The Tourist , and The Adjustment Bureau . The screenwriters taxonomy creates additional categories beyond "subgenre" when discussing films, making the argument that all narrative Hollywood films can be delineated into comedies or dramas (identified as a "film type"). The taxonomy also identifies fifty "macro genres", which can be paired with

981-479: A bell on the locomotive. When the use of automatic brakes was made compulsory in the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 , the equipment was modified so that it operated the brakes; however, the term "communication cord" has survived. Until the 1970s a "cord" (by that time a chain) was still used, which ran the length of the carriage and connected to a valve at one end which opened the brake pipe. The exposed section of chain

1090-481: A break for a month from Pallavi Anu Pallavi due to its delays, and wrote the script for Divya . For the first time, he was able to write in his native language Tamil, unlike Pallavi Anu Pallavi where he wrote the script in English and had it translated into Kannada. The new title Mouna Ragam was derived from the song "Naan Paadum Mouna Ragam", from Ratnam's fourth film, Idaya Kovil (1985). He considered Mouna Ragam

1199-449: A clear rationale for Divya's resistance to the arranged marriage. Karthik said he was a last-minute addition to the cast, and described his role as a cameo. Principal photography began at P. C. Sreeram's house in Alwarpet , Madras. The film's introductory credits feature photographs of Revathi from her childhood through her teenage years; her mother gave Thota Tharani the pictures. Although

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1308-494: A communications failure. Emergency braking is somewhat risky; it is hard on passengers, and there is a risk of passenger injury if braking occurs at high speed. As a result, use of a stop valve without good reason is prohibited and may lead to fines. Depending on circumstances and consequences, authorities may even arrest a person for the incorrect use of a stop valve. In subways, derailment is usually less dangerous (speeds are lower, trains cannot jackknife in tunnels and so on). It

1417-558: A display when used outside of platforms. The implementation of the S-Bahn's emergency brake however does currently not reflect the state of the art in Germany, it has failed in practical use at least in one instance 2015, as a driver lost consciousness completely, but still accidentally triggered the vigilance device . Unlike the System NBÜ2004, which is used in conventional trains, the brake

1526-470: A filmmaker's "voice" because the artistic choice to have the characters sing does not affect the story or the characters – it simply alters how the story and characters are conveyed. Therefore, a romance film like Grease would be categorized as a dramatic (type), romance (super genre), high school / coming of age (macro genres), musical (voice) – rather than simply as a "musical romance". Emergency brake (train)#Passenger-applied brakes On trains,

1635-505: A fresh pair and were adored by the youth, especially the college students. Their awesome on-screen chemistry in Mouna Ragam was a talking point back then". For the April 2013 centenary of Indian cinema, Forbes India included Revathi's performance in its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". Mouna Ragam has influenced countless films, particularly regarding the trope of

1744-635: A fresh visual style that caught the audience by surprise". Mouna Ragam was dubbed in Telugu and released with the same title in 1987, which was also a success. It was remade in Hindi as Kasak in 1992, and in Kannada in 1999 as Chandrodaya . Mouna Ragam was screened at the 11th International Film Festival of India , the only Tamil entry. It has also been screened at other film festivals, including Mani Ratnam's Love Films at London's National Film Theatre in 2002,

1853-456: A genuine emergency or (often) illegally for someone to get on or off the train on the Indian Railways network. Illegal chain-pulling is a serious problem on Indian Railways; where miscreants do so to make unscheduled stops near their destination, which delays trains. Penalties for misuse of this facility include a fine of Rs. 1,000 and/or imprisonment up to one year. In an effort to improve

1962-422: A hit with both critics and moviegoers". Pavithra Srinivasan of the same website said, "It took a Mani Ratnam to move away from clichéd romantic dialogues and capture subtle nuances that add so much richness to the story, introduce proper, three dimensional characters that lived breathed and sorrowed like everyone else". Deccan Chronicle listed Karthik and Revathi on its "Top 10 Jodis" of Tamil cinema; they "made

2071-537: A person moving to a new place where they do not know the local language was replicated in Ratnam's later films like Nayakan , Roja (1992) and Bombay (1995). It was also Ratnam's first film to make extensive use of staccato dialogue; this became another recurring feature in his later films. The film became a major breakthrough for Karthik despite his role being a cameo, and his "Mr. Chandramouli" dialogue became popular. A feature film , released in 2018 and starring him,

2180-607: A reunion and final kiss. In romantic television series, the development of such romantic relationships may play out over many episodes or different characters may become intertwined in different romantic arcs. Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identifies Romance Films as one of eleven super-genres in his screenwriters' taxonomy , claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action , crime , fantasy , horror , science fiction , comedy , sports , thriller , war and western . ' Chick flick '

2289-565: A train (without track brakes ) will give about 1.5 m/s (4.9 ft/s ) deceleration. The braking distance will be approximately 250 m (820 ft) at 100 km/h (62 mph) and 600 m (2,000 ft) at 160 km/h (99 mph). High-speed trains are usually equipped with a magnetic track brake, which can give about 0.3 m/s extra, and give braking distances of about 850 m (2,790 ft) at 200 km/h (120 mph) and 1,900 m (6,200 ft) at 300 km/h (190 mph). Emergency brakes were introduced in

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2398-534: A warm and fuzzy denouement". Manohar was part of a group involved in anti-government activities. Rangan drew similarities between his motives and those of characters in the Italian film The Night of the Shooting Stars (1982) and Unaroo . The connection to The Night of the Shooting Stars is referenced when a poster of it appears in a scene where Manohar and his anarchist friends plan an event. According to Rangan,

2507-576: A wedding gift, she says she wants a divorce, which shocks Chandrakumar. Some time later, Divya tells Chandrakumar about when she was in love with Manohar, during her college days: Divya had Manohar arrested after witnessing him robbing a politician's son. She later learns that the politician's son had run over a girl with his car, and Manohar robbed him to pay for the girl's medical treatment. Feeling guilty, Divya bails him out. When Manohar meets Divya again, he falls in love with her; although she initially rejects him, she eventually returns his feelings. Manohar

2616-521: Is a free-spirited college student from a conservative family in Madras . Her father Chandramouli has arranged for her marriage and tells Divya to come home early from college to meet Chandrakumar, the prospective groom. Uninterested in marriage, she deliberately arrives home late, hoping Chandrakumar will reject her, only to find him patiently waiting for her. She gives various reasons to make him dislike her but, undeterred, he says that he likes her and agrees to

2725-687: Is a romantic story with a historical period setting, normally with a turbulent backdrop of war, revolution, or tragedy. This includes films such as Gone with the Wind , Doctor Zhivago , Reds , Titanic , A Very Long Engagement , Atonement , Portrait of a Lady on Fire , and Cold War . Paranormal romance is a popular genre of film which features romantic relationships between humans and supernatural creatures. Popular tropes include vampirism , time travel , ghosts and psychic or telekinetic abilities – i.e. things that cannot be explained by science. The genre originated in literature and moved on to

2834-448: Is a serious matter. In recent years locomotives have been fitted with emergency flashers on the roof of the cab, and these flashers are also activated when the brake pipe pressure is lost for any reason other than the driver's application of the brake valve. This alerts drivers of oncoming trains of the possibility of a derailed or parted rake which may foul other tracks (since brake pressure may have been lost for those reasons as well); at

2943-411: Is a similar passenger emergency valve which can vent the brake pipe to the air. In most locomotives (in addition to a warning lamp or buzzer being sounded) the master controller undergoes auto-regression, with the notches falling to zero rapidly as the locomotive's motive power is switched off. The guard may also notice the loss of brake pressure (although they may not know it is due to the pulling of

3052-815: Is a term associated with romance films mostly targeted to a female audience. Although many romance films may be targeted at women, it is not a defining characteristic of a romance film and a ' chick flick ' does not necessarily have a romance as a central theme, revolve around the romantic involvement of characters or even include a romantic relationship. As such, the terms cannot be used interchangeably. Films of this genre include Gilda , The Red Shoes , Sense and Sensibility , Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , Dirty Dancing , The Notebook , Dear John , A Walk to Remember , Thelma & Louise , Fifty Shades of Grey , Sleepless in Seattle , You've Got Mail and Romeo + Juliet . Also known as epic romance, this

3161-457: Is able to surmount most obstacles. Humour in such films tends to be of a verbal, low-key variety or situational, as opposed to slapstick. Films within this genre include City Lights , A Night at the Opera , It Happened One Night , His Girl Friday , My Wife's Goblin , The Philadelphia Story , Intolerable Cruelty , Roman Holiday , Good Morning, My Dear Wife , The Big Sick , Enough Said , Lost In Translation , To All

3270-518: Is dangerous to stop in a tunnel if a fire develops; an emergency exit could lead to electrocution by the third rail (typically energized with 825 volts DC). Instead drivers try to reach the next station, even in an emergency. As a result, there are no emergency brakes directly visible to passengers. However, there are hidden stop valves and simplified train controls, allowing each coach to act on its own in need. In an emergency, there are door-control handles (visible to passengers) which are intended to make

3379-399: Is no problem which would make it unsafe to release the brakes and proceed. Identification of the valve is possible by the sound of air escaping from it. In many cars (and practically all cars built post-WWII), the communicating cord was only located in the vestibule, unless the car was of such a type that it did not have a vestibule, such as a dining or lounge car. In newer Amtrak equipment,

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3488-464: Is often employed to indicate the emotional mood, creating an atmosphere of greater insulation for the couple. The conclusion of a romantic drama typically does not indicate whether a final romantic union between the two main characters will occur. Some examples of romantic drama films and shows before 2000 are Man's Way with Women , Casablanca , María Candelaria , Pride & Prejudice , Appointment with Happiness , Wakeful Eyes , Among

3597-477: Is opened, all of the air in the braking system, except those of the locomotive(s), which are equipped with brakes controlled separately (independent brake) from those of the cars, is evacuated, immediately placing the train cars' brakes into emergency, just as if there had been an uncoupling of cars (a "separation"). All available pressure from the Equalizing Reservoir will go into the brake pipe, thus running

3706-514: Is part of a revolutionary group that plans to hold an illegal rally. Divya does not approve, and asks him not to attend; he agrees on the condition that she marry him. On their wedding day, Manohar is falsely accused of participating in the rally and arrested. He escapes and runs to the marriage registrar's office where Divya is waiting for him. A policeman accidentally shoots Manohar, and he dies in front of Divya. After hearing her story, Chandrakumar tells Divya that he does not care about her past, but

3815-457: Is provided which is activated by sounding a buzzer and lighting up the EB reset switch when the driver does not operate the controls within 60 seconds of last operation (30 seconds on Aonami Line , 40 seconds on JR Kyushu lines). If the EB switch is not pressed (reset) within 5 seconds of being activated, it will trigger an emergency brake application so as to prevent accidents due to driver error or when

3924-400: Is that it remains focused on Divya. Kumuthan Maderya, writing for PopMatters , described Mouna Ragam as a " chick flick ", because like other chick flicks, the film allowed romance to blossom between Divya and Chandrakumar, rather than let divorce separate them; according to him, "chick flicks center on the romantic worldview of females while gratifying their hopes and dreams usually through

4033-503: Is the Warmest Colour , Carol , Moonlight , and Call Me by Your Name . Romantic fantasies describe fantasy stories using many of the elements and conventions of the romance genre. Some examples include The Lady Eve , Top Hat , The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (Les Parapluies de Cherbourg) , Singin' in the Rain , Groundhog Day , Enchanted , Cinderella , Beauty and

4142-406: Is therefore not used in regional trains. In MUs, usually a special implementation is used. For trams, emergency brakes are also necessary. In tunnels and track sections without safety area, using them outside a station may stop the tram at the next platform instead of immediately. Chain-pulling is the act of pulling a cord that activates the train's emergency brakes to stop a train, whether for

4251-725: The National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil , and Ratnam received the Filmfare and Cinema Express Awards for Best Director in Tamil. Mouna Ragam also became a breakthrough in Karthik's career despite his role being a cameo. The film introduced techniques such as soft-focus shots, flare filters and backlighting, which became popular in Tamil cinema . It was remade in Hindi in 1992 as Kasak , and in Kannada in 1999 as Chandrodaya . Divya

4360-677: The Rodgers and Hammerstein productions. Some examples include South Pacific , West Side Story and its 2021 remake , Grease , High School Musical , Across the Universe , Moulin Rouge! , the Mamma Mia! franchise, Sunshine on Leith , and La La Land . Romantic thriller is a genre of film which has a storyline combining elements of the romance film and the thriller genre . Some examples of romantic thriller films are Desire , To Catch

4469-530: The United Kingdom by the Regulation of Railways Act 1868. Section 22 stated, "All trains traveling a distance of more than 20 miles without stopping are to be provided with a means of communication between the passengers and the servants of the company in charge of the train". At first, this means of communication was a cord running down the length of the train at roof level outside the carriages, connected to

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4578-419: The romance super genre. Using this approach, films like Gone with the Wind (noted above) would be classified as a dramatic (type) historical/family (macro genres) romance (genre) rather than simply a historical romance; while The Notebook would be identified at dramatic (type) disease (macro genre) romance (genre) rather than simply a romantic drama. Similarly, musicals are categorized as one option for

4687-465: The state of the art in Germany, it is highly recommended to be implemented or retrofitted to avoid the problems experienced at the S-Bahn Rhine-Neckar . In Germany, passenger vehicles “must have easily visible and reachable emergency brake handles”. It is allowed that the emergency brake can be reset, on S-Bahn vehicles (i.e. Classes 420, 423, 425, 480 or 481) it's allowed to only result in

4796-699: The "Mr. Chandramouli scene", was shot at Tic Tac, an open-air restaurant in Nungambakkam . Filming was also done at Madras' Presidency College , the Schmidt Memorial on Edward Elliot's Beach , and the Madras Literary Society . While filming the song "Oho Megam Vandhadho" which shows Divya dancing in the rain, Revathi tied a handkerchief around her wrist to cover her watch because she felt Divya would actually do that. The crew filmed in Delhi for two days, and

4905-561: The "Off" position. Despite the obvious safety hazards, sometimes this is resorted to by drivers when driving trains through sections where spurious ACP incidents are very common. The Regelung B009 NBÜ Rev 3.1 defines a set of nested state machines in the chapter “Anlage 1: Phasen einer Zugfahrt“ , reflecting a very wide range of use cases, including platforms, tunnels, etc. and is applicable for subways, trams, metros(S-Bahn), as it implements appropriate actions for all use cases occurring in rail transportation. These state machines represents

5014-408: The 1970s and 1980s, the original emergency brake systems were replaced by an alarm and a passenger-communication system. On earlier systems the brakes were not applied automatically (being under the control of the driver), whereas later systems have an override as above. On older systems, marker boards showing an exclamation mark were provided on departure from each station at the point where the rear of

5123-497: The ACP actually occurred. When the coach is isolated, the lever needs to be manually reset. Until this is done, the lamp and buzzer in the locomotive cab are continuously activated. A circuit breaker controls the lamp and alarm bell in the locomotive cab; in cases where defective equipment causes the lamp and bell to go off, the driver can disable them by placing the MCB (miniature circuit breaker) in

5232-567: The Beast , Knowing , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , Midnight in Paris , Her , and The Shape of Water . Romantic musical (alternatively musical romance ) is a genre of film which features romantic relationships and whose story is partially explained through song and/or dance numbers. This genre originated on Broadway and moved to the silver screen thanks in part to the popularity of

5341-456: The Boys I've Loved Before , Four Weddings and a Funeral , Dave , Say Anything... , Moonstruck , In Summer We Must Love , As Good as It Gets , Something's Gotta Give , When Harry Met Sally... , Annie Hall , Manhattan , The Apartment and Pablo and Carolina . Romantic dramas usually revolve around an obstacle that prevents deep and true love between two people. Music

5450-526: The PassComm in a disabled-friendly toilet is mounted such that it is often confused with the door or flush control; this sometimes leads to accidental activation. As a result, on some models of train such as the Class 180 , the alarm panels fitted in the toilets do not operate the train brake, and simply alert the train crew to the emergency. When London Underground began converting trains for one-person-operation during

5559-427: The Rain". Before the film's release, a Central Board of Film Certification member wanted it to receive an "A" (adults-only) certificate because the female lead asks for a divorce; after much deliberation, it received a "U" certificate . Mouna Ragam was released on 15 August 1986, Despite opening to modest audiences, it picked up and became a box-office success, running for over 175 days in theatres, thereby becoming

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5668-594: The Ruins , The River of Love , Dearer than my Life , Love Story , Paris and Love , Featureless Men , Coming Home , Daughters of the Dust , Like Water for Chocolate , Sommersby , The Bridges of Madison County , The English Patient , Shakespeare in Love , An Officer and a Gentleman , Saptapadi and Cinema Paradiso . 21st century examples include Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna , Sideways , Memoirs of

5777-507: The US as the "engineer"). Unlike other countries, it was never intended for use by passengers. It had its own code of signals, similar to engine whistle signals. Drivers receiving an unusual, or unidentifiable, communicating signal might stop the train, perhaps as a "normal stop" or an "emergency application", at their discretion. A long, continuous signal would usually prompt a driver to make an emergency stop. Emergency brake valves are always located on

5886-432: The air-operated communicating system was electrified, and operated by pressing a button located in the vestibule. The old communication systems have been gradually supplanted by radios, although they were still required on US passenger equipment until relatively recently. The emergency brake valve continues to be located on the inside bulkhead, or in a consistent (standard) location specified by safety regulations. A member of

5995-410: The alarm chain) and is expected to apply their brakes immediately as well. It is possible for a driver to override the alarm-chain pull; this is sometimes done where it is known that miscreants resort to pulling the emergency chain solely to get the train to stop at a point convenient for themselves. However, such an act by the driver (or guard) of deliberately ignoring an indication of alarm-chain pulling

6104-417: The anklets which he bought for her. But before he can notice the anklets, they enter an argument as Divya tried to surprise him. He asks her to return to Madras and books her trip. Some time later, Chandrakumar notices the anklets and realises that Divya does love him, but the next morning, neither expresses their wish for the trip to be cancelled aloud. Once Chandrakumar leaves for work, Divya arrives alone at

6213-413: The brake without good reason. The alarm chain in a passenger coach is designed to create a break in the continuity of the brake pipes (whether vacuum or air brakes ), immediately resulting in a loss of brake pressure (or vacuum) and thereby causing the train brakes to be applied. With vacuum brakes, a clappet valve is provided, which is released by the pulling of the alarm chain; with air brakes, there

6322-525: The brakes on. In the driver's cab, a buzzer and a light will tell that the alarm has been activated. In the guard's van, this is seen from a valve which shows loss of pressure in the brake pipe. In the UK, there is a fine (of level 3 on the standard scale: up to £1000 as of 2018) for pulling the alarm chain without reasonable cause. In most rolling stock built since the 1980s, passenger communication handles (or PassComms) have been installed, which activate an alarm in

6431-662: The bride nor the bridegroom is interested in marriage. The scene where Manohar tries to declare his love for Divya through the college intercom in response to her challenge was parodied in Thamizh Padam (2010). Director R. S. Prasanna described one scene in Kalyana Samayal Saadham (2013) where the male lead meets his father-in-law at a café as an ode to the "Mr. Chandramouli" scene. In Master (2021), JD ( Vijay ) lies about his past but from Manohar's perspective. Romantic drama Romantic films often explore

6540-517: The bride or groom being reluctantly married. These include Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Vallamai Tharayo (2008), Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008), Tanu Weds Manu (2011), Raja Rani (2013) where both the male and female leads have past lovers, Bangalore Days (2014) where the man is unable to forget his past love and accept his wife, and Maalai Naerathu Mayakkam (2016). Karthi said that his character in Naan Mahaan Alla (2010)

6649-433: The bulkheads, inside the body of the car next to its end doors. The emergency brake valve is covered by a metal or clear plastic shield labelled "Emergency Only". Sometimes there was also a communicating signal handle on the inside bulkhead, labelled "signal". Mistakenly identifying the communication cord as the emergency brake can lead to confusion about how emergency braking works on US trains. Once an emergency brake valve

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6758-459: The coach as well. A stop valve usually has a distinctive red handle. Turning the handle down (anti-clockwise) by about 90 degrees causes pneumatic brakes to engage, due to pressure loss in the standard air-braking system. While primitive and not allowing any override such a system is effective, resembling usual train brake activation; it does not fail in emergency conditions. More complicated systems may not provide quick braking when needed, or during

6867-509: The couple's emotions. Spanish music is used for the fight scene when Manohar attacks the politician's son. The Hindu 's Sruthi Radhakrishnan described "Panivizhum Iravu" as "one of those only-80s songs that served as a stand-in for sexual tension, where you'd have two people looking intensely at each other." Raveena Joseph of The Hindu noted that films in the 1980s which featured men stalking women, hoping to get them, were reflective of "the times where romances were covert and such discretion

6976-493: The driver is able to prevent brake activation when a passenger operates the emergency alarm - an audible warning is sounded, and the driver is then able to talk to the person who activated the alarm on the intercom and see them on an internal CCTV. The driver can press an override button and hold the brakes off whilst they choose a safe place to stop the train. Because of possible serious problems, severe fines and/or imprisonment penalties are in place to deter people from activating

7085-413: The driver is incapacitated. Also, a red button and/or an emergency brake setting on the levers are provided in the driver's cab so the driver can manually activate the emergency brake; these can also be activated (like a dead man's handle ) when the driver feels unwell or is incapacitated in trains without the EB reset switch. Near train doors, emergency brake cords are available so that passengers can bring

7194-403: The driver to see how much of the train is at the platform. With the help of passenger communication and available station staff, the driver can then decide whether to deal with the situation as it is, continue to the next station or possibly reverse back into the station (after consulting with line controllers and proper safety measures). During hot summer weather passengers are warned against using

7303-565: The driver's cab when used. If the train is not in a safe place (in a tunnel or on a bridge, for example) the driver has approximately three seconds to override the alarm by pressing a button before the brakes automatically apply. The driver may also speak to the person who pulled the handle via an intercom mounted alongside the handle. On modern trains this is particularly useful, since the PassComm must be much easier to use and more accessible due to accessibility regulations. However this also makes accidental activation easier. On some modern trains,

7412-496: The earlier screenplay. Divya did not explore the girl's past; it only dealt with how she settles into an arranged marriage. Ratnam realised that the story needed to satisfy a wider audience, and decided to give them something that would make them accept the character without questioning Divya's actions, then the film could depict the arranged marriage – two strangers suddenly thrown together – and how they adjust. He originally resisted this, but reconsidered because it provided

7521-408: The emergency alarms if feeling unwell, since it can delay trains and increase the problem; they are instead instructed to leave the train at the next station and get some fresh air or a cold drink. In Russian trains there is usually an emergency brake known as a "stop valve" ( Russian : стоп-кран ). In elektrichkas and other trains it is usually located near the doors, and sometimes in the middle of

7630-404: The emergency brake as a last resort, since it may cause damage; even with modern wheel slide protection , a train may develop wheel-flats , and the rails themselves can suffer profile damage. Putting the engine driver's brake handle into the emergency position may also: Trains often have a facility in each car to enable passengers to apply the brakes in case of emergency. In many modern trains,

7739-471: The essential themes of love at first sight , young and mature love, unrequited love, obsession, sentimental love, spiritual love , forbidden love, platonic love, sexual and passionate love, sacrificial love, explosive and destructive love, and tragic love . Romantic films serve as great escapes and fantasies for viewers, especially if the two leads finally overcome their difficulties, declare their love, and experience their "happily ever after", often implied by

7848-412: The expression emergency brake has several meanings: Industry vernacular for when the emergency brake is applied is go into emergency , as in phrases like "the train may fail to go into emergency" or "the ability of the train to go into emergency is paramount". The emergency brake applies considerably more braking force than the standard full-service brake. The engine driver or motorman will only use

7957-433: The film was primarily set indoors in Delhi, Ratnam and Sreeram wanted the indoor scenes to look as lively as those shot outdoors. Since the cast was relatively small, Ratnam did not want it to resemble a play and used backlighting for the interior scenes. Tharani found a house in the residential area of Kilpauk which admitted a great deal of sunlight, making it similar to houses in Delhi. To reduce production costs, food for

8066-402: The film's camera work, music and lack of masala , giving Mouna Ragam a score of 43 out of 100. Jayamanmadhan (a duo) of Kalki wrote that Karthik's presence completely overshadowed Mohan and Revathi while appreciating Sriram's cinematography. The duo said it almost felt like Sreeram had a magic wand instead of camera and also called the screenplay consistent which moves seamlessly but found

8175-408: The film's crew was cooked at Venkateswaran's home. Sreeram made extensive use of frontal and profile close-ups, set against long shots with out-of-focus foregrounds. While filming Manohar's introductory scene, he had to lie on a bed sheet to film. The crew pulled the sheet, with Sreeram and the camera. The scene where Manohar plays a prank on Divya's father ( Ra. Sankaran ), which later became known as

8284-437: The first character in a Tamil film to invite a girl for a "cup of coffee", a form of dating . He contrasted it with Oru Thalai Ragam (1980), in which the protagonists barely spoke. Ratnam replied that although it was not uncommon to invite a girl for a cup of coffee in the 1980s, it was not reflected in mainstream Tamil cinema of the time. Mouna Ragam 's soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja with lyrics by Vaali . It

8393-411: The future that he wants to build with her. He tells her to either sign the divorce papers he has obtained, or accept the anklets he bought as his wedding gift to her; Divya chooses divorce. They consult a lawyer who tells them that, per law they must wait one year to file for divorce since they are newly married. The couple is forced to live together for a year. Having told Chandrakumar about her past and

8502-529: The issues faced by married couples, exploring the plight and perception of divorce, how societies need to view the desires of women, and questions the agency of women. Film critic Baradwaj Rangan compared it to Nenjathai Killathe (1980), another story of a woman torn between the man she loves and the man she marries, Andha 7 Naatkal (1981) and its Hindi remake, Woh Saat Din (1983). Rakesh Mehar of The News Minute noted that one thing differentiating Mouna Ragam from Andha 7 Naatkal and similar films

8611-491: The kilometer signs. Regional trains, except MUs, are usually equipped with NBÜ 2004, which results in a display and a break a few seconds later if the train driver doesn't respond. For DB Regio , the rules for the staff are given in Ril 494. Long distance trains are mostly equipped with system DB, which uses the UIC 558 control wire, which results in conflicts with some door control systems and

8720-424: The last filming schedule for Mani Ratnam 's directorial debut, the Kannada film Pallavi Anu Pallavi (1983) was delayed inordinately, he began work on his next script Divya —which eventually became Mouna Ragam , his fifth film. "Divya" was originally a short story about a couple's wedding night that Ratnam did not plan to film, but after writing the story he realised it had cinematic possibilities. Ratnam took

8829-416: The length of the train, actuating the train brakes on each car. No action is required (or even possible) on the part of the engineer. The train will stop no matter what they do, and there is no override. Once the train has stopped, the braking system will not recharge (pressurize) until the emergency valve has been closed. This means a member of the train crew must locate the open valve, and ascertain that there

8938-547: The life of Divya (Revathi), a free-spirited college girl who is forced into an arranged marriage with Chandrakumar (Mohan) by her father (Sankaran) though she still lives with the memory of her deceased lover Manohar (Karthik). The story follows Divya's inner conflict between holding on to her past and coming to terms with the present. The film's development began when Ratnam began writing a short story titled "Divya" with no cinematic plans until he finished it. Since production on his directorial debut Pallavi Anu Pallavi (1983)

9047-404: The locomotive, it is not possible to tell whether the loss of brake pressure is due to the pulling of the alarm chain. ACP (alarm chain pulling) also causes a small lever to be released near the emergency brake valve (usually mounted near one end of the coach), which does not retract to its normal position even when the chain is released. This allows the driver (or guard) to find out in which coach

9156-536: The main songs combine American music with Indian vocals by S. Janaki . Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu considered that Ratnam used rain in the film to accentuate the "childlike, free-spirited nature" of Divya. The sarangi and nadaswaram are used in the music accompanying Chandrakumar and Divya's wedding. In scenes of the couple sightseeing in Delhi, light synth-based music depicts them as modern tourists in their own country. The restaurant scene with Manohar and Divya includes awkwardly played sitar music, indicating

9265-407: The plot. Prabhu Deva , who became a successful dance choreographer, made his acting debut in the film as a boy playing the flute in the song "Panivizhum Iravu", and John Babu, who also became a dance choreographer, appears as the main dancer in the song. According to Ratnam, the only difference between Divya and Mouna Ragam was the inclusion of Karthik 's character Manohar, which was not part of

9374-414: The pneumatic train doors able to be opened by removing air pressure. Subway trains have mechanisms and alarms which prevent trains from moving if the doors are open, and alert the driver or engage the brakes if doors open while a train is moving. Penalties for misuse of emergency door-opening handles are similar to those for stop-valve misuse. In many Japanese passenger and freight trains, an EB reset switch

9483-433: The railway station, where she sees Chandrakumar waiting for her. He hands her the divorce papers, saying they were approved that morning. Divya breaks down, telling Chandrakumar that she loves him and would wait indefinitely for him to reciprocate. She tears the divorce papers and leaves to catch her train. Chandrakumar, surprised at Divya's open declaration, catches the departing train, stops it and carries Divya home. When

9592-421: The reason she was unable to accept her marriage, Divya finds herself free from her mental baggage and discomfort around Chandrakumar. She begins to appreciate her situation and make the most of it. Conversely, Chandrakumar is wary of her presence in his life as he fears what would happen at the end of the year when their divorce would be approved. Troubled, he distances himself from her and rejects her every move. At

9701-428: The same time, he slowly begins falling in love with her while denying his feelings to himself. One day, Chandrakumar is attacked by his company's labourers because he had suspended their union leader. Divya rushes him to a nearby hospital, where he survives after receiving treatment. After Chandrakumar is discharged, Divya takes care of him and realises that she has fallen in love with him. She tries to show it by wearing

9810-501: The scene where Divya is looking after Chandrakumar at the hospital reflects her traditional qualities; with her strengths, she is humane and vulnerable. Divya's mischievous nature is shown in a scene where she teaches a Sardar offensive Tamil phrases, which he says to Chandrakumar's boss. Revathi compared herself to Divya, saying that Divya believes in "living life to the fullest" and she was once like that. Sujatha Narayanan, writing for The New Indian Express , described Chandrakumar as

9919-641: The scenes set in Agra were shot in one day. Portions of "Panivizhum Iravu" were shot at the Taj Mahal in Agra, and those from "Mandram Vandha" were shot at the India Gate . The scenes involving Karthik were the last parts to be filmed, being shot in either a week or two. In post-production, Mohan's voice was dubbed by S. N. Surendar . The film's final length was 3,987.50 metres (13,082.3 ft). Mouna Ragam provides insight into

10028-582: The screen in the early 2000s, following the success of the Twilight Saga adaptations from Stephenie Meyer 's books. By 2007–08, film studios were producing various paranormal romance films, many adapted from novels. Examples of paranormal romance films include The Exterminating Angel , The Twilight Saga , Warm Bodies , Vampire Academy , I Am Dragon , and The Shape of Water . Romantic comedies are films with light-hearted, humorous plotlines, centered on romantic ideals such as that true love

10137-703: The second film after Pallavi Anu Pallavi to be made exactly as he wanted, in contrast to Idaya Kovil where there was interference. Ratnam initially read the script of Mouna Ragam when it was titled Divya to producer N. G. John, but the latter wanted a political film , which eventually became the Malayalam film Unaroo (1984), also directed by Ratnam. He then pitched Divya to T. G. Thyagarajan of Sathya Jyothi Films , but Thyagarajan wanted an action film , and Ratnam made Pagal Nilavu (1985) with him. Kovaithambi of Motherland Pictures too rejected Divya , and Ratnam instead made Idaya Kovil with them. The film

10246-462: The service, former President of India Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam proposed an alternate method wherein a passenger in an emergency communicates with the guard and driver of the train. In the USA, an emergency stop cord is not used. Any visible cord running within the body of a railway car would have been what was known as the "communicating cord". This was a method of signalling the engine operator (known in

10355-453: The story and making the film, he decided to include Revathi, whose performance in Mann Vasanai (1983) impressed him. Nadhiya claims she was also considered for the role, but declined due to prior commitments. Ratnam decided to cast Kanchana in the minor role of the lawyer since he believed "a certain amount of star quality helps" when the character has little screen time but is crucial to

10464-403: The story slightly lagging after the intermission and the song set in Agra as minus points. Jayamanmadhan concluded that the relief that one gets after getting up from watching the film would get rid of all the irritants in the film and felt that was enough. Kaviya Shetty of India Today wrote in 1994, "[ Mouna Ragam ] found the perfect formula of a strong storyline and great music, presented in

10573-440: The train crew must walk the length of the train and inspect it for any damage. The consist will need to be inspected before it can return to normal revenue service. In the cabs of light-rail cars, the emergency brake is often a large red button, which the train crew refers to as the "mushroom"; this also activates the magnetic track brakes. The mechanism of an emergency brake may differ, depending on railcar design. Emergency-braking

10682-438: The train to a halt in an emergency. In the US, the universally recognized signal to stop is a sweeping, horizontal hand motion, back-and-forth, at arm's length and perpendicular to the track (preferably in a downward direction, so as to distinguish it from a mere greeting). This can be done with an object (such as a light or flag) or an empty hand. In US railroad slang it is referred to as a "washout", or "washing out" signal, or

10791-410: The train would no longer be at the platform. Normally, if the alarm was activated before the board the driver would stop the train, and otherwise continue to the next station. These boards were replaced by a number of boards counting up the number of cars that are beyond the end of the platform; for example, on a line with six-car trains the boards show 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. When a train has stopped, they help

10900-471: The wedding. Divya initially refuses, but when her father has a heart attack, her mother begs her to accept the proposal to aid his recovery. Succumbing to the pressure, Divya marries Chandrakumar, but, seeing how she is unwilling, they do not consummate their marriage. After the marriage, Chandrakumar takes Divya to his house in Delhi , but she cannot accept him as her husband. When he asks her what she would like as

11009-424: Was composed by Ilaiyaraaja , with lyrics by Vaali . P. C. Sreeram was the cinematographer, and the art director was Thota Tharani . The film was edited by B. Lenin and V. T. Vijayan . Mouna Ragam was released on 15 August 1986. Despite opening to modest audiences, it became a box-office success, with a theatrical run of over 175 days, and Mani Ratnam's breakthrough. The film received critical acclaim; it won

11118-460: Was delayed, he took a break for a month and developed "Divya" into a film script, which would eventually be renamed Mouna Ragam . Although Ratnam began work on the script during Pallavi Anu Pallavi , it languished in development hell and ended up becoming his fifth film. Mouna Ragam was the first film produced by Venkateswaran's Sujatha Films , and was shot primarily in Madras , with additional filming taking place in Delhi and Agra . The music

11227-744: Was eventually picked up by Ratnam's brother, G. Venkateswaran , under his Sujatha Films banner, ending its five-year development hell . It was the company's first film production; until then, it was only distributing and financing films. Mouna Ragam was also Ratnam's first collaboration with cinematographer P. C. Sreeram . The film was edited by B. Lenin and V. T. Vijayan , with art direction by Thota Tharani . Ratnam cast Mohan as Chandrakumar and Revathi as Divya, after casting both of them in Idaya Kovil and Pagal Nilavu , respectively. He initially had "someone like Anant Nag and Supriya Pathak " in mind when he finished writing Divya . Between finishing

11336-415: Was named after this dialogue. The character of Chandramouli became one of Sankaran's best known roles. According to a Rediff.com article, "The Most Memorable Mani Movies", Mouna Ragam was "arguably the film that announced Mani Ratnam to the Tamil film industry as a talent to watch out for. An excellent script by Ratnam himself, [cinematography by P. C. Sreeram] and a lilting score by [Ilaiyaraaja] made it

11445-461: Was necessary even in consensual encounters", citing Manohar stalking Divya in Mouna Ragam as an example. The film was Ratnam's first to follow the theme of a person moving to a strange place where they do not know the local language. Divya has a dilemma; since she does not know the language of Delhi, she can barely socialise with local people, and is in conflict with Chandrakumar, the only person with whom she can socialise. Rangan believed Manohar to be

11554-494: Was not activated, because it is only an indicator light and a sound, while the train is running on the track. Without ATP enabled or over-speed, the described incident may have been leading to fatalities and substantial damage, as the passengers noticed the unconscious driver, but could not stop the train by pulling the emergency-brake-handle. Using the NBÜ2004, as used in regional- and long-distance-trains, this would have been prevented,

11663-510: Was painted red, with the coiled section behind the wall painted black. The system was designed so that as the black length of chain was exposed, it would not retract so as to identify which particular chain in that carriage was pulled. A butterfly valve on the side of the carriage was used to reset the brake, and also made it easy for the train crew to see in which coach the cord had been pulled. Later designs used handles which were activated by pulling down; more recent types use buttons connected to

11772-521: Was released by the Echo Records. The album features five tracks with "Nilaave Vaa" is featured on both sides of the soundtrack's original LP record . The film and its soundtrack was dubbed in Telugu, under the same name, whose adapted lyrics were written by Rajasri . Mouna Ragam was publicised with a shot of Revathi clinging to a lamp post and singing, which Ratnam confirmed as being inspired by "Singin' in

11881-604: Was similar to Karthik's "moody yet jovial" character in Mouna Ragam . Sri Divya called Revathi's character an influence on her role in Mallela Theeram Lo Sirimalle Puvvu (2013). Vaibhav Reddy compared his character in Kappal (2014) to Manohar in Mouna Ragam because of their shared effervescence. Director B. V. Nandini Reddy said that the story of a bride unhappy with her husband in Mouna Ragam inspired her to make Kalyana Vaibhogame (2016), where neither

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