96-628: The Mother Teresa Awards , officially called the Mother Teresa Memorial Awards for Social Justice , are international and national awards presented annually to honour individuals and organizations that promote peace, equality and social justice, and aim to encourage the cause of justice and peaceful coexistence, while providing an impetus for society to imbibe these values. The awards are given in honour of Mother Teresa . Mother Teresa Awards have been given since 2005 annually or biannually. The awards are an initiative of Harmony Foundation,
192-549: A 1971 book of the same name . Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time. During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested photographic film . In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa. Other crew members said that it
288-415: A "cult of suffering" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal. According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (such as the reuse of needles ) improved after Mother Teresa's death in 1997. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya , mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that "she had no significant impact on
384-484: A Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus." Fluent in five languages – Bengali , Albanian , Serbian , English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons. These included, in 1971, a visit with four of her sisters, to Troubles -era Belfast . Her suggestion that the conditions she had found justified an ongoing mission
480-468: A home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. "You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again", the Tempter kept on saying. ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come. On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa received Vatican permission for
576-606: A hospice for those with leprosy , calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace). The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food. The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth. The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by
672-920: A non-profit organization founded by Dr.Abraham Mathai in Mumbai . It is the only award in the name of Mother Teresa reviewed and recognized by Sister Prema, Superior General of Missionaries of Charity . The awards are reviewed by a board of patrons that comprises Dr. Abraham Mathai — Founder Chairman and former Vice-Chairman of National Commission for Minorities , Baroness Caroline Cox — member and former deputy chairperson of House of Lords , Mahesh Bhatt — filmmaker, Tushar Gandhi — Great-grandson of Mahatma Gandhi , Flavia Agnes — women's rights activist, and Shazia Ilmi — Journalist and politician. Mother Teresa Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu MC (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu , Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒi.u] ; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa or Saint Mother Teresa ,
768-1384: A person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable [ sic ] and so much, and I find that very difficult." Mother Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between." Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Saint Thomas Christian denominations Syro-Malabar Catholic , Syro-Malankara Catholic , Latin Catholic Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church , Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Malabar Independent Syrian Church Chaldean Syrian Mar Thoma Syrian , St. Thomas Evangelical Protestant denominations Andhra Evangelical Lutheran , Assemblies Jehovah Shammah , Christian Revival Church , Church of North India , Church of South India , Garo Baptist , Indian Brethren , Indian Pentecostal Church of God , Church of God (Full Gospel) , North Bank Baptist Christian , Northern Evangelical Lutheran , Methodist Church , Presbyterian , The Pentecostal Mission , Seventh-day Adventist , United Evangelical Lutheran The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church ( MOSC ) also known as
864-555: A physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he "never even saw any nuns in those slums". His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa. Chatterjee criticized her for promoting
960-545: A renewed relationship with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch and Saint Thomas Christians, which laid the foundation for adopting West Syrian liturgy and practices over the next two centuries. Those who supported the indigenous church leader of Malankara, Thoma I, and adopted West Syrian liturgies and practices and Miaphysite faith evolved into the Malankara Church . The Arthat Padiyola declared that
1056-633: A saint. In 2012, the centennial of the establishment of the church and Catholicate were celebrated with history classes and church publications. On 3 July 2017, a major verdict by the Supreme Court of India declared the MOSC legally applicable to all parishes in disputed possession between the MOSC and Jacobite Syrian Christian Church . The spiritual head of the church is the Catholicos of the East, and its temporal head
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#17328631087251152-547: A second attack in 1989, she received a pacemaker . In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay, and she agreed to continue. In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking her collarbone , and four months later she had malaria and heart failure . Although she underwent heart surgery , her health
1248-812: A significant proportion of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church's adherents reside in the southern India state of Kerala with the diaspora communities in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. According to tradition, Christianity first arrived in India with Thomas the Apostle during the 1st century AD, evolving into Saint Thomas Christianity over several centuries. While isolated and generally independent in administration, Indian Christians maintained contact with
1344-637: A smile and do your own work". She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake and met with Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov . Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia. In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana . By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries. The number of sisters in
1440-512: A special ₹ 5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families." Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee ,
1536-454: A village near Gjakova , believed by her offspring to be Bishtazhin . According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Anjezë was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal ; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life. Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of
1632-590: A week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country. Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano , the Pope's representative, delivered the homily at the service. Mother Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to
1728-709: Is the Malankara Metropolitan . Since 1934, both titles have been vested in one person; the official title of the head of the church is "The Catholicos of the Apostolic Throne of Saint Thomas and The Malankara Metropolitan". Baselios Marthoma Mathews III was enthroned as the Malankara Metropolitan and the Catholicos of the East. He is the eighth Catholicose of the East in Malankara and the 21st Malankara Metropolitan . Oriental Orthodox Churches , including
1824-577: Is vested in the Malankara Metropolitan , subject to the church constitution which was adopted in 1934. The Malankara Metropolitan is president of the Malankara Syrian Christian Association (Malankara Association) and its managing committee, and trustee of community properties. He is the custodian of the Pazhaya Seminary and other common properties of Malankara Syrian Community. He is also the custodian of vattipanam interest which
1920-827: The Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978) and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania , where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron . She challenged an audience of 4,500 to "know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood", feeding others or simply spreading joy and love. Mother Teresa continued: "The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in
2016-755: The Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice , where she often went on pilgrimages . Anjezë left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham , Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India. She saw neither her mother nor her sister again. Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana . During communist leader Enver Hoxha 's rule, she
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#17328631087252112-711: The Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta . The anniversary of her death, 5 September, is now observed as her feast day . Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity , a religious congregation that was initially dedicated to serving "the poorest of the poor" in the slums of Calcutta. Over the decades, the congregation grew to operate in over 133 countries, as of 2012 , with more than 4,500 nuns managing homes for those dying from HIV/AIDS , leprosy , and tuberculosis , as well as running soup kitchens , dispensaries, mobile clinics, orphanages, and schools. Members of
2208-519: The Indian Orthodox Church ( IOC ) or simply as the Malankara Church , is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church headquartered in Devalokam , near Kottayam , India . It serves India's Saint Thomas Christian (also known as Nasrani ) population. According to tradition, these communities originated in the missions of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century (circa 52 AD). It employs
2304-544: The Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas. Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients. When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: "No matter who says what, you should accept it with
2400-573: The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969. She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980. Mother Teresa's official biography, by Navin Chawla , was published in 1992. In Calcutta, she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus . To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued
2496-750: The Kalighat Home for the Dying , free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday). Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were to read the Quran , Hindus received water from the Ganges , and Catholics received extreme unction . "A beautiful death", Mother Teresa said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted." She opened
2592-645: The Malankara Rite led to the first of several rifts in the community. These divisions intensified following the 1599 Synod of Diamper . Saint Thomas Christians who were opposed to the Portuguese Padroado missionaries took the Coonan Cross Oath on 3 January 1653. The Dutch East India Company expulsion of the Portuguese from much of Malabar enabled the reconciliation of some Saint Thomas Christians and
2688-585: The Malankara Rite , an Indian form of the West Syriac liturgical rite . The MOSC descends from the Malankara Church and its affiliation with the Syriac Orthodox Church . However, between 1909 and 1912, a schism over the authority of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch resulted in the dissolution of the unified Malankara Church and establishment of the overlapping and conflicting MOSC and Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (JSCC). Since 1912,
2784-625: The Malankara Rite , part of the Antiochene Rite , since the 17th century. The Jacobite Church and the Maronite Church also belong to the same liturgical family. In the first half of the fifth century, the Antiochene church adopted the Liturgy of Saint James . In the 4th and 5th centuries, The liturgical language of fourth- and fifth-century Jerusalem and Antioch was Greek, and the original liturgy
2880-461: The Nobel Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace". She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $ 192,000 cost be given to the poor in India and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize she
2976-601: The Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation". By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge 's 1969 BBC documentary, Something Beautiful for God , before he released
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3072-729: The Russian Orthodox Church in December 2006; Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II in November 2008, Patriarch of Ethiopia Abune Paulos in December 2008; the Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I Keshishian in February 2010, and Patriarch of Ethiopia Abune Mathias in November 2016. The Order of St. Thomas , the church's highest award is presented to heads of state and churches by
3168-530: The Syriac Orthodox Church and the Malankara Church. The second article addresses the establishment of the Malankara Church by St. Thomas and ascribes primacy to the Catholicos . The third article regards the church's name. The fourth article describes the faith and its traditions. The fifth article examines church governance canon law . The elected Malankara Association, consisting of parish members, manages
3264-665: The World Council of Churches . Catholicos Geevarghese II and other metropolitan participated in the 1937 Conference on Faith and Order in Edinburgh ; a church delegation participated in the 1948 WCC meeting in Amsterdam in 1948, and the church played a role in the 1961 WCC conference in New Delhi . Metropolitan Paulos Gregorios was president of the WCC from 1983 to 1991. The church participated in
3360-647: The spice route . For much of this period, Saint Thomas Christians were under the leadership of an archdeacon (a native ecclesiastical head with temporal powers, deriving from the Greek arkhidiākonos ). During the 16th century, efforts by the Portuguese Padroado –an arm of the Catholic Church –to bring the Saint Thomas Christians under the administration of the Latin Church and attempts to Latinize
3456-640: The 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters. Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and, during the 1970s, the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The Missionaries of Charity Brothers
3552-1103: The 1965 Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches in Addis Ababa . It is a member of the Faith and Order Commission , the Christian Conference of Asia and the Global Christian Forum. A number of primates of sister churches have visited, including Patriarch Justinian of Romania in February 1957 and in January 1969; Catholicos of All Armenians Vazgen I in December 1963; Armenian Patriarch Derderian of Jerusalem in December 1972; Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow in January 1977; Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II in September 1982; Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie in 1986, Patriarch Teoctist Arăpașu of Romania in 1989; Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I in November 2000; Metropolitan (later Patriarch) Kirill of
3648-841: The 4th ecumenical council, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, an incident that resulted in the second major split in the main body of the Christian Church (after the Nestorian schism ). While the Oriental Orthodox churches rejected the Chalcedonian definition , the sees that would later become the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church accepted this council. Self-reporting roughly 2.5 million members (with external estimates of roughly 1 million) across 30 dioceses worldwide,
3744-431: The Antiochene liturgy is its large number of anaphoras (celebrations of the Eucharist ). About eighty are known, and about a dozen are used in India. All have been composed following the Liturgy of Saint James. Christians of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church pray the canonical hours of the Shehimo at fixed prayer times seven times a day. The liturgy of Mor Addai is still in use, in anaphora form, similar to
3840-458: The Catholic Church, with this group eventually evolving into the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church , an Eastern Catholic church that adopted the Chaldean Catholic Church 's East Syriac Rite and Diophysite christology . Many Saint Thomas Christian chose to remain independent from the Catholic Church. Patriarch Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, the Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem , witnessed the 1665 ordination of Thomas as Bishop Thoma I , who forged
3936-428: The Christian hierarchies of Antioch , Persia, and potentially Alexandria. The Saint Thomas Christians had relationships with the Persian Church of the East from at least the 6th century onward. The Indians inherited its East Syriac dialect for liturgical use and gradually became Syriac Christians in ritual and doctrine. They received clerical support from Persian bishops, who traveled to Kerala in merchant ships on
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4032-449: The East of Malankara Church: Until the 17th century, the church was administered by the archdeacon (Malankara Moopan). The elected archdeacon was in charge of day-to-day affairs, including the ordination of deacons to the priesthood. Ordinations were performed by Persian bishops visiting India. The Malankara Palliyogam (a forerunner of the Malankara Association) consisted of elected representatives from individual parishes. The isolation of
4128-402: The East , on the apostolic throne of St. Thomas at St. Mary's Church in Niranam on 15 September 1912. In 1934, The Malankara Church adopted a constitution for smooth functioning of the church, parishes and institution. In 1947, Saint Gregorios of Parumala was declared as a saint by the Church. In 1952 the Official Residence of the Malankara Metropolitan and the Headquarters of Malankara Church
4224-493: The East and Malankara Metropolitan is the president, and the diocesan metropolitan bishops are vice-presidents. All positions are elected. Each parish is represented in the association by an elected priest and laypeople, proportional to parish-membership size. This is a list of co-trustees ( priest trustee & lay trustee) elected by the Malankara Association of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church: Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Dioceses The church's episcopal synod has
4320-408: The East, the Catholicate of Armenia, the Catholicate of Georgia and the Catholicate of Albania. The archdeacons reigned from the fourth to the 16th centuries; in 1653, the archdeacon was elevated to bishop by the community as Mar Thoma I. The Catholicate of the East was relocated to India in 1912, and Baselios Paulose I was seated on the apostolic throne of St. Thomas as the Catholicos of the East by
4416-427: The Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994, but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell ; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial requesting clemency. Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees. Other civilian awards included
4512-413: The MOSC constitution adopted in 1934 was valid. In 2002, fresh elections were conducted in Malankara Association under the observation of Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court declared Catholicos Baselios Marthoma Mathews II is the official and legitimate Malankara Metropolitan and also declared that this decision cannot be disputed in any platform. In 2003, Vattasheril Dionysius VI was declared as
4608-438: The MOSC has maintained a catholicate , the Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan –presently Baselios Marthoma Mathews III –who is the primate of the church. The MOSC drafted and formally adopted a constitution in 1934, in order to define the relationship it has with the Syriac Orthodox Church and the patriarch, wherein it defined itself a division of the Syriac Orthodox Church with its supreme spiritual leader being
4704-498: The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, accept only the first three ecumenical councils : the First Council of Nicaea , the First Council of Constantinople , and the Council of Ephesus . The church, like all other Oriental Orthodox Churches, uses the original Nicene Creed without the filioque clause . Like the Syriac Orthodox Church , it primarily uses the liturgy of Saint James in Malayalam , Konkani , Kannada , Hindi , English and other Indian languages. The church has used
4800-411: The Malankara church from the rest of Christendom preserved the apostolic age's democratic nature through interactions with Portuguese (Roman Catholic) and British (Anglican) colonialists. From the 17th to the 20th centuries, the church had five pillars of administration: Envisioned by Dionysius VI, the church's general and day-to-day administration was codified in its 1934 constitution. The constitution
4896-423: The Malankara metropolitan bishop in 1908, played a significant role with the other clerical and lay leaders of Malankara in re-establishing the Catholicos of the East in India in 1912. In 1909 the relations with the Syrian Orthodox Church soured, when Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho II who arrived in India, began demanding registered deeds granting the patriarch temporal authority over the church. Dionysius rejected
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#17328631087254992-400: The Maronite Sharar. The anaphora of St. John Chrysostom is sometimes used. In conformity with other Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches , and also with the Roman Catholic Church , the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church adheres to the tradition of seeking the intercession of saints . Several have been canonized : The temporal, ecclesiastical and spiritual administration of the church
5088-426: The Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City , and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country. Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II . Following
5184-452: The Patriarch of Antioch. However the constitution stipulated that all the spiritual duties of the patriarch in the Malankara Church was entrusted to the Catholicos of the East and reiterated that its administration was the prerogative of the Malankara Metropolitan. The constitution further declared that the positions of the Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan are to be held by the same person from then on, who shall henceforth act as
5280-427: The administration of Malankara Church was independent and the bishops from Rome, Antioch, and Babylon had no role in the Malankara Church hierarchy, despite continued efforts to integrate the remaining independent Saint Thomas Christians into these patriarchates. In 1807, four gospels of Holy Bible in Syriac were translated to Malayalam by Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban. The Malankara Orthodox Theological Seminary in Kottayam
5376-405: The author of the tribute criticised Teresa's public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political. In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat , leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , said that Mother Teresa's objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian". Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's assessment, and
5472-415: The authority of the metropolitan. By the fifth century, the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria and Antioch gained control of the churches in surrounding cities. They gradually became the heads of the regional churches, and were known as patriarchs (common father). Outside the Roman Empire, patriarchs were known as catholicos. There were four catholicates before the fifth century: the Catholicate of
5568-406: The care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity." According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world." From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport. She received the Padma Shri in 1962 and
5664-407: The church's religious and social concerns. Formerly the Malankara Palli-yogam (മലങ്കര പള്ളി യോഗം; Malankara Parish Assembly, its modern form is believed to have been founded in 1873 as the Mulanthuruthy Synod, a gathering of parish representatives in Parumala . In 1876, the Malankara Association began. The church constitution outlines the association's powers and responsibilities. The Catholicos of
5760-472: The diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity. In her words, it would care for "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone". In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into
5856-412: The disposed Patriarch of Antioch Abdul Masih. The headquarters of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and the Catholicos of the East is the Catholicate Palace at Devalokam, Kottayam , Kerala , which was consecrated on 31 December 1951. The new palace, built in 1961, was dedicated by visiting Armenian Catholicos Vazgen I . The Holy Synod and Managing committee designated H.G.Dr. Mathews Mor Severios to
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#17328631087255952-558: The embassy where she was crying as she was leaving the building, saying: Dear God, I can understand and accept that I should suffer, but it is so hard to understand and accept why my mother has to suffer. In her old age she has no other wish than to see us one last time. She arrived in India in 1929 and began her novitiate in Darjeeling , in the lower Himalayas , where she learned Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School near her convent. She took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux ,
6048-417: The following diocesan bishops: The church has a number of spiritual organizations: The two seminaries which offers bachelor's and master's degrees in theology are Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam and St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary, Nagpur . The Malankara Orthodox Seminary at Kottayam is the first Orthodox Seminary in Asia established in year 1815. The church was a founding member of
6144-505: The government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental", accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying. In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery,
6240-419: The guise of distress". In August 1987, Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick. She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton about her service to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to "do small things with great love". During her lifetime, Mother Teresa
6336-520: The new Malankara Metropolitan and Catholicos of Malankara Church succeeding Baselios Marthoma Paulose II. He was consecrated as the 22nd Malankara Metropolitan during the Malankara Association that took place on 14 October 2021 at St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala and enthroned as the 9th Catholicos of Malankara Church on 15 October 2021. Relics of St. Thomas are kept in the catholicate chapel, and Geevarghese II , Augen I , Mathews I and Paulose II are interred there. The list of Catholicos of
6432-406: The one person of Jesus Christ , divinity and humanity are united in one (μία, mia ) nature (φύσις – " physis ") without separation, without confusion, without alteration and without mixing where Christ is consubstantial with God the Father . Around 500 bishops within the Patriarchates of Alexandria , Antioch and Jerusalem refused to accept the dyophysitism (two natures) doctrine decreed by
6528-448: The order take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor." Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize . Her life and work have inspired books, documentaries, and films. Her authorized biography, written by Navin Chawla , was published in 1992, and on 6 September 2017, she
6624-414: The organisation accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress MP Derek O'Brien , CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat's statement. In 1991 the country's first modern University, Senate of Serampore College (University) awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan . Mother Teresa received
6720-458: The patron saint of missionaries; because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa. Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta, taking the style of 'Mother' as part of Loreto custom. She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944. Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at
6816-430: The poor of this city", glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: "No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it." On the Hindu right , the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral. Vishwa Hindu Parishad , however, opposed
6912-561: The request and thus emerged two factions in the church. The faction that supported the Patriarch came to be called as "Bava Kakshi" (Patriarch Faction) and the faction that supported the Malankara Metropolitan came to be known as "Methran Kakshi" (Metropolitan Faction). The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church wanted to retain its autocephaly , and appealed to Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius Abdul Masih II . He enthroned Murimattathil Paulose Ivanios as Baselios Paulose I, Catholicos of
7008-499: The road to sainthood . She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large". The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996. Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her
7104-538: The school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta . The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence. In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train, Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus. She asked for and received permission to leave
7200-508: The school. In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity , choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order's habit. On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It
7296-494: The slums. She founded a school in Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began tending to the poor and hungry. At the beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor". Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister. Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year
7392-480: The spiritual and administrative head of the church. The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church asserts communion with the other Oriental Orthodox churches. However, regular legal and occasional physical confrontations between the MOSC and the Syriac Orthodox JSCC have continued despite multiple efforts to reconcile the churches. The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts miaphysitism , which holds that in
7488-630: The vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood. By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centres worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, the disabled, the aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine. By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries. Mother Teresa said, "By blood, I am Albanian . By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am
7584-505: Was Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha) Bojaxhiu ( Anjezë is a cognate of Agnes ; Gonxhe means "flower bud" in Albanian ). She was born on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family in Skopje , Ottoman Empire (now the capital of North Macedonia ). She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth. She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her "true birthday". She
7680-404: Was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup's most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1999 she headed Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century , out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young. In 1979, Mother Teresa received
7776-470: Was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun , founder of the Missionaries of Charity and is a Catholic saint. Born in Skopje , then part of the Ottoman Empire , she was raised in a devoutly Catholic family. At the age of 18, she moved to Ireland to join the Sisters of Loreto and later to India, where she lived most of her life and carried out her missionary work. On 4 September 2016, she was canonised by
7872-602: Was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith." Joseph Langford , MC, founder of her congregation of priests, the Missionaries of Charity Fathers, later wrote, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa". She began missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into
7968-467: Was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture , she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But
8064-565: Was clearly declining. According to the Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D'Souza , he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil . On 13 March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September. Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas, Calcutta , for
8160-1002: Was composed in Greek. After the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Eastern Church was divided in two; one group accepted the council, and the other opposed it. Both groups continued to use the Greek version of the Saint James liturgy. The Byzantine emperor Justin (518–527) expelled the opponents from Antioch, and they took refuge in the Syriac-speaking Mesopotamia on the Roman–Persian border (modern eastern Syria, Iraq , and southeastern Turkey). The Antiochene liturgical rites were gradually translated into Syriac, and Syriac hymns were introduced. Gregorios Abdal Jaleel came to Malankara from Jerusalem in 1665 and introduced Syriac Orthodox liturgical rites. The most striking characteristic of
8256-523: Was considered a dangerous agent of the Vatican. Despite multiple requests and despite the fact that many countries made requests on her behalf, she was denied a chance to see her family and was not granted the opportunity to see her mother and sister. Both of them died during Hoxha's rule, and Anjezë herself was only able to visit Albania five years after the communist regime collapsed. Dom Lush Gjergji in his book "Our Mother Teresa" describes one of her trips to
8352-563: Was deposited in Travancore Government by Marthoma VII. He is elected by the Malankara association. "Catholicos" means "the general head", and can be considered equivalent to "universal bishop." The early church had three priestly ranks: episcopos (bishop), priest and deacon. By the end of the third century, bishops of important cities in the Roman Empire became known as metropolitans. The fourth-century ecumenical councils recognized
8448-599: Was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film. Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism. Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace. She received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976. After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on
8544-465: Was established in 1815 under the leadership of Pulikottil Ittup Ramban (Mar Dionysius II). The Mavelikara Synod (Padiyola) led by Cheppad Mar Dionysius rejected the suggestions put forward by Anglican missioneries and Reformation group and declared the beliefs and theology of Malankara Church were same as the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril , who became
8640-663: Was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests and with Joseph Langford founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine
8736-494: Was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months: Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for
8832-1191: Was named a co-patron of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta alongside St Francis Xavier . However, she was also a controversial figure, drawing criticism for her staunch opposition to abortion, divorce and contraception, as well as the poor conditions and lack of medical care or pain relief in her houses for the dying. Saint Thomas Christian denominations Syro-Malabar Catholic , Syro-Malankara Catholic , Latin Catholic Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church , Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Malabar Independent Syrian Church Chaldean Syrian Mar Thoma Syrian , St. Thomas Evangelical Protestant denominations Andhra Evangelical Lutheran , Assemblies Jehovah Shammah , Christian Revival Church , Church of North India , Church of South India , Garo Baptist , Indian Brethren , Indian Pentecostal Church of God , Church of God (Full Gospel) , North Bank Baptist Christian , Northern Evangelical Lutheran , Methodist Church , Presbyterian , The Pentecostal Mission , Seventh-day Adventist , United Evangelical Lutheran Mother Teresa's given name
8928-450: Was presented at the 26 December 1934 Malankara Christian Association meeting at M. D. Seminary, adopted and enacted. It has been amended three times. Although the constitution was challenged in court by dissident supporters of the Patriarch of Antioch , Supreme Court rulings in 1958, 1995, 2017 and 2018 upheld its validity. The constitution's first article asserts the relationship between
9024-485: Was shifted to Devalokam from Pazhaya Seminary. In 1958, The Supreme Court declared Catholicos Baselios Geevarghese II as the legitimate Malankara Metropolitan. The two factions of the Malankara Orthodox Church rejoined. In 1964, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch participated in the enthronement ceremony of the Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan, Baselios Augen I. In 1995, the Supreme Court of India declared
9120-452: Was the cause of some embarrassment. Reportedly under pressure from senior clergy, who believed "the missionary traffic should be in other direction", and despite local welcome and support, she and her sisters abruptly left the city in 1973. At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between
9216-672: Was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Ottoman Macedonia , was probably poisoned, an act attributed to Serbian agents, after he had visited Belgrade for a political meeting in 1919 when she was eight years old. He was born in Prizren (today in Kosovo ), however, his family was from Mirdita (present-day Albania ). Her mother may have been from
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