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49-460: Scholars have attributed the name Mosqueiro to a corruption of the native Tupinambá word moqueio , which referred to the local practice of smoking meat and fish. In the early period of Portuguese colonization , the Tupinambá supplied smoked meat and fish to the city of Belém. The Portuguese, unfamiliar with the term moqueio , called the island Mosqueiro , which was the name of several places on

98-694: A European-wide examination of river names which showed that there were common roots in the names over a wide area. There is still controversy over the language of these roots. Sometimes a generic word was adopted as a specific label, for example the Celtic word for river was afon , which is used in many cases as the name (Avon) of rivers in England. Land characteristics were important to both hunters and farmers, and there are many terms relating to different types of hills and valleys. Some terms, like cumb and penn , were adopted from Celtic by Anglo-Saxons. Other terms relate to

147-456: A breed of round-horned sheep . Traditional Swaledale products are woollens and Swaledale cheese , which was formerly made from ewe ’s milk . These days it is made from cow ’s milk. Starting in the 1700s, and continuing into the 20th century, a major industry in the area was lead mining carried out in Arkengarthdale and at Grinton Moor . Today, Grinton Smelt Mill, a Scheduled Monument ,

196-464: A larger scale, they may become less useful as place names. For instance, a relatively small, distinct upland valley (e.g. Swaledale ) clearly represents a definable geographic location. However, the broad, extended valley of a major river, such as the Trent , is not easily understood as a single location. That notwithstanding, it is probable that the origins of the names of both settlements and natural features

245-565: A more uniform cultural and linguistic history tend to have less broken down and diverse place names – Wales for instance (especially when compared to neighbouring England). Various names have been used for the island of Britain, see Britain (name) . The origin of place names of the countries within Britain are discussed below. Each country is divided into a number of counties. Most English place-names are either Anglo-Saxon or Old Norse in origin but Celtic names are to be found over

294-460: A municipal park by the city of Belém, which is seeking to promote ecotourism . The park includes 3 km (1.9 mi) of trails. The Brazilian Ministry of the Environment has approved an investment of R$ 200,000 (approximately US$ 90,000 as of 2014) in physical infrastructure, including a pier, administrative building, and research center. In June 2011, an amphibian identified as belonging to

343-768: A number of place names in Cumbric , the Brythonic language of this region; examples including Carlisle , Helvellyn and Blencathra . Most old Roman settlements, whether actually inhabited or not, were given the title of -chester/caster in Anglo-Saxon (from the Latin castrum , 'camp' or its plural form castra ); the specific names for each may only have little relation to the Roman names (e.g. Chester - 'Deva', Winchester - 'Venta Belgarum' etc.). Many English places derive part of their name from

392-554: A prominent natural feature, or both; if only one of these is present, it is often modified by a personal name or an adjective. For instance, examples from England: These basic elements can also be found in place names in other countries; e.g., Amsterdam ('River Amstel dam'), Liechtenstein ('Light-stone'), Copenhagen (equivalent to “chapmen’s haven”), Paris ('Home of the Parisii'), Shanghai (approximately 'Seaport'), Tashkent ('Stone city'). These elements are also clearly present in

441-545: A quieter tone, especially as it is more remote compared to, say, Wharfedale , which is much further south and easily accessible from the West Yorkshire metropolis. The market town of Richmond is promoted as offering "an abundance of places to explore" including Richmond Castle and history museums and in 2021, a North Yorkshire publication particularly recommended the small villages of Gunnerside , Muker and Keld to visitors. In May and June every year, Swaledale hosts

490-502: A rudimentary grasp of native languages. Pasadena, California 's early Anglo residents, looking for a pleasant sounding ( euphonious ) name for the town, used the Ojibwe word pa-sa-de-na , which means of the valley . Similarly, Negaunee, Michigan 's name is derived from the Ojibwe word nigani meaning foremost, in advance, leading , which was determined to be the closest Ojibwe approximation to

539-548: Is considered to be the best preserved of its type in the Dales. Today, tourism has become important, and Swaledale attracts thousands of visitors a year. It is very popular with walkers, particularly because the Coast to Coast Walk passes along it. Unlike Wensleydale it has no large settlements on the scale of Hawes or Leyburn, nor an obvious tourist hook such as the former's connection with James Herriot , and so, like Coverdale , it enjoys

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588-685: Is one of the Yorkshire Dales , which are part of the Pennines , and within the Yorkshire Dales National Park . It is named after the River Swale , which runs through it. Swaledale is the most northerly of the major dales. Swaledale runs broadly from west to east, from the high moors on the Cumbria –Yorkshire boundary at the watershed of Northern England to the market town of Richmond , where

637-506: Is the same, namely to distinguish one from another; and thus that both should be considered place names. Many other types of place name can be defined, for example those relating to tribal or personal names. Previously names relating to pagan religion were extensively studied as these were thought to be early. Another class studied was those relating to particular people, example: the Ancient British. The place names also can be based upon

686-563: The English language or Scots language , and a handful come from Old Norse . Place names in the United States are often taken from the European nation that first colonized the land. Many names that have been transferred from Britain, as is the case with Barnstable, Massachusetts and Danbury, Connecticut . Many others are of French origin, such as Detroit , Michigan, which was established along

735-613: The Iberian Peninsula . In Portuguese , the word mosqueiro means " flypaper ". The island has a tropical climate, with an average temperature of 27 °C (81 °F). The rainy season peaks in March, while the dry season peaks in November. The Chapéu Virado is located on the plaza bearing its name, at the intersection of avenues 16 de Novembro and Beira Mar . It was originally a modest inn and restaurant of wood construction, dating from

784-417: The names of many places cannot easily be interpreted or understood ; they do not convey any apparent meaning in the modern language of the area. This is due to a general set of processes through which place names evolve over time, until their obvious meaning is lost. In contrast, in the " New World " (roughly North America , South America , and Australasia ), many place names' origins are known. Although

833-704: The "Isis", owing to an incorrect assumption that the Latin name of the river, Tamesis, represented a combination of "Thame" (a river that joins the Thames at Dorchester) and "Isis". One place in Yorkshire which retains Celtic toponymy is Pen-y-ghent (one of the Yorkshire Three Peaks ), whose name means Hill-by-the-Border in Cumbric , a Brittonic language. The vast majority of place names in Wales are Welsh by origin, containing elements such as Llan-, Aber-, Pen- etc. Along

882-506: The "Scott charities", a range of local non-profit making organisations. The events were still running as of 2023. Ravenseat, the farm of Amanda Owen ("The Yorkshire Shepherdess"), is in Swaledale. In a letter to Geoffrey Grigson of 17 January 1950, the poet W. H. Auden wrote, "My great good place is the part of the Pennines bounded on the S by Swaledale, on the N by the Roman wall and on

931-471: The 17th century they gave their own names to many geographical features and settlements, often after places in Britain or important settlers or famous British people. Recently there has been a movement to revive some Maori names. Swaledale 54°21′40″N 1°50′17″W  /  54.361°N 1.838°W  / 54.361; -1.838 Swaledale is a valley in North Yorkshire , England. It

980-488: The Anglo-Saxon and Norse place names tend to be rather mundane in origin, the most common types being [personal name + settlement/farm/place] or [type of farm + farm/settlement] (almost all towns ending in -wich, -ton, -ham, -by, -thorpe, -stoke/stock are of these types). In Shropshire and Herefordshire many Welsh place names are found in the borderlands such as Pontrilas and Trefonen . In Cornwall most place-names are Cornish in origin, whilst in Cumbria there remain

1029-803: The British take-over, and Los Angeles was not named after angels but after the Virgin Mary, or the Queen of the Angels (El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Angeles). Countries which have seen repeated large-scale cultural and/or linguistic changes, such as England or France , tend to have more broken down place names, as the original meaning is forgotten and drifts more quickly. They may also have more linguistically diverse place names; for instance in England place names may have Pre-Celtic, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, or Norman-French origins. Conversely, countries with

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1078-527: The English word pioneer . Nine counties in the U.S. state of Michigan have names invented by Henry Schoolcraft , usually adapted from parts of Native American words, but sometimes having parts from Greek, Arabic and Latin roots. (see List of counties in Michigan .) In some cases the native meanings of a place name are wholly lost, despite guesses and theories, for example Tampa and Oregon . Place names in

1127-463: The United States tend to be more easily traceable to their origins, such as towns simply named after the founder or an important politician of the time, with no alterations except a simple suffix, like -town. Carson City, for instance, was named for Kit Carson. In the 21st century, real estate developers often conduct historical research in order to craft a name for a modern development that connects to

1176-708: The Welsh Abertawe (Mouth of the River Tawe . In some cases these are in fact related to their Welsh name, but disguised through linguistic processes of consonant mutation , for example Monmouth and the Welsh Trefynwy both referring to the River Monnow (Mon- < Monnow < Mynwy > -fynwy ). Welsh place names tend to be associated with natural features rather than people, hence elements describing rivers, hills and valleys are common. The exceptions are places with

1225-494: The banks of the river they called le détroit du lac Érié , meaning the strait of Lake Erie. Many in the former New Netherland colony are of Dutch origin, such as Harlem , Brooklyn and Rhode Island . Many place names are taken from the languages of native peoples . Specific (personal or animal) names and general words or phrases are used, sometimes translated and sometimes not. A great many names that appear to be Native American in origin were created by non-Natives with at best

1274-447: The dale are particularly striking because of its large old limestone field barns and its profusion of wild flowers. The latter are thanks to the return to the practice of leaving the cutting of grass for hay or silage until wild plants have had a chance to seed. Occasionally visible from the valley bottom road are the slowly fading fellside scars of the 18th and 19th century lead mining industry. Ruined stone mine buildings remain, taking on

1323-611: The dale meets the lowlands. Nine Standards Rigg , the prominent ridge with nine ancient tall cairns, rises on the watershed at the head of Swaledale. To the south and east of the ridge a number of smaller dales ( Birkdale , Little Sleddale, Great Sleddale and Whitsundale) join to form the narrow valley of upper Swaledale at the small village of Keld . From there, the valley runs briefly south then turns east at Thwaite to broaden progressively as it passes Muker , Gunnerside , Low Row , Healaugh and Reeth . The Pennine valley ends at Richmond, where an important medieval castle still watches

1372-626: The east coast. In lowland Scotland, names are of more diverse origin. Many are Gaelic, but many are also from the Brythonic branch of Celtic languages (such as Ayr ). There are also place names from Old English and Scots , such as Edinburgh . Most place-names are of Gaelic or Norse origin but there are traces of an earlier language in some names. Most place names derive from Norman-French. The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicizations (adaptations to English phonology ) of Irish language names. However, some names come directly from

1421-413: The expansion of farming. Topographical names were held in low esteem by early place name scholars but their importance was raised in a book by Margaret Gelling , first published in 1978. This discusses the many elements of topographical place names, with updates in 1988 and 1997. Most pre-modern settlement names contain a generic element describing the place's function (e.g. 'farm', 'market', 'fort') or

1470-418: The famous Wensleydale cheese , runs parallel with Swaledale. The two dales are separated by a ridge including Great Shunner Fell , and joined by the road over Buttertubs Pass . Swaledale is a typical limestone Yorkshire dale, with its narrow valley-bottom road, green meadows and fellside fields, white sheep and dry stone walls on the glacier-formed valley sides, and darker moorland skyline. The upper parts of

1519-405: The heyday of the rubber plantation industry in the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. The hotel was constructed in a mix of European architectural styles, with allowances for the local climate. After the original structure was destroyed by fire, the mayor of Belém and the governor of Pará provided funding for its reconstruction. The Capelinha do Sagrado Coração de Jesus , located on

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1568-708: The important ford from the top of a cliff. Below Richmond, the valley sides flatten out and the Swale flows across lowland farmland to meet the Ure just east of Boroughbridge at a point known as Swale Nab. The Ure becomes the Ouse , and eventually (on merging with the Trent) the Humber . From the north, Arkengarthdale and its river the Arkle Beck join Swaledale at Reeth. To the south, Wensleydale , home of

1617-500: The landscape tend to be older than those of settlements since the former are often more widely known. Names are given to water features, hills and valleys, islands and marshes, as well as woods and districts. Man-made landscape features that have been given names include roads and trackways as well as burial mounds, etc. Many topographic elements become incorporated into settlement names, together with plant, creature names or personal names. Many topographical words convey not just an image of

1666-505: The less 'weathered' New World place names - e.g. Fort Knox , Thunder Bay , Little Rock and so on. Carson City , for instance, was named for Kit Carson , and Belo Horizonte means "beautiful view". However, some apparent meanings may be deceptive; New York was not directly named after the English city of York but after the Duke of York , who was the head of the British Navy at the time of

1715-518: The local history of the community. French, English, Latin and Gaelic derived names occur in Canada. There are also Indigenous place names. Australian place names are mainly a mixture of Indigenous and British-derived toponyms. New Zealand place names derive mostly from Maori and from British sources. The Maori named most of New Zealand's natural features. When Europeans began arriving in New Zealand from

1764-485: The nature of the occupation of the people in that area or the particular function performed by the people in that area. There are identifiable processes which occur over time to place names, and which alter the place names in such a way that their original meanings are lost. These apply to both the names of settlements and natural features, although more so to the former. The processes by which place names change include abbreviation, conflation, convergence, development in

1813-463: The origin of many place names is now forgotten, it is often possible to establish likely meanings through consideration of early forms of the name. Some general conclusions about the nature of place names, and the way in which place names change, can be made and are examined below. It is also possible to distinguish regional trends and differences in the naming of places, as is also discussed below. There are several clearly definable types of place name,

1862-463: The parent language (but stasis in the place name ) and replacement of the parent language. The latter in particular can result in dramatic shifts in place names, since the original meaning (and often sounds) are not conveyed in the new language, the place name thus shifts to a form appropriate for the new language. Place names often need specialists to interpret their meanings. Some of the main problems are: The names of natural or man-made features in

1911-435: The place but also a wealth of information about the likely size, status and pattern of farming practised by the community living there. Water was of major importance to the early settlers of an area, both for subsistence and for religious reasons. Names were given to springs, streams, rivers and lakes as well as marshes, bays and seas. Eilert Ekwall carried out an early study of river names in England while Krahe conducted

1960-421: The plaza Chapéu Virado, the neoclassical Villa Porto Franco was once home to Portuguese artist José Franco . The Sebastião Rabelo de Oliveira Bridge, at a length of 1,430 m (4,690 ft), connects Mosqueiro with the mainland. The bridge was inaugurated on January 12, 1976, with Brazilian president Ernesto Geisel in attendance. Since 1988, 190 hectares (1.9 km) of the island have been set aside as

2009-458: The plaza Chapéu Virado, was constructed by Guilherme Augusto de Miranda Filho in fulfillment of a promise he made to God while ill on the island, in exchange for the return of his health. The chapel was dedicated on December 17, 1909, by the acting archbishop of Belém. On the second Sunday in December, the chapel holds a special observation for the patron saint of the people of Mosqueiro. Located on

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2058-804: The prefix Llan , meaning 'Church', which often contain the name of the Saint the church is dedicated to, e.g. Llansantffraid - 'Church of St. Bridget'. In the islands of Scotland, particularly Orkney and Shetland , but also the Western Isles , there are many names of Norse origin; this is also true on Caithness and other coasts of the mainland. In the Highlands, the names are primarily in Scottish Gaelic , with emphasis on natural features; elements such as Glen- (valley) and Inver- (confluence, mouth) are common. These have replaced Pictish names that still occur on

2107-560: The primary division being between the names of natural features and the names of human settlements. That the latter are 'places' is obvious. The case is slightly more ambiguous for natural features, depending on how exactly 'place' is defined, and what exactly the concept of a 'place' is used for. If, as is probable, natural features were originally given names to distinguish nearby hills, streams etc. from each other, then these features can be thought of as places, in that they represent distinct geographic locations. However, as names are applied on

2156-564: The river upon which they were built, but in the 16th century many English rivers were renamed with back-formations from towns on their banks. Cambridge , perhaps uniquely, illustrates both effects: originally Grontabricc , a bridge on the Granta, the name became Cantebruge and then Cambrugge , from which the river was renamed Cam . The scholars of Oxford renamed the upper course of the River Thames running through Oxford to Dorchester-on-Thames as

2205-502: The same colours as the landscape into which they are crumbling. In 1989, Swaledale (and Arkengarthdale) were designated as a Barns and Walls Conservation Area, making it the largest conservation area in the United Kingdom. Swaledale is home to many small but beautiful waterfalls, such as Richmond Falls , Kisdon Force and Catrake Force . Sheep-farming has always been central to economic life in Swaledale, which has lent its name to

2254-509: The south coast of Wales, where English has historically been more widely spoken, many place names are commonly anglicized , such as Pontypool , derived from Pont-y-Pŵl . Many places throughout Wales have alternative names in English unrelated to the name in Welsh, for example, Newport (where the Welsh name Casnewydd means "New Castle") and Swansea (derived from the Norse meaning "Svein's island") for

2303-411: The species Atretochoana eiselti was photographed near Praia de Marahú, on the island of Mosqueiro. A. eiselti , previously known only from two preserved specimens dating from the late 1800s, is the largest known lungless tetrapod. [REDACTED] Ilha do Mosqueiro travel guide from Wikivoyage Place name origins In much of the " Old World " (approximately Africa , Asia and Europe )

2352-657: The two-week-long Swaledale Festival , which combines a celebration of small-scale music and a programme of guided walks. The first weekend in August sees the area host the 'Ard Rock mountain bike festival, which is based in Reeth but uses bridleways and private land in both Swaledale and Arkengarthdale. Since 1950, Swaledale has been the host of the Scott Trial , a British motorcycle trials competition run over an off-road course of approximately 70 miles (110 kilometres), raising money for

2401-455: The whole country, most notably in Cornwall (see below) and counties bordering Wales. Other place-names are hybrids of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon elements. There is a high level of personal names within the place names, presumably the names of local landowners at the time of naming. In the north and east, there are many place names of Norse origin; similarly, these contain many personal names. In general,

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