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55-466: The Institute started in 1921, and was named after Russian psychiatrist Vladimir Serbsky . One of the main stated purposes of the institute was to assist in forensic psychiatry for the criminal courts . Moscow Serbsky Institute conducts more than 2,500 court-ordered evaluations per year. The Institute also claimed leadership in studying different types of psychosis , brain trauma , alcoholism and drug addiction . One celebrity treated for an addiction

110-604: A computerized tomography , magnetic resonance imaging , or positron emission tomography scan; and blood testing . Psychiatrists use pharmacologic , psychotherapeutic , and/or interventional approaches to treat mental disorders. The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties that require additional ( fellowship ) training, which, in the US, are certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) and require Maintenance of Certification Program to continue. These include

165-576: A struggle for truth and justice are formed by personalities with a paranoid structure", according to the Serbsky Institute professors. Most prisoners, in Viktor Nekipelov’s words, characterized the Serbsky Institute professor Daniil Lunts as "no better than the criminal doctors who performed inhuman experiments on the prisoners in Nazi concentration camps." The Center underwent many changes after

220-609: A diminution in patients' rights because independent experts are now excluded from evaluations and court proceedings. On 28 May 2009, Savenko wrote to the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev an open letter , in which Savenko asked Medvedev to submit to the State Duma a draft law prepared by the IPA to address the sharp drop in the level of forensic psychiatric examinations, which Savenko attributed to

275-524: A medical doctor. After a strict selection program, one can specialize for 4.5-years in psychiatry. During this specialization, the resident has to do a 6-month residency in the field of social psychiatry, a 12-month residency in a field of their own choice (which can be child psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, somatic medicine, or medical research). To become an adolescent psychiatrist, one has to do an extra specialization period of 2 more years. In short, this means that it takes at least 10.5 years of study to become

330-531: A minimum of two months of neurology during their first year of residency, referred to as an "internship". After completing their training, psychiatrists are eligible to take a specialty board examination to become board-certified. The total amount of time required to complete educational and training requirements in the field of psychiatry in the United States is twelve years after high school. Subspecialists in child and adolescent psychiatry are required to complete

385-458: A psychiatric hospital. With other witnesses, Alexander Podrabinek , former Soviet dissident and Radio France Internationale commentator, testified that Kosenko had stood next to him and had not scuffled with police. Serbsky specialists concluded that Kosenko "presented a danger to himself and others" and "required compulsory treatment." This conclusion ignored both his previous treatment over many years and his diagnosis by other psychiatrists, and

440-466: A psychiatrist and should take psychotropic drugs. Kondratyev not only denied accusations that he himself was ever engaged in Soviet abuses of psychiatry: he stated publicly that the very concept of Soviet-era "punitive psychiatry" was nothing more than "the fantasy [vymysel] of the very same people who are now defending totalitarian sects. This is slander, which was [previously] used for anti-Soviet ends, but

495-567: A psychiatrist which can go up to 12.5 years if one becomes a children's and adolescent psychiatrist. In Pakistan , one must complete basic medical education, an MBBS, then get registered with the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) as a general practitioner after a one-year mandatory internship, house job. After registration with PMDC, one has to take the FCPS-I exam. After that, they pursue four additional years of training in psychiatry at

550-435: A psychiatrist works within a multi-disciplinary team, which may comprise clinical psychologists , social workers , occupational therapists , and nursing staff . Psychiatrists have broad training in a biopsychosocial approach to the assessment and management of mental illness. As part of the clinical assessment process, psychiatrists may employ a mental status examination ; a physical examination ; brain imaging such as

605-616: A subject for a separate appeal. In 2010, when the outpatient forensic-psychiatric examination of Yulia Privedyonnaya was carried out in the Sebsky Center, its experts asked her the question “What do you think of Putin ?”. Savenko called the question inappropriate, unseemly and indelicate. In 1997, the Center established Russian Journal of Psychiatry dedicated to the issues of social and forensic psychiatry. In 1976, Viktor Nekipelov published in samizdat his book Institute of Fools: Notes on

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660-439: A wide variety of settings. Some are full-time medical researchers , many see patients in private medical practices, and consult liaison psychiatrists see patients in hospital settings where psychiatric and other medical conditions interact. While requirements to become a psychiatric physician differ from country to country, all require a medical degree . In India , a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree

715-466: Is a completely crazy character. But he too was allowed to go abroad! You see, human rights activists are people who, due to their mental pathology, are unable to restrain themselves within the standards of society, and the West encourages their inability to do so." In June 2023, Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the creation of an institute dedicated to the research of ‘social behavior of LGBT people’ at

770-501: Is accountable for a particular diagnosis or other recommendation. For example, the Serbsky Center declared a killer to be insane and offered a diagnosis of "acute stress". In fact, the killer had maintained communication with his victim, remembered the conflict with his victim. During a drunken household brawl he managed to find a shotgun in his basement, shoot his victim, clean and hide the weapon, removing his fingerprints, and then flee

825-405: Is now being used for anti-Russian ends." According to Savenko, denial by the Serbsky Center of the abuse of psychiatry for political purposes in the 1960–1980s and the open rehabilitation of its leader, director academician Georgi Morozov, are evidence of the restoration of psychiatry as a tool of oppression. In 2004, proponents of mental health reform failed to prevent the effort by the doctors of

880-415: Is the area of the profession working with children in addressing psychological problems. Psychiatrists specializing in geriatric psychiatry work with the elderly and are called geriatric psychiatrists or geropsychiatrists. Those who practice psychiatry in the workplace are called occupational psychiatrists in the United States and occupational psychology is the name used for the most similar discipline in

935-467: Is the basic qualification needed to do psychiatry. After completing an MBBS (including an internship), they can attend various PG medical entrance exams and get a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) in psychiatry, which is a 3-year course. Diploma course in psychiatry or DNB psychiatry can also be taken to become a psychiatrist. In the Netherlands , one must complete medical school after which one is certified as

990-452: Is the only one in the country. According to Savenko, the Serbsky Center has long labored to institutionalize its monopolistic position as the country's main psychiatric institution. These efforts led to a considerable drop in the quality of expert reports. The Serbsky Center further attempted to eliminate the adversarial character of court proceedings and to degrade the role of specialist reviewers. Lyubov Vinogradova claimed that there has been

1045-605: The College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan . Training includes rotations in general medicine, neurology, and clinical psychology for three months each, during the first two years. There is a mid-exam intermediate module and a final exam after four years. In the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), psychiatrists are required to obtain a medical degree, followed by a minimum of six years of specialized training. Then, they must achieve fellowship at

1100-460: The FSB recruits a female patient of the Serbsky Center (incorrectly located in the city of Minsk , Belarus ). Psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry . Psychiatrists are physicians who evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness, a combination of physical and mental ailments or strictly mental issues. Sometimes

1155-485: The "treatment", including Alexey Nikitin. In the 1983 novel Firefox Down by Craig Thomas , captured American pilot Mitchell Gant is imprisoned in a KGB psychiatric clinic "associated with the Serbsky Institute," where he is drugged and coerced into revealing the location of the Firefox aircraft, which he has stolen and flown out of Russia. In the 1998 TV series Seven Days , episode 16 "There's something about Olga",

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1210-594: The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists and attain the qualification of 'specialist in psychiatry' from the Medical Council. Certified psychiatrists are included in the registry. The fees charged by specialist psychiatrists vary. In private clinics, the cost of a consultation starts from HK$ 1,500. Compared to private clinics, the fees for specialist outpatient services of the Hospital Authority are lower, but

1265-540: The Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences relies on the works of Dvorkin and Hassan , which are not scientific in nature, it is a symptom of degradation.” In 2014, experts of the Serbsky Center received medical documents from a psychoneurological out-patients' clinic about the mental health condition of Alexander Dvorkin. After studying them, they concluded that he was in need of constant supervision by

1320-642: The Republic of Ireland to achieve registration as a basic medical practitioner. Training in psychiatry can then begin and it is taken in two parts: three years of basic specialist training culminating in the MRCPsych exam, followed by three years of higher specialist training referred to as "ST4-6" in the UK and "Senior Registrar Training" in the Republic of Ireland. Candidates with MRCPsych degree and complete basic training must reinterview for higher specialist training. At this stage,

1375-770: The Serbsky Center, sparking fears about whether this would lead to Russian authorities conducting conversion therapy. In the 1990s and the 21st century there were claims, notably by Yuri Savenko , that the Serbsky Institute, now calling itself the Serbsky Center, was again employed as an instrument of oppression. Under Yeltsin (1993-99), it collaborated with the Russian Orthodox Church against "non-traditional" religions, other Christian denominations and breakaway Orthodox churches or liberal Orthodox congregations. Under Putin (2000 to present), it has allegedly made controversial diagnoses for individuals engaged in political dissent and protest. According to Savenko, from 1994 onwards,

1430-632: The Serbsky Central Research Institute, which evaluated individuals accused under political articles. Typically declared mentally ill, indictees were sent for involuntary treatment to dedicated hospitals in the MVD system. In the 1960s and 1970s, the procedure became public and evidence of "psychiatric terror" began to appear. The majority of incarcerations date from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Alexander Esenin-Volpin , Viktor Nekipelov , Suren Arakelov and Zviad Gamsakhurdia were among

1485-482: The Serbsky Institute documenting his personal experience at Serbsky Psychiatric Hospital. In 1980, the book was translated and published in English. Poet and dissident Viktor Nekipelov was arrested in 1973 and sent to Section 4 of the Serbsky Institute. The evaluation lasted from 15 January to 12 March 1974. He was judged sane, tried and sentenced to two years' imprisonment. He described the doctors and other patients; most of

1540-408: The Serbsky Institute still remained a leading service for Russian forensic psychiatric examinations. Serbsky Institute continues to conduct many court-ordered evaluations with hotly disputed results. On 8 October 2013, a verdict was announced in the case of Mikhail Kosenko , who took part in the 6 May 2012 protest march at Moscow's Bolotnaya Square . The court sent Kosenko for open-ended treatment to

1595-507: The Serbsky Institute to roll back reforms in the landmark Russian Mental Health Law . Savenko also claimed that over five years, from 1998 to 2003, the Serbsky Center made three proposals to amend the Law, but the IPA and general public managed to successfully challenge these amendments, and they were finally abandoned. According to the IPA, these amendments would have impaired patients’ rights. In 2012, Ukrainian psychiatrist Semyon Gluzman said that

1650-511: The Soviet Union collapsed. Psychiatry is not used as a weapon against dissenters, according to Center Director Tatyana Dmitrieva . The rooms where Soviet dissidents were imprisoned were changed to treat alcohol and drug addicts. Many psychiatric trials were pursued in order to protect high-ranking officials involved in rapes and murders, such as Yuri Budanov (he was convicted only after more than three years of trials). However, Yuri Savenko ,

1705-549: The St. Petersburg newspaper Chas Pik within the country. However, in her 2001 book Aliyans Prava i Milosediya ( The Alliance of Law and Mercy ), Dmitrieva wrote that there were no psychiatric abuses and certainly no more than in Western countries. Moreover, the book makes the charge that professor Vladimir Serbsky and other intellectuals were wrong not to cooperate with the police department in preventing revolution and bloodsheds and that

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1760-842: The UK. Psychiatrists working in the courtroom and reporting to the judge and jury, in both criminal and civil court cases, are called forensic psychiatrists , who also treat mentally disordered offenders and other patients whose condition is such that they have to be treated in secure units. Other psychiatrists may also specialize in psychopharmacology , psychotherapy , psychiatric genetics , neuroimaging , dementia -related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , sleep medicine , pain medicine , palliative medicine , eating disorders , sexual disorders , women's health , global mental health , early psychosis intervention , mood disorders and anxiety disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder . Psychiatrists work in

1815-493: The US or Canada and frequently takes around 8–9 years following graduation from medical school. Those with a CC(S)T will be able to apply for consultant posts. Those with training from outside the EU/EEA should consult local/native medical boards to review their qualifications and eligibility for equivalence recognition (for example, those with a US residency and ABPN qualification). In the United States and Canada, one must first attain

1870-415: The admissibility of appeals against expert reports without regard for the scope of the case. According to lawyer Dmitry Bartenev, while talking about “the reports”, the paper mistakenly conflates the reports with actions of the experts (or the institution) and asserts the impossibility of “parallel” examinations. However, abuse of rights and legitimate interests of citizens, including trial participants, may be

1925-425: The anti-cult activist Alexander Dvorkin , who enjoyed some approval within the Russian Orthodox Church. Dvorkin ranks as “totalitarian sects" both the followers of the painter and Theosophist Nikolai Rerikh (1874-1947) and the religious communities of liberal Orthodox priests Yakov Krotov and Georgy Kochetkov. In Yury Savenko's words, “when a psychiatrist-academician (Dmitrieva, Sidorov) or an expert-psychologist of

1980-432: The charges of “gross harm to mental health” were not substantiated. Savenko's Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia repeatedly accused Kondratyev's activities and statements as the author of the pseudo-scientific theory of "sectomania", and reported the false charges for which he was allegedly responsible. Kondratyev's special department at the Serbsky Center “for studying destructive cults” closely collaborated with

2035-400: The court could include any psychiatrist in a commission of experts, but the new law allowed the court only to choose an institution. The head of the institution assigns the experts to a commission for each case. Experts are certified only after working in a state institution for three years. The Director of the Serbsky Center was also the head of the Center's forensic psychiatry department, which

2090-454: The current generation is wrong to oppose the regime. In December 2012, Mikhail Vinogradov, an expert of the Serbsky Center, stated "Do you talk about human-rights activists? Most of them are just unhealthy people, I talked with them. As for the dissident General Grigorenko, I too saw him, kept him under observation, and noted oddities of his thinking. But he was eventually allowed to go abroad, as you know… Who? Bukovsky ? I talked with him, and he

2145-629: The degree of M.D. or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine , followed by practice as a psychiatric resident for another four years (five years in Canada). This extended period involves comprehensive training in psychiatric diagnosis, psychopharmacology, medical care issues, and psychotherapies. All accredited psychiatry residencies in the United States require proficiency in cognitive behavioral, brief , psychodynamic , and supportive psychotherapies . Psychiatry residents are required to complete at least four post-graduate months of internal medicine or pediatrics, plus

2200-428: The development of special interests such as forensic or child/adolescent takes place. At the end of 3 years of higher specialist training, candidates are awarded a Certificate of Completion of (Specialist) Training (CC(S)T). At this stage, the psychiatrist can register as a specialist, and the qualification of CC(S)T is recognized in all EU/EEA states. As such, training in the UK and Ireland is considerably longer than in

2255-474: The fact that he was not once cited for aggressive or suicidal behavior during the 16 months of his pretrial detention in Butyrka prison . The Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia stated: "On the basis of a conversation that lasted less than one hour, the specialists made the far more serious diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia instead of the diagnosis of sluggish neurosis-like schizophrenia that Kosenko

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2310-408: The following: Further, other specialties that exist include: The United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties in the United States offers certification and fellowship program accreditation in the subspecialties of behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry , which is open to both neurologists and psychiatrists. Some psychiatrists specialize in helping certain age groups. Pediatric psychiatry

2365-544: The head of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia , alleged that "practically nothing has changed. They have no shame at the institute about their role with the Communists. They are the same people, and they do not want to apologize for all their actions in the past." Attorney Karen Nersisyan agrees: "Serbsky is not an organ of medicine. It’s an organ of power." Savenko claimed that the institution

2420-494: The lack of competition within the sector and its increasing nationalization. The letter said that expert reports now often dropped entire sections and failed to substantiate findings, that findings contradicted the descriptive sections, and that many statements are contrary to generally accepted scientific practice. The letter added that courts made no attempt to assess the expert report for coherence and consistency and do not check findings for accuracy, completeness and objectivity. In

2475-477: The latter were ordinary criminals feigning insanity in order to avoid prison camps. According to IPA President Savenko, Nekipelov’s book accurately describes the era of Soviet punitive psychiatry. The book was published in Russia in 2005. After reading the book, Donetsk psychiatrist Pekhterev concluded that allegations against the psychiatrists were self-serving and false. According to Robert van Voren , Pekhterev misses

2530-535: The main point: while living conditions in the Serbsky Institute were not bad compared with living conditions of the Gulag , the Serbsky Institute was the departure point for "patients" who were dispatched to specialized psychiatric hospitals in Chernyakhovsk , Dnepropetrovsk , Kazan and Blagoveshchensk where they experienced forced administration of drugs, beatings and other forms of arbitrary punishment. Some died during

2585-468: The reports. The proposal claimed that the appeals were filed “without regard for the scope of the case” and that appeals should be made “only together with the sentence.” Savenko claimed that all professional errors and omissions became unchallengeable because they were the basis of the sentence. The application was considered in the paper “Current legal issues relevant to forensic-psychiatric expert evaluation” by E.Y. Shchukina and S.N. Shishkov. It attacked

2640-406: The scene. In accord with the Center's recommendation, he was declared insane and released from confinement. In 2004, Yuri Savenko stated that the law on state expert activity and the introduction of the profession of forensic expert psychiatrist destroyed adversary-based examinations and that the Serbsky Center had monopolized forensic examination, which it had never done in the Soviet era. Formerly,

2695-479: The spring of 2009, IPA attacked an expert report whose descriptive part was distorted, paving the way for other falsifications; four of the case's six examinations were carried out in the Serbsky Center. On 15 June 2009, the working group chaired by Tatyana Dmitrieva sent the Supreme Court of Russia a joint proposal to outlaw appeals against state forensic expert reports and prohibit lawsuits that appealed against

2750-562: The use of psychiatry was expanded to control religious dissenters and others and a special group for “study of the negative influence of religious groups” was created at the Serbsky Center, led by Professor Fyodor Kondratyev. Savenko further claimed Kondratyev’s group started supervising trials all over the country. This supposedly led to legal actions that, for all intents and purposes, put people on trial for sorcery. The Independent Psychiatric Journal ( Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal ) edited by Savenko documented such trials, claiming that

2805-476: The victims. Gen. Pyotr Grigorenko was determined as insane in the Serbsky Institute because he "was unshakably convinced of the rightness of his actions" and held "reformist ideas." In the 1960s Soviet psychiatry, particularly Serbsky Institute Director Dr. Andrei Snezhnevsky , introduced the concept of " sluggish schizophrenia ", a special form of the illness that supposedly affects only social behavior, with no effect on other traits: "most frequently, ideas about

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2860-479: The waiting time can be as long as two years. For Eligible Persons, the first consultation fee is HK$ 135, and each subsequent consultation fee is HK$ 80. Additionally, the cost for each type of medication is HK$ 15. In the United Kingdom , psychiatrists must hold a medical degree. Following this, the individual will work as a foundation house officer for two additional years in the UK, or one year as an intern in

2915-681: Was Vladimir Vysotsky . The Serbsky Center is now headed by Zurab Kekelidze ( ru ), the chief psychiatrist of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation , whose dissertation was on sluggish schizophrenia . Kekelidze is known to believe that homosexuality in some cases is a mental disorder and has not been excluded from the list of mental disorders. In the Soviet Union , dissidents were often declared mentally ill. In almost all cases, dissidents were officially examined at

2970-458: Was not professionally run and thus violated the doctor's main commandment. Spurious diagnoses declared symptom-free individuals to be mentally ill (for example, Budanov or General Pyotr Grigorenko ), and the reverse (for example, major D. Evsyukov, actor F. Yalovega and diplomat Platon Obukhov ). In the early 1990s, Serbsky Director Tatyana Dmitrieva apologized for the earlier abuses. Her words were widely broadcast abroad but were published only in

3025-686: Was treated for over the course of 12 years." There were protests from international and local NGOs and human rights organisations against the unlimited term of in-patient treatment imposed on Mikhail Kosenko. On 6 June 2014 a court in the Moscow Region ruled that he should continue psychiatric treatment, but as an out-patient. According to Russian psychiatrist Emmanuil Gushansky, the Serbsky Center exercises undue administrative and corporate influence on its young and insufficiently qualified staff. The commission system of forensic psychiatric examinations leads to "collective irresponsibility" in which no individual

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