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39-483: The main house is two stories tall, and was created in an English manor-style with an imitation thatch roof, a gunite exterior, and consisting of ten bedrooms. The garden is Italian style and features four levels of terracing and a lily pond, a Roman reflecting pool , and a piano-shaped swimming pool. The estate was used and remained in the Fleishhacker family for five generations. Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes rented

78-670: A deadly 80-pound leopard which he strangled with his bare hands. Akeley collected hundreds of animal specimens including: hartebeest , gazelles , hyenas , kudus , oryx , and lions. The process of collecting specimens included: killing, measuring, photographing, skinning, de-boning, preserving, and packing them for shipment back to Chicago. In 1905, Marshall Field funded Akeley’s next trip to Africa which lasted twelve months and brought back two bull elephants which he would later mount for display. Akeley took nearly 1,000 glass plate photos and collected 17 tons of material including: 400 mammal skins, 1200 small mammal skins, 800 bird skins, and

117-635: A dry or wet mix process. However, shotcrete may also sometimes be used to distinguish wet-mix from the dry-mix method. The term shotcrete was first defined by the American Railway Engineers Association (AREA) in the early 1930s. By 1951, shotcrete had become the official generic name of the sprayed concrete process—whether it utilizes the wet or dry process. Shotcrete is commonly used to line tunnel walls, in mines, subways, and automobile tunnels. Fire-resistant shotcrete developed in Norway

156-678: A fair number of bird and mammal skeletons. In addition to zoologic material he also collected more than 900 anthropological specimens and crates of leaves that he would use as models for his dioramas. In 1909, Akeley accompanied Theodore Roosevelt on a year-long expedition in Africa funded by the Smithsonian Institution and began working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where his efforts can still be seen in

195-550: A highly mobile motion picture camera for capturing wildlife, started a company to manufacture it, and patented it in 1915. The Akeley "pancake" camera (so-called because it was round) was soon adopted by the War Department for use in World War I, primarily for aerial use, and later by newsreel companies, and Hollywood studios, primarily for aerial footage and action scenes. F. Trubee Davison covered these and other Akeley inventions in

234-451: A hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. This construction technique was invented by Carl Akeley and first used in 1907. The concrete is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers. The concrete or mortar is formulated to be sticky and resist flowing when at rest to allow use on walls and ceilings, but exhibit sufficient shear thinning to be easily plumbable through hoses. Shotcrete

273-587: A house on the property with her partner from March 2021 until November 2022. Mortimer Fleishhacker Sr. (1866–1953) was an entrepreneur who co-founded (with his brother Herbert Fleishhacker ) Great Western Power, which later became part of Pacific Gas and Electric and the City Electric Company . He served as a director of the San Francisco Opera , San Francisco Symphony , the Museum of Modern Art , and

312-467: A special issue of Natural History magazine. Akeley also wrote several books, including stories for children, and an autobiography In Brightest Africa (1920). He was awarded more than 30 patents for his inventions. Akeley specialized in African mammals , particularly the gorilla and the elephant. As a taxidermist, he improved on techniques of fitting the skin over a carefully prepared and sculpted form of

351-412: Is applied by pneumatic pressure from a gun, hence gun -ite. The term Gunite became the registered trademark of Allentown Equipment , the oldest manufacturer of gunite equipment. Other manufacturers were thus compelled to use other terminology to describe the process such as shotcrete, pneumatic concrete, guncrete, etc. Shotcrete is an all-inclusive term for spraying concrete or mortar with either

390-406: Is completed the area between its foundation and the shotcrete is backfilled and compacted. Shotcrete is also a viable means and method for placing structural concrete. Shotcrete is very useful in hard rock mining . Development of decline pathway to go underground is critical for movement of heavy machinery, miners, and material. Shotcrete helps make these paths safe from any ground fall. Also,

429-560: Is sometimes referred to as the first museum diorama; however, such dioramas, and dioramas depicting "habitat groups," dated back well into the early 1800s, and were quite popular with taxidermists in Victorian England. He also created historical reindeer and orangutan exhibits. Akeley left the Milwaukee Public Museum in 1892 and set up a private studio from which he continued to do contract work, including three mustangs for

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468-510: Is used on the Marmaray tunnel in Istanbul . Shotcrete is used to reinforce both temporary and permanent excavations. It may be employed, in concert with lagging and other forms of earth anchor , to stabilize an excavation for an underground parking structure or hi-rise buildings during construction. This provides a large waterproof enclosure in which a structure can be erected. Once the structure

507-467: Is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions invented by Akeley. In pool construction, however, shotcrete refers to wet mix and gunite to dry mix. In this context, these terms are not interchangeable. Shotcrete is placed and compacted/consolidated at the same time, due to the force with which it is ejected from the nozzle. It can be sprayed onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areas. Shotcrete has

546-850: The American Museum of Natural History . He is considered the father of modern taxidermy . He was the founder of the AMNH Exhibitions Lab , the interdisciplinary department that fuses scientific research with immersive design. Akeley was born to Daniel Webster Akeley and Julia Glidden in Clarendon, New York , and grew up on a farm, attending school for only three years. He learned taxidermy from David Bruce in Brockport, New York , and then entered an apprenticeship in taxidermy at Ward's Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, New York . While at Ward's Akeley also helped mount P.T. Barnum 's Jumbo after

585-581: The Smithsonian Institution for exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition . In 1896, he joined the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, where he developed his innovative taxidermy techniques, notably the creation of lightweight, hollow, but sturdy mannequins on which to mount the animals' skins. His techniques, which involved sculpting the realistic musculature of the animals in active poses before mounting

624-518: The Temple Emanu-El . Fleishhacker also had a home at 2418 Pacific Avenue in San Francisco, California . In 1911, Fleishhacker Sr. and his wife Bella Gerstle Fleishhacker (1875–1963), commissioned Charles Sumner Greene of the architectural firm Greene and Greene to design a country home for them on a 45-acre property. This was the largest of all Greene and Greene designs. The interior of the house

663-416: The nozzle as it was released. In 1911, he was grantvovd a patent for his inventions: the "cement gun", the equipment used; and "gunite", the material that was produced. There is no evidence that Akeley ever used sprayable concrete in his taxidermy work, as is sometimes suggested. F. Trubee Davison covered this and other Akeley inventions in a special issue of Natural History magazine. The dry-mix process

702-662: The Akeley Hall of African Mammals. Akeley joined the Explorers Club in 1912, having been sponsored by three of the Club's seven Charter Members: Frank Chapman , Henry Collins Walsh , and Marshall Saville . For qualifying, Akeley wrote only, "Explorations in Somaliland and British East Africa." He became the Club's sixth president serving from 1917–1918. In 1921, eager to learn about gorillas to determine if killing them for museum dioramas

741-568: The Congo with the start of the dry season in late 1926. He died on November 18 of dysentery and was buried in Africa, just miles from where he encountered his first gorilla, the "Old Man of Mikeno". His second wife, Mary Jobe Akeley , married him two years before he died. He had previously been married to Delia Akeley (1869–1970) for nearly 20 years. Delia Akeley accompanied him on two of his biggest and most productive safaris to Africa, in 1905 and again in 1909. Delia later returned to Africa twice under

780-445: The additional requirement of delivering a concrete flow that is as constant as possible, and therefore continuous, to guarantee homogeneous spray application. Depending on the fineness of the filler, mortar shotcrete (fraction size up to 2.5 mm) is distinguished from shotcrete (up to 10 mm), and syringe concrete, or sprayed concrete (up to 25 mm). Gunite was originally a trademarked name that specifically referred to

819-550: The animal's anatomy and behavior in its natural environment. After creating the mannequin, the hide and hooves were meticulously attached. The steps to the Akeley Method: Akeley first traveled to Africa in 1896 when he was invited by Daniel Elliot , Curator of the Zoology Department in the new Columbian Field Museum, on an eight month expedition to Somaliland . It was on this trip that Akeley came face to face with

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858-408: The animal's body, producing very lifelike specimens, with consideration of musculature, wrinkles, and veins. He also displayed the specimens in groups in a natural setting. Many animals that he preserved he had personally collected. First and foremost, Akeley believed and was obsessively committed to the idea that taxidermy could produce mounted animals that look not just lifelike, but alive. Akeley

897-670: The auspices of the Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences . The World Taxidermy & Fish Carving Championships awards gold medallions that bear Carl Akeley's likeness—based on a photograph he had taken at Stein Photography in Milwaukee—to its "Best in World" winners. There is also a Carl Akeley Award for the most artistic mount at the World Show. The medallions were sculpted by Floyd Easterman of

936-510: The characteristics of high compressive strength, good durability, water tightness and frost resistance. Shotcrete, then known as gunite, was invented in 1907 by American taxidermist Carl Akeley to repair the crumbling façade of the Field Columbian Museum in Chicago (the old Palace of Fine Arts from the World's Columbian Exposition ). He used the method of blowing dry material out of a hose with compressed air , injecting water at

975-401: The dry ingredients into a hopper and then conveying them pneumatically through a hose to the nozzle. The nozzle operator controls the addition of water at the nozzle. The water and the dry mixture is not completely mixed, but is completed as the mixture hits the receiving surface. This requires a skilled nozzle operator, especially in the case of thick or heavily reinforced sections. Advantages of

1014-459: The dry mix process are that the water content can be adjusted instantaneously by the nozzle operator, allowing more effective placement in overhead and vertical applications without using accelerators. The dry mix process is useful in repair applications when it is necessary to stop frequently, as the dry material is easily discharged from the hose. Wet-mix shotcrete involves pumping of a previously prepared concrete, typically ready-mixed concrete, to

1053-491: The dry process concrete. Shotcrete machines are available which control the complete process and make it very fast and easy. Manual and mechanical methods are used for the wet spraying process but wet sprayed concrete is traditionally applied by machine. The high spray outputs and large cross-sections require the work to be mechanised. Concrete spraying systems with duplex pumps are mainly used for working with wet mixes. Unlike conventional concrete pumps, these systems have to meet

1092-463: The dry-mix pneumatic cement application process. In the dry-mix process, the dry sand and cement mixture is blown through a hose using compressed air, with water being injected at the nozzle to hydrate the mixture, immediately before it is discharged onto the receiving surface. Gunite was the original term coined by Akeley , trademarked in 1909 and patented in North Carolina . The concrete mixture

1131-517: The establishment of a gorilla preserve in the Virungas. In 1925, greatly influenced by Akeley, King Albert I of Belgium established the Albert National Park , (since renamed Virunga National Park ). It was Africa's first national park. Opposed to hunting them for sport or trophies, he remained an advocate of collection for scientific and educational purposes. Akeley began his fifth journey to

1170-455: The landscape such as terraces , walls, arcades, balustrades , and planting urns. Over the years, the Fleishhacker family built out the estate, adding new structures and land. The estate was filmed as the Martin family home in the 1999 film Bicentennial Man . Shotcrete Shotcrete , gunite ( / ˈ ɡ ʌ n aɪ t / ), or sprayed concrete is concrete or mortar conveyed through

1209-503: The latter was killed in a railroad accident. In 1886 Akeley moved on to the Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin . Akeley remained in Milwaukee for six years, refining "model" techniques used in taxidermy. At the Milwaukee Public Museum , his early work consisted of animals found in Wisconsin prairies and woodlands. One of these was a diorama of a muskrat group, which

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1248-420: The nozzle. Compressed air is introduced at the nozzle to impel the mixture onto the receiving surface. The wet-process procedure generally produces less rebound, waste (when material falls to the floor), and dust compared to the dry-mix process. The greatest advantage of the wet-mix process is all the ingredients are mixed with the water and additives required, and also larger volumes can be placed in less time than

1287-435: The shotcrete is carried out much faster than the repair mixtures usual non-mechanized application. Carl Akeley Carl Ethan Akeley (May 19, 1864 – November 17, 1926) was a pioneering American taxidermist , sculptor, biologist , conservationist , inventor, and nature photographer, noted for his contributions to American museums , most notably to the Milwaukee Public Museum , Field Museum of Natural History and

1326-478: The skin, were also notable for their life-like representation. Akeley was the Field Museum's chief taxidermist from 1896-1909 and prepared more than 130 mounted specimens and dioramas. His most famous creations include the "Fighting African Elephants" in the central hall of the Field Museum, killed by Akeley and his wife Delia Akeley before being brought to Chicago for mounting and first put on display in 1909. He

1365-402: Was also a prolific inventor, perfecting a "cement gun" to repair the crumbling facade of the Field Columbian Museum in Chicago (the old Palace of Fine Arts from the World's Columbian Exposition . He is today known as the inventor of shotcrete , or "gunite" as he termed it at the time. Akeley did not use sprayable concrete in his taxidermy work, as is sometimes suggested. Akeley also invented

1404-497: Was designed by Elsie de Wolfe and the San Francisco design house of Vickery, Atkins and Torrey. When designing the home, Greene also took in to account the design of the landscaping and the driveway. The property's rolling green lawns were inspired by the Fountains Abbey of Studley Royal Park in 18th-century England , which Greene had visited in 1909. The garden has natural materials used and design elements that complement

1443-457: Was equally committed to presenting mounts in the context of their scientifically accurate environments and social interactions. Akeley's techniques resulted in anatomically accurate, skinless manikins of an animal in lifelike actions and postures. The mannequin was extremely lightweight and hollow and made primarily of papier mache and wire mesh. Akeley based the mannequin on precise field measurements and photographs as well as his understanding of

1482-483: Was justified, Akeley led an expedition to Mt. Mikeno in the Virunga Mountains at the edge of the then Belgian Congo . At that time, gorillas were quite exotic, with very few even in zoos, and collecting such animals for educational museum exhibitions was not uncommon. In the process of "collecting" several mountain gorillas , Akeley's attitude was fundamentally changed and for the remainder of his life he worked for

1521-399: Was used until the wet-mix process was devised in the 1950s. In the 1960s, an alternative method for gunning dry material with a rotary gun appeared, using a continuously fed open hopper. The nozzle is controlled by hand on small jobs, such as a modest swimming pool. On larger work it is attached to mechanical arms and operated by hand-held remote control. The dry mix method involves placing

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