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40-528: Genetic analyses made in 2009 in a laboratory of the University of Dieppe showed that Chasselas is a grape variety originating in western Switzerland. Its name was first mentioned in the 16th century. In 1940, Chasselas was crossed with Silvaner to produce the white grape variety Nobling . Chasselas is widely grown in Switzerland, where it has several regional synonym names, the main one being Fendant in

80-588: A varietal brandy out of the grape. Outside France Folle blanche is grown in the Basque Country where it is known as Mune Mahatsa and is sometimes blended with Hondarribi Zuri (Courbu blanc). In the Catalan wine region of Spain it is used by some brandy producers. In California there are a few limited plantings of the variety. According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson , Folle blanche tends to produce rustic base wines with high levels of acidity . Over

120-608: A crossing with Ugni blanc. Due to its complex genetic relationship with numerous varieties, Folle blanche is often mistaken for grape varieties that share some familial relationship such as its half-sibling Knipperlé. The synonyms Piquepoul used in the Gascony region and Piquepoul du Gers used in the Lot-et-Garonne department lead to confusion with the Rhône wine grape Piquepoul blanc but DNA analysis has shown no close relationship with

160-432: A desired grape variety that dependably produces a particular crop, most grapevines are propagated by clonal or massal selection of plant material. This can be accomplished in one of three ways. This involves a shoot taken from a mother vine and then planted where the shoot will eventually sprout a root system and regenerate itself into a full-fledged vine with trunk and canopy . Often new cuttings will be first planted in

200-622: A grape variety that while genetically similar to the original variety is considered unique enough to merit being considered its own variety. Both Pinot gris and Pinot blanc are color mutations of Pinot noir. In viticulture, a clone is a single vine that has been selected from a "mother vine" to which it is identical. This clone may have been selected deliberately from a grapevine that has demonstrated desirable traits (good yields , grape disease resistance, small berry size, etc.) and propagated as cuttings from that mother vine. Varieties such as Sangiovese and Pinot noir are well known to have

240-542: A member of the Folle ampelographic group with strong similarities and potential genetic relationship with fellow Folle grapes Meslier-Saint-François and Petit Meslier . The rare Bordeaux wine grape Merlot blanc is a natural crossing of Folle blanche and Merlot that was discovered in 1891. Other grapes that have a parent-offspring relationship with Folle blanche include Monbadon , also known as Burger in California , which

280-414: A nursery where it is allowed to develop for a couple of years before being planted in the vineyard. Grafting is a process in which a new grape vine is produced by making a cut in the rootstock and then adding scionwood that is cut to fit inside the incision made in the rootstock. This involves removing the canopy and most of the trunk of an existing vine and replacing it with a cutting of a new vine that

320-535: A small amount of bark at the end of the cut and inserting three of the same scions into the incisions, using the remaining piece of the cut bark to cover the end of the scions. In established vineyards where only a few vines need to be replaced within a row (such as vine lost to machine damage or disease), a new vine can be propagated by bending a cane from a neighboring vine into the ground and covering it with dirt. This segment of vine will soon begin sprouting its own independent root system while still being nourished by

360-431: A variety of clones. While there may be slight mutations to differentiate the various clones, all clones are considered genetically part of the same variety (i.e. Sangiovese or Pinot noir). A selection massale is the opposite of cloning, where growers select cuttings from the mass of the vineyard, or a field blend. A crossing is a new grape variety that was created by the cross pollination of two different varieties of

400-459: Is a wine grape variety from southwest France. It was the traditional grape variety in Cognac and Armagnac production until the 20th century. Folle blanche is an offspring of Gouais blanc , with the other parent so far unidentified. It has been mostly replaced by its hybrid offspring Baco blanc due to phylloxera damage. Baco blanc (also known as Baco 22 A) is a cross of Folle blanche and

440-470: Is a new grape variety that was produced from a cross pollination of two different grape species. In the early history of American winemaking , grape growers would cross the European Vitis vinifera vines with American vine varieties such as Vitis labrusca to create French-American hybrids that were more resistant to American grape diseases such as downy and powdery mildew as well as phylloxera . When

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480-484: Is believed to be a crossing of Folle blanche and Ugni blanc and Jurancon blanc , which is believed to be a crossing of Folle blanche with Pruéras At one point Folle blanche was thought to be a color mutation of Jurancon noir (which is also known as Folle noire) but DNA analysis in 2009 showed that the black berried Jurancon grape was actually an offspring of Folle blanche through a natural crossing with Malbec . Additionally, Fuella nera (another grape known under

520-510: Is mostly grown in the Loire region , where it is blended with Sauvignon blanc to produce a wine called "Pouilly-sur-Loire". Californian and Australian growers know this variety under the names Chasselas Doré and Golden Chasselas . Michel Chapoutier has stated that he is looking for land for a vineyard in England , which would be planted with Chasselas. He said that he believed Chasselas would suit

560-413: Is performed after the vine has been planted in a vineyard and has aged a few years. The objective of using this method is to avoid replanting and a final product of a grapevine with two diversifications. The procedure of field grafting is performed with the vines still planted, by making two inversions in the rootstock of a certain type of grapevines and placing two of the same type of scions that differ from

600-405: Is sealed by a graft union . There are two main types of grafting in the relation to the propagation of a grapevine. This process is typically performed in the beginning of a new year in a greenhouse, taking place during the late winter months, to the early spring months. This process is used on younger and smaller vines before the vines are planted in a vineyard. However, the type of cut made on

640-420: Is selected with all cuttings taken from that single plant. In massal (or "mass") selection, cuttings are taken from several vines of the same variety that have collectively demonstrated desirable traits. Historically, massal selection was the primary means of vineyard propagation, particularly in traditional vineyards where vines are only sporadically replaced, often by layering a cane from a neighboring vine. In

680-450: The Vitis riparia × Vitis labrusca hybrid Noah . Folle blanche is also the parent of the very hardy and disease-resistant Baco 1 (or Baco noir ), a cross of Folle blanche and a Vitis riparia variety. Baco noir and Baco 22 A, like Folle blanche and their other parents, produce a very acid wine . This makes them more suited to distillation than less acidic grapes. Folle blanche is used in

720-610: The Landes or Gers departments of Southwest France due to the proliferation of offspring and sibling varieties of Folle blanche in those regions. Historically, Folle blanche was planted along the western coast of France from the Loire Valley down through Gascony by Dutch wine merchants who used it in the production of eau de vie . After the phylloxera epidemic of the 19th century, plantings of Folle blanche declined as wine growers switched to heartier, more rot resistant varieties such as

760-471: The phylloxera epidemic of the mid to late 19th century hit Europe, some growers in European wine regions experimented with using hybrids until a solution involving grafting American rootstocks to vinifera varieties was found. Eventually, the use of hybrids in wine production declined with their use formally outlawed by European wine laws in the 1950s. As commercial winemakers usually want to work with

800-501: The 1950s, the isolation and identification of desirable clones in nurseries and breeding stations lead to an increase in clonal selection with new vineyard plantings seeking out clones from well established vineyards and wine region. This trend towards clonal selection has seen some criticism from wine writers and viticulturalists who complain about "mono-clonal" viticulture that has the risk of producing wines that are overly similar and dull. Other criticisms of clonal selection involve

840-756: The Baco blanc grape in the Cognac and Armagnac regions. This trend continued throughout most of the 20th century and into the 21st century as plantings of Folle blanche steadily declined from 15,865 hectares (39,200 acres) in 1958 to 1,770 hectares (4,400 acres) in 2009. Through its offspring relationship with the Hunnic grape Gouais blanc, Folle blanche is at least a half-sibling of numerous grape varieties including Aubin vert , Bachet noir , Knipperlé , Montils , Peurion , Roublot , Dameron , Balzac blanc and Genouillet . American ampelographer Linda Bisson classifies Folle blanche as

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880-584: The English climate and terroir very well. 46°17′N 4°43′E  /  46.283°N 4.717°E  / 46.283; 4.717 Cross (wine) The propagation of grapevines is an important consideration in commercial viticulture and winemaking . Grapevines, most of which belong to the Vitis vinifera family, produce one crop of fruit each growing season with a limited life span for individual vines. While some centenarian old vine examples of grape varieties exist, most grapevines are between

920-580: The Loire Valley area and in Brittany around Nantes to produce Gros Plant du Pays Nantais , a very dry and often tartly acidic wine that pairs well with shellfish. There it is used both in the production of table wine as well as eau de vie . The first recorded mentioning of Folle blanche was in 1696 when the grape was documented as one of the varieties growing in the Charente-Maritime department. Here

960-414: The ages of 10 and 30 years. As vineyard owners seek to replant their vines, a number of techniques are available which may include planting a new cutting that has been selected by either clonal or mass (massal) selection. Vines can also be propagated by grafting a new plant vine upon existing rootstock or by layering one of the canes of an existing vine into the ground next to the vine and severing

1000-466: The branches of a grape vine, when the rootstock is dormant. The method is performed by making a wedge in the rootstock and placing two scions into the wedge. After the Graft starts growing one of the scions is removed, leaving only one to grow. The Bark Graft is performed by making three incisions on the edge of the grape vine's rootstock, and removing majority of the bark around each of the cuttings, leaving

1040-461: The canton of Valais . It is considered an ideal pairing for raclette or fondue . Chasselas is also known as Perlan in the Mandement district of Geneva. In 2009, it was Switzerland's second-most planted grape variety at 4,013 hectares (9,920 acres). In Germany, with 1,123 hectares (2,770 acres), it is almost exclusively grown in the wine region of Baden under the name Gutedel . In France it

1080-410: The connecting vine. Eventually, the connection between the two vines is severed, allowing each vine to grow independently. Each cutting, taken from a mother vine, is a clone of that vine. The way that a vine grower selects these cuttings can be described as either clonal or massal selection . In clonal selection, an ideal plant within a vineyard or nursery that has exhibited the most desirable traits

1120-501: The connection when the new vine develops its own root system. In commercial viticulture, grapevines are rarely propagated from seedlings as each seed contains unique genetic information from its two parent varieties (the flowering parent and the parent that provided the pollen that fertilized the flower) and would, theoretically, be a different variety than either parent. This would be true even if two hermaphroditic vine varieties, such as Chardonnay , cross pollinated each other. While

1160-438: The grape clusters that would arise from the pollination would be considered Chardonnay any vines that sprang from one of the seeds of the grape berries would be considered a distinct variety other than Chardonnay. It is for this reason that grapevines are usually propagated from cuttings while grape breeders will utilize seedlings to come up with new grape varieties including crossings that include parents of two varieties within

1200-501: The grape has had a long history being used in the production of Cognac and Armagnac. The name Folle is a feminine derivative of the French word fou which means " mad " with ampelographers speculating that this could be a reference to the grapevine's tendency to being highly productive and grow vigorously where ever it is planted. Several of Folle blanche's synonyms also seems to make similar allusions such as Gros Plant ("big vine") which

1240-606: The grape vine determines the classification of the Bench graft. The two techniques to perform a Bench Graft includes the Omega Graft and the Whip Graft. The Omega Graft is performed by the rootstock and scion being grafted together by the two pieces being cut into shapes that align together. The Whip Graft is performed by making an identical small dip at angle into the rootstock and the scion, so they can be adjoined. Field grafting

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1280-587: The increased risk in vineyards lacking genetic diversity among its vines as well as the changing priorities in wine production. While many clones in the mid to late 20th century were isolated, some of the desirable traits exhibited by those clones (such as early ripening or high yield potential) may no longer be as desirable today where other traits (such as low yields and drought resistance) may be more prized. Folle blanche Folle blanche ( French pronunciation: [fɔl blɑ̃ʃ] ), also known as Picpoule , Gros Plant , and Enrageat blanc ,

1320-401: The rootstock and cutting a small scion into a small bud and placing the scion bud into the cuts made on the rootstock. The T Bud Method is performed by making a cutting a T at the bottom of the grapevine that is above the soil. Once the T is cut, the bark surrounding the cut is pulled back and the scion is placed between the two sides that were pulled back. The Chip Graft is performed on

1360-557: The rootstock into the rootstock. The most common ways to perform field grafting are the Chip Bud method, the T Bud method, the Cleft Graft and the Bark Graft. The Chip Bud Method is performed shortly after the grape vine is planted, giving the rootstock enough time to become active but the bud of the grape vine is still inactive. It is performed by cutting two small slopes in both sides of

1400-498: The same species (such as Cabernet Sauvignon which is a crossing of the Vitis vinifera varieties Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon blanc ) or hybrid grape varieties which include parents from two different Vitis species such as the Armagnac grape Baco blanc , which was propagated from the vinifera grape Folle blanche and the Vitis labrusca variety Noah . A color mutation is

1440-495: The same species. Syrah is a crossing of two French Vitis vinifera species, Dureza from the Ardèche and Mondeuse blanche from Savoie . Theoretically, every seedling (also known as a selfling ), even if its pollinated by a member of the same grape variety (i.e. such as two Merlot vines), is a crossing as any vine that results from the seed being planted will be a different grape variety distinct from either parent. A hybrid

1480-489: The synonym Folle noire) was once speculated to have been a color mutation but DNA evidence has shown that is not the case. Folle blanche has been used to breed a number of new varieties including Baco blanc (with Noah) and Baco noir (with an unknown Vitis riparia species) with both made by grape breeder François Baco as well as Folignan which was created in 1965 at the Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) as

1520-444: The two varieties. While Folle blanche can be a very productive, mid-ripening and high yielding variety, it is highly susceptible to a number of viticultural hazards including downy mildew , mites and black rot . The early budding nature of the vine also makes it susceptible to spring time frost damage while the very compact clusters makes the berries susceptible to fungal infections like botrytis bunch rot . In 2009, there

1560-659: Was 1,770 hectares (4,400 acres) of Folle blanche growing in France, most of it in the Pay Nantais region (overlapping the Muscadet region) of the Loire Valley where it is used to make the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) wine Gros Plant du Pays Nantais. While the grape's use in Cognac and Armagnac has largely fallen out of favor in preference to Baco blanc, some producers in Armagnac make

1600-677: Was first used for the grape in 1732 in the Loire-Atlantique department and Enrageat (from the French enragé ) that has been a common synonym for Folle blanche in Southwest France since at least 1736. DNA analysis in the late 20th and early 21st century has concluded that Folle blanche is likely one of the numerous offspring vines of Gouais blanc , though the second parent is currently unknown. In 2001, French ampelographer Guy Lavignac theorized that Folle blanche likely originated in either

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