Defunct
50-535: The Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände ("Morning paper for the educated classes", renamed to Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser , "Morning paper for educated readers" in 1837) was a German cultural and literary journal that existed from 1807 to 1865. It appeared daily (Monday to Saturday) until 1851, when it was changed to a weekly journal. The Morgenblatt was published by Cotta in Tübingen and later in Stuttgart , and
100-613: A son and a daughter as coheirs. His son, Johann Georg, Freiherr Cotta von Cottendorf (1796–1863), succeeded to the management of the business on the death of his father, and was materially assisted by his sister's husband, Freiherr Hermann von Reischach. He greatly extended the connections of the firm by the purchase, in 1839, of the publishing business of G. J. Göschen in Leipzig , and in 1845 of that of Vogel in Landshut ; while, in 1845, "Bible" branches were established at Stuttgart and Munich. He
150-598: A steam printing press in Augsburg, and, about the same time, founded a literary institute at Munich. In 1825 he started steamboats, for the first time, on Lake Constance, and introduced them in the following year on the Rhine. In 1828 he was sent to Berlin, on an important commission, by Bavaria and Württemberg, and was there rewarded with orders of distinction at the hands of the three kings. He died on 29 December 1832 in Stuttgart, leaving
200-431: A university by a decision of the university senate which was ratified or prompted by the agent of the government, or who shall have left the institution in order to escape expulsion shall be received in any other university. 1. So long as this decree shall remain in force no publication which appears in the form of daily issues, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall go to press in any state of
250-697: Is now in Munich . In 1799 Cotta entered on his political career, being sent to Paris by the Württemberg estates as their representative. Here he made friendships which proved very advantageous for the Allgemeine Zeitung . In 1801 he paid another visit to Paris, also in a political capacity, when he carefully studied Napoleon 's policy, and treasured up many hints which were useful to him in his literary undertakings. He still, however, devoted most of his attention to his own business, and, for many years, made all
300-450: The Morgenblatt , starting with Jean Paul , who opened the first issue with a eulogy referencing the possible future end of the journal. Others included Heinrich von Kleist , Johann Gottfried Seume , Eduard Mörike , Theodor Fontane and Conrad Ferdinand Meyer . To discover more authors, the journal also used competitions, starting with one in 1807 where Goethe was a judge. The journal
350-534: The Morgenblatt , with the title chosen by the editor Hermann Hauff. In 1860, parts of what was to become Theodor Fontane 's Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg were published in the Morgenblatt . Some of the journal's female authors include Fanny Lewald , Helmina von Chézy , who had been editor of the Französische Miszellen , Louise von Gall , and Fanny Tarnow , who often wrote anonymously or under pseudonyms. Ottilie Assing wrote for
400-496: The Carlsbad Decrees . In 1823, Cotta installed his son Georg Cotta [ de ] as assistant editor and announced the move of the Morgenblatt editorial office to Augsburg, and Huber moved there. However, Cotta eventually decided to leave the offices in Stuttgart (possibly for reasons of censorship) and Huber's editorial duties came to an end. The editorship was then taken over by Cotta himself and his son, but this
450-644: The German Bundestag , on 2 April 1848. The decrees effectively dissolved the Burschenschaften Studentenverbindungen as well as the Turnerschaften and also provided for university inspectors and press censors . Reformers in many local governments were forced out and by 1820 all significant liberal and nationalistic German reform movements had come to an end. The decrees were organized into three sections. 1. A special representative of
500-691: The Lord of the Rings movies. Carlsbad Decrees Defunct The Carlsbad Decrees ( German : Karlsbader Beschlüsse ) were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad , Austrian Empire . They banned nationalist fraternities (" Burschenschaften "), removed liberal university professors, and expanded
550-606: The Unterhaltung deutscher Ausgewanderten , the Roman Elegies and a paper on Literary Sansculottism. Fichte sent essays from the first, and the other brilliant German authors of the time were also represented. In 1798 the Allgemeine Zeitung appeared at Tübingen, being edited first by Posselt and then by Huber. Soon the editorial office of the newspaper was transferred to Stuttgart, in 1803 to Ulm , and in 1810 to Augsburg ; it
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#1733086313805600-472: The censorship of the press. They were aimed at quelling a growing sentiment for German unification and were passed during ongoing Hep-Hep riots which ended within a month after the resolution was passed. The meeting of the state's representatives was called by the Austrian Minister of State Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich after the liberal Burschenschaft student Karl Ludwig Sand had murdered
650-478: The conservative writer August von Kotzebue on 23 March 1819, and an attempt had been made by apothecary Karl Löning on the life of Nassau president Karl von Ibell on 1 July 1819. In the course of the European Restoration Metternich feared liberal and national tendencies at German universities which might conduct revolutionary activities threatening the monarchistic order. At this time,
700-768: The correspondence of Alexander von Humboldt with Varnhagen von Ense we see the familiar relations in which the former stood to the Cotta family. In 1795 he published the Politischen Annalen and the Jahrbücher der Baukunde , and in 1798 the Damenalmanach , along with some works of less importance. In 1807 he issued the Morgenblatt , to which Schorn's Kunstblatt and Menzel's Literaturblatt were afterwards added. In 1810 he removed to Stuttgart; and from that time till his death he
750-654: The decrees was that the reactionary German Confederation understood liberal and nationalistic ideas as sedition and persecuted those spreading these ideas as demagogues. This persecution of demagogues, Demagogenverfolgung , was especially vigorous in Prussia . After the Hambach Festival in 1832 the persecution was renewed for the last time. Only after the March Revolution of 1848 were the Carlsbad Decrees abrogated by
800-495: The entries into the ledger with his own hand. He relieved the tedium of almost ceaseless toil by pleasant intercourse with literary men. With Schiller, Huber, and Gottlieb Konrad Pfeffel (1736–1809) he was on terms of the warmest friendship; and he was also intimate with Herder, Schelling, Fichte, Richter, Voss, Hebel, Tieck, Therese Huber, Matthisson, the brothers Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Müller, Spittler and others, whose works he published in whole or in part. In
850-400: The firm of J. G. Cotta passed by purchase into the hands of Adolf and Paul Kroner, who took others into partnership. In 1899 the business was converted into a limited liability company. Cotta's publishing company survives today, although no longer owned by the family, under the name Klett-Cotta [ de ] . Its contemporary offerings include German-to-Elvish dictionaries tied into
900-464: The firm. Born in Stuttgart , Johann Friedrich Cotta attended the gymnasium of his native place , and was originally intended to study theology. He, however, entered the university of Tübingen as a student of mathematics and law, and after graduating spent a considerable time in Paris, studying French and natural science, and mixing with distinguished literary men. After practising as an advocate in one of
950-497: The further issues. Because the self-publishing could not handle the success of her former magazine, Marianne and her husband agreed on a takeover by Cotta, but in 1793 occurred irreconcilable conflicts; Cotta founded the journal Flora with the subscriber base, and Marianne Ehrmann continued the magazine Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen . The house connexions rapidly extended; and, in 1794, the Allgemeine Zeitung , of which Schiller
1000-571: The higher courts, Cotta, in compliance with his father's earnest desire, took over the publishing business at Tübingen. He began in December 1787, and laboured incessantly to acquire familiarity with all the details. From 1793 to 1794, Orell Füssli in Zürich published Marianne Ehrmann 's Die Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen , the first magazine that was published by a woman in Switzerland; her early death stopped
1050-463: The honor or security of other states is infringed or their constitution or administration attacked. 3. The Diet shall have the right, moreover, to suppress on its own authority, without being petitioned, such writings included in Article I, in whatever German state they may appear, as, in the opinion of a commission appointed by it, are inimical to the honor of the union, the safety of individual states, or
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#17330863138051100-435: The important office entrusted to them. No teacher who shall have been removed in this manner shall be again appointed to a position in any public institution of learning in another state of the union. 3. Those laws which have for a long period been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced. These laws apply especially to that association established some years since under
1150-521: The journal both before and after her emigration to the United States, and her interpretation in more than 130 reports was highly influential on the views of the German intellectual public on the problem of slavery in 1860s America. With the list of authors also including Caroline Pichler , Annette von Droste-Hülshoff , Friederike Brun and others, almost all notable female writers of the time were featured in
1200-458: The journal. Cotta (publishing house) Johann Friedrich, Freiherr Cotta von Cottendorf (27 April 1764 – 29 December 1832) was a German publisher, industrial pioneer and politician. Cotta is the name of a family of German publishers, intimately connected with the history of German literature. The Cottas were of noble Italian descent, and at the time of the Reformation the family
1250-408: The latter's eldest son, also named Johann Georg, while the second son, Johann Friedrich , became a distinguished theologian. Although the eldest son of the third Johann Georg, Christoph Friedrich Cotta (1730–1807), established a printing-house to the court at Stuttgart, the business languished. It was reserved to the youngest son of Christoph Friedrich, Johann Friedrich, to restore the fortunes of
1300-498: The maintenance of peace and quiet in Germany. There shall be no appeal from such decisions, and the governments involved are bound to see that they are put into execution. 4. When a newspaper or periodical is suppressed by a decision of the Diet, the editor thereof may not within a period of five years edit a similar publication in any state of the union. 1. Within a fortnight, reckoned from
1350-602: The name Universal Students' Union (Allgemeine Burschenschaft), since the very conception of the society implies the utterly unallowable plan of permanent fellowship and constant communication between the various universities. The duty of especial watchfulness in this matter should be impressed upon the special agents of the government. The governments mutually agree that such persons as shall hereafter be shown to have remained in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have entered such associations, shall not be admitted to any public office. 4. No student who shall be expelled from
1400-841: The order of the Württemberg crown; King William I. of Württemberg having already revived the ancient nobility in his family by granting him the patent of Freiherr (Baron) Cotta von Cottendorf . Meanwhile, such publications as the Polytechnische Journal , the Hesperus , the Württembergische Jahrbücher , the Hertha , the Ausland , and the Inland issued from the press. In 1828–1829 appeared the famous correspondence between Schiller and Goethe. Cotta
1450-457: The passage of this decree, there shall convene, under the auspices of the Confederation, in the city and federal fortress of Mainz, an extraordinary commission of investigation to consist of seven members, including the chairman. 2. The object of the commission shall be a joint investigation, as thorough and extensive as possible, of the facts relating to the origin and manifold ramifications of
1500-668: The poet firmly declined it, replying "Cotta deals honestly with me, and I with him." In 1795 Schiller and Cotta founded the Horen , a periodical very important to the student of German literature. The poet intended, by means of this work, to infuse higher ideas into the common lives of men, by giving them a nobler human culture, and "to reunite the divided political world under the banner of truth and beauty." The Horen brought Goethe and Schiller into intimate relations with each other and with Cotta; and Goethe, while regretting that he had already promised Wilhelm Meister to another publisher, contributed
1550-410: The revolutionary plots and demagogical associations directed against the existing constitution and the internal peace both of the union and of the individual states; of the existence of which plots more or less clear evidence is to be had already, or may be produced in the course of the investigation. ... 10. The central investigating commission is to furnish the Diet from time to time with a report of
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1600-443: The ruler of each state shall be appointed for each university, with appropriate instructions and extended powers, and shall reside in the place where the university is situated. This office may devolve upon the existing curator or upon any other individual whom the government may deem qualified. The function of this agent shall be to see to the strictest enforcement of existing laws and disciplinary regulations ; to observe carefully
1650-421: The spirit which is shown by the instructors in the university in their public lectures and regular courses, and, without directly interfering in scientific matters or in the methods of teaching, to give a salutary direction to the instruction, having in view the future attitude of the students. Lastly, he shall devote unceasing attention to everything that may promote morality, good order, and outward propriety among
1700-485: The students. 2. The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities or other public educational institutions all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty, or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines hostile to public order or subversive of existing governmental institutions, shall have unmistakably proved their unfitness for
1750-494: The two outrages cited were a welcome pretext to take action. The Carlsbad Decrees had consequences not only for the rights of the member states but also for the independent academic jurisdiction that had partially been in existence for centuries. An important instrument for the application of the decrees for these and other purposes was the Mainzer Zentraluntersuchungskommission. An essential attribute of
1800-474: The union without the previous knowledge and approval of the state officials. Writings which do not belong to one of the above-mentioned classes shall be treated according to the laws now in force, or which may be enacted, in the individual states of the union. 2. Each state of the union is responsible, not only to the state against which the offense is directly committed, but to the whole Confederation, for every publication appearing under its supervision in which
1850-515: Was Karl Grüneisen , who led the journal 1807–1808, followed by Georg Reinbeck [ de ] from 1808 to 1811. Both quit after disagreements with Cotta. The main editors were then Friedrich Haug and Friedrich Christoph Weisser [ de ] . After criticism by Karl Böttiger , Cotta replaced Weisser by Friedrich Rückert , who was an editor 1815–1817. Recommended by Böttiger, Therese Huber became an editor in 1816, after publishing various contributions, many of them anonymously, as
1900-579: Was an educated, but not scholarly, cultural elite, explicitly including women. Cotta discontinued several journals specialised on foreign literature (the Englische Miscellen , Französische Miscellen and Italienische Miscellen ) and merged them into the Morgenblatt . The journal first appeared on 1 January 1807, shortly after being announced in the Allgemeine Zeitung , in an edition of 1100 copies costing 8 Saxon thalers per year. It
1950-421: Was an unfailing friend of young struggling men of talent. In addition to his high standing as a publisher, he was a man of great practical energy, which flowed into various fields of activity. He was a scientific agriculturist, and promoted many reforms in farming. He was the first Württemberg landholder to abolish serfdom on his estates. In politics he was throughout his life a moderate liberal. In 1824 he set up
2000-500: Was decided in November 1806. The topic of the Morgenblatt was supposed to be everything that could interest an educated reader, with the exception of politics, complementing Cotta's Allgemeine Zeitung . The journal was not tied to any literary trends or programmes, but tried to cover the entire breadth of literary production. It covered a wide range of cultural topics including travelogues and literary criticism. The intended audience
2050-457: Was loaded with honours. State affairs and an honourable commission from the German booksellers took him to the Vienna congress; and in 1815 he was deputy-elect at the Württemberg diet. In 1819 he became representative of the nobility; then he succeeded to the offices of member of committee and (1824) vice-president of the Württemberg second chamber. He was also appointed Prussian Geheimrat, and knight of
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2100-560: Was not publicly announced. The brothers Wilhelm Hauff and, after his early death, Hermann Hauff became the editors from 1 January 1827. Adolf Müllner edited the Literatur-Blatt , the literary supplement from 1820 to 1825. According to some reports, he used it extensively for self-promotion of his dramas. From 1825, it was edited by Wolfgang Menzel who used his influence to advance national liberalism and to attack more liberal intellectuals. Goethe, whose works were published by Cotta,
2150-487: Was published in Tübingen until 1820, in Stuttgart and Tübingen until 1855, when it was published in Stuttgart and Augsburg for a short time, and then in Stuttgart and Munich until the end. The name was changed to Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser in 1837. When the long-term editor Hermann Hauff [ de ] died in 1865, the journal was discontinued at the end of the year, with readers preferring other products like Die Gartenlaube . The first editor
2200-408: Was quite successful both with critics and with the general public. The circulation increased to 1810 copies by 1819, but the journal had many more readers via subscription libraries or other reading clubs, and its total readership has been estimated around 15,000. The journal appeared daily (Monday to Friday) until 1851, then weekly until 1865. Most famous authors of the era wrote or were featured in
2250-462: Was regularly featured and also contributed some content, for example an essay about a new edition of his works. Heinrich Heine 's reports of his journeys in Italy first appeared in the Morgenblatt in 1828–29. Friedrich Engels contributed as the correspondent for Bremen in 1840–1841. In 1842, the novella Die Judenbuche by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff was first published in instalments in
2300-607: Was settled in Eisenach in Thuringia . Johann Georg Cotta (1631–1692), the founder of the publishing house of J. G. Cotta, married in 1659 the widow of the university bookseller, Philipp Braun, in Tübingen, and took over the management of his business, thus establishing the firm which was subsequently associated with Cotta's name. On his death, in 1692, the undertaking passed to his only son, also named Johann Georg; and on his death in 1712, to
2350-507: Was succeeded by his younger son, Karl, and by his nephew (the son of his sister), Hermann Albert von Reischach. Under their joint partnership, the before-mentioned firms in Leipzig and Landshut, and an artistic establishment in Munich passed into other hands, leaving on the death of Hermann Albert von Reischach, in 1876, Karl von Cotta the sole representative of the firm, until his death in 1888. In 1889
2400-483: Was the most important German literary and cultural journal of its time. The Morgenblatt was founded by Johann Friedrich Cotta , who had in 1806 envisioned creating a South German equivalent of Der Freimüthige , a journal edited in Berlin by August von Kotzebue , but Cotta's letters to Goethe show that the idea of having a regional focus was soon dropped. The decision to use the name Morgenblatt (morning paper)
2450-460: Was to be editor, was planned. Schiller was compelled to withdraw on account of his health; but his friendship with Cotta deepened every year, and was a great advantage to the poet and his family. Cotta awakened in Schiller so warm an attachment that, as Heinrich Döring tells us in his life of Schiller (1824), when a bookseller offered him a higher price than Cotta for the copyright of Wallenstein ,
2500-675: Was very common in the Morgenblatt . Huber was the first woman supporting her family with a salaried editorial position at a journal and has been described as the first woman to hold an editorial position and even as the first journalist in Germany. Huber had full responsibility for the journal from 1817, when Rückert and Haug quit, to 1823. She was not only author and editor for the journal, but also contributed many of her own translations. The journal had its most successful period under her editorship, with more than 1800 copies sold in 1820, and somewhat declined after she left, but this decline has also been attributed to problems with censorship related to
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