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69-568: Originally named the Montreal Harbour Bridge ( pont du Havre ), it was renamed in 1934 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Jacques Cartier 's first voyage up the St. Lawrence River. The five-lane highway bridge is 3,425.6 m (11,239 ft) in length, including the approach viaducts. There are approximately 35.8 million vehicle crossings annually, making it the third busiest bridge in Canada,

138-408: A Huguenot courtier and friend of the king named as the first lieutenant general of French Canada . Roberval was to lead the expedition, with Cartier as his chief navigator. While Roberval waited for artillery and supplies, he gave permission to Cartier to sail on ahead with his ships. On May 23, 1541, Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage with five ships. This time, any thought of finding

207-417: A French expression: " faux comme les diamants du Canada " ("As false as Canadian diamonds"). Two of the ships were sent on their journey home with some of these minerals on September 2. Having set tasks for everyone, Cartier left with the longboats for a reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" on September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and the numerous rapids from continuing up to

276-417: A concoction made from a tree known as annedda , probably Spruce beer , or arbor vitae , would cure scurvy. This remedy likely saved the expedition from destruction, allowing 85 Frenchmen to survive the winter. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well enough to help the others, a pitiful thing to see". The Frenchmen used up the bark of an entire tree in

345-516: A harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship to continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far more impressive than the small and squalid village of Stadacona, and a crowd of over a thousand came to the river's edge to greet the Frenchmen. The site of their arrival has been confidently identified as the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where

414-542: A passage to the Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence River. Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians , but found their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not to build his settlement there. Sailing a few kilometres upriver to a spot he had previously observed, he decided to settle on

483-613: A piece of furniture. These are frequently seen on top of bed posts or clocks. Decorative finials are also commonly used to fasten lampshades , and as an ornamental element at the end of the handles of souvenir spoons . The charm at the end of a pull chain (such as for a ceiling fan or a lamp ) is also known as a finial. Decorative roof-finials are a common feature of Malaysian religious and residential architecture. In Malacca , Malaysia , there are 38 mosques with traditional roof finials, with layered and crown-shaped designs, which are known as Makhota Atap Masjid . On mosques built after

552-422: A rebuilding cycle was completed for almost all pillars. JCCBI, the structure's responsible manager, is carrying out a structural steel reinforcement program dating back to 1920, in order to extend the life span of the bridge. Specifically, some steel ribs and reinforcing plates have been replaced and reinforced. This bridge has been shut down several times due to several protesters who have individually climbed on

621-539: A ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 undiscovered harbours without serious mishap, he may be considered one of the most conscientious explorers of the period. Cartier was also one of the first to formally acknowledge that the New World was a land mass separate from Europe/Asia. On August 18, 2006, Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists had discovered the precise location of Cartier's lost first colony of Charlesbourg-Royal . The colony

690-527: A single point, or bindu. There are two guldastas, or finials, per facade at Humayun's Tomb . Finials are decorative elements in a variety of American domestic architectural styles , including French colonial , Georgian , Victorian , and Romanesque Revival . Roof finials can be made from a variety of materials including clay , metal , or wood . A folklore tradition in the eastern United States portrays finials as discouraging witches on broomsticks from landing locally. A "ball-style" finial

759-405: A week on the cure, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it a Godsend, and a miracle. Ready to return to France in early May 1536, Cartier decided to kidnap Chief Donnacona and take him to France, so that he might personally tell the tale of a country further north, called the " Kingdom of Saguenay ", said to be full of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip down

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828-519: Is as wide as the range of designs with brass, stainless steel, various woods, and aluminum being employed with a variety of finishes such as 'satin steel' and 'antique brass'. The durability, strength, and machinability of modern alloys have lent themselves to increasingly intricate and dazzling designs. During the various dynasties in China, a finial was worn on the tops of the hats civil or military officials wore during formal court ceremonies. The finial

897-524: Is interpreted and expressed in light, and the systems used to do so, can be found on the Réalisations Archived 2017-12-22 at the Wayback Machine website. The bridge is part of the cycle of the seasons thanks to a chromatic calendar of 365 colours . Day after day, it is transformed, progressively from the spring energizing green, to the radiant summer orange, to the voluptuous autumn red and

966-585: Is not strictly the European discoverer of Canada as this country is understood today, a vast federation stretching a mari usque ad mare (from sea to sea). Eastern parts had previously been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Galician and Breton fishermen, and perhaps the Corte-Real brothers and John Cabot (in addition of course to the natives who first inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular contribution to

1035-533: Is often mounted to the top of a stationary flagpole . The United States Army , Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard employ a variety of different finials depending on the flag in question, the Marines and Coast Guard deferring to the Navy's protocols. Public garden (park) railings often end in finials, and wooden posts tend to have turned wood finials. Turned wood finials are used on various pieces of furniture. While

1104-476: Is then invaded by luminous movements in the colours of the most discussed topics of the day by the Montreal media: society (red), environment (green), technology (light blue), business (gray), sports (blue), institutions (pink), culture (purple). The systems track this data using physical capture systems such as sensors and cameras as well as through hashtags and keywords on online platforms. More information on how data

1173-412: The imperial palace . In Java and Bali , a rooftop finial is known as mustaka or kemuncak . In Thailand finials feature on domestic and religious buildings . Hti is a kind of finial found on Burmese Buddhist temples and pagodas . On Buddhist stupas , the layered umbrella (Skt. chhatra ; Pali: chhatta ) tiers have cosmological significance as representing the realms of heavens or

1242-612: The Edict of Union , Cartier was introduced to King Francis I by Jean Le Veneur , bishop of Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont Saint-Michel , at the Manoir de Brion . The King had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the eastern coast of North America on behalf of France in 1524. Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland and Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to

1311-630: The Eiffel Tower without being a replica. A bust of Jacques Cartier is located at the exit leading to Île Sainte-Hélène and was donated by France. The bridge follows the general design concept of the Quebec Bridge . It was, in turn, one of the design influences for the Story Bridge , in Brisbane , Australia , which was completed in 1940. Its imposing steel structure of its main section most likely inspired

1380-582: The National Bank of Canada . In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI was named one of the 100 most important books in Canadian history by the Literary Review of Canada . Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip reference Jacques Cartier in their 1992 song " Looking for a Place to Happen ". The song deals with the subject of European encroachment in

1449-540: The New World and the eventual annexation of indigenous lands in North America. Finial A finial (from Latin : finis , end) or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the apex of a dome , spire , tower , roof, or gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at

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1518-458: The Ottawa River . Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the situation ominous. The Iroquoians no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister manner. No records exist about the winter of 1541–1542 and the information must be gleaned from the few details provided by returning sailors. It seems the natives attacked and killed about 35 settlers before

1587-462: The Wayback Machine is responsible for the idea of using big data as a modulator of the bridge lighting program, as well as the design and production of the custom software and training of on-site operators to bring this concept to life. Fifty-three types of data pertaining to Montreal, across eleven categories, are tracked to feed the bridge's lighting systems, included but not limited to; weather, traffic, noise and activity on social media. The bridge

1656-571: The bridge named after him now stands. The expedition could proceed no further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So certain was Cartier that the river was the Northwest Passage , and that the rapids were all that was preventing him from sailing to China, that the rapids and the town that eventually grew near them came to be named after the French word for China, La Chine : the Lachine Rapids and

1725-528: The 20th century, these finials have been replaced by "bulbous domes". Other terms for roof finials include: Tunjuk Langit and Buah Buton ( East Coast ) as well as Buah Gutung ( Kelantan and Terengganu ). The Makhota Atap Masjid finials are made of mixed concrete, and the Buah Buton are made of wood. In Japanese architecture , chigi are finials that were used atop Shinto shrines in Ise and Izumo and

1794-620: The Birds, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal bird sanctuary , northeast of Brion Island in the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered around 1000 birds, most of them great auks (extinct since 1852). Cartier's first two encounters with aboriginal peoples in Canada on the north side of Chaleur Bay , most likely the Mi'kmaq , were brief; some trading occurred. His third encounter took place on

1863-576: The French fleet lay frozen solid at the mouth of the St. Charles River , under the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom (1.8 m) thick on the river, with snow four feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. To add to the misery, scurvy broke out – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. Cartier estimated the number of dead Iroquoians at 50. On a visit by Domagaya to the French fort, Cartier inquired and learned from him that

1932-476: The Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native remedy ( Thuja occidentalis infusion), the impression left is of a general misery, and of Cartier's growing conviction that he had insufficient manpower either to protect his base or to go in search of the Saguenay Kingdom. Cartier left for France in early June 1542, encountering Roberval and his ships along

2001-474: The Island of Montreal, the bridge connects to De Lorimier Avenue East and Papineau Avenue West. It is estimated that up to 115,000 vehicles use it per day, for an annual average of 34.7 million vehicles. Over the last twenty years, major ongoing renovation programs have been completed, including painting and deck replacement to preserve the integrity of the structure and to ensure a safe passage for users. In 2016,

2070-536: The Newfoundland coast, at about the time Roberval marooned Marguerite de La Rocque . Despite Roberval's insistence that he accompany him back to Saguenay, Cartier slipped off under the cover of darkness and continued on to France, still convinced his vessels contained a wealth of gold and diamonds. He arrived there in October, in what proved to be his last voyage. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it

2139-524: The St. Lawrence River—an indispensable preliminary to French settlement in their lands. Cartier was the first to document the name Canada to designate the territory on the shores of the St-Lawrence River. The name is derived from the Huron – Iroquois word kanata , or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the native term for the newly discovered land. Cartier used the name to describe Stadacona,

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2208-514: The St. Lawrence and a three-week Atlantic crossing, Cartier and his men arrived in Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, concluding the second, 14-month voyage, which was to be Cartier's most profitable. On October 17, 1540, Francis ordered the navigator Jacques Cartier to return to Canada to lend weight to a colonization project of which he would be "captain general". However, January 15, 1541, saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval ,

2277-494: The amount the city offered him for his land. Another curve in the middle of the bridge at the height of Île Sainte-Hélène is due to the positioning of the pillars. The pillars were built according to the direction of the stream of the river in a different axis of the streets to the North approach on the island of Montreal. The existence of these curves has been a predominant factor in many accidents that have led to changes in signage on

2346-409: The bridge over the years. The bridge has five traffic lanes , two of which are directional and one reversible for rush hour traffic and two sidewalks on each side for pedestrians and cyclists. It is also known for its famous Craig curve, a curve on the side of Montreal that once created many accidents because of its small radius and zero tilt. This deficiency was corrected in the early 2000s by raising

2415-488: The construction of a new bridge to alleviate the congestion on Victoria Bridge , which was then a rail-only bridge, the wintertime ice bridge and the ferries used to connect the city to its south shore. The decision to build the bridge was made official in 1924. The bridge was designed by engineer Philip Louis Pratley . Construction was undertaken by the Dominion Bridge Company starting in 1925. On August 9, 1926

2484-412: The cornerstone was laid on August 9, 1926 on Pillar No. 26. The superstructure was built between September 1926 and September 1929. 33,267 tons of steel were needed for its construction. The work was completed about a year and a half ahead of schedule, without disrupting river traffic. It opened to traffic on May 14, 1930, however the inauguration ceremony took place a few days later, on May 24. The bridge

2553-511: The cornerstone was laid, integrated into the pillar at the corner of Notre Dame Street and Saint Antoine Street , opposite the Pied-du-Courant Prison . The cornerstone contains a capsule with 59 items reflecting the year in which construction began. The bridge was constructed of steel at a cost of C$ 23 million, and the work lasted two and a half years. The groundbreaking was held on May 26, 1925. Construction began immediately and

2622-464: The designers of J. C. Van Horne Bridge spanning the Restigouche River between Campbellton , New Brunswick and Pointe-à-la-Croix , Quebec. This bridge was not built until 1958. The structure was a toll bridge from its opening until 1962 and a toll plaza was located on the southern approach. The toll plaza area now houses the offices of the corporation that owns and operates the structure and

2691-585: The discovery of Canada is as the first European to penetrate the continent, and more precisely the interior eastern region along the St. Lawrence River. His explorations consolidated France's claim of the territory that would later be colonized as New France , and his third voyage produced the first documented European attempt at settling North America since that of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526–27. Cartier's professional abilities can be easily ascertained. Considering that Cartier made three voyages of exploration in dangerous and hitherto unknown waters without losing

2760-468: The discovery of new lands in the New World". On April 20, 1534, Cartier set sail under a commission from the king, hoping to discover a western passage to the wealthy markets of the East Indies. In the words of the commission, he was to "discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold and other precious things are to be found". It took him twenty days to sail across

2829-463: The entrance to the St. Lawrence on his first voyage, he now opened up the greatest waterway for the European penetration of North America. He produced an intelligent estimate of the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit with a considerable exaggeration of its mineral wealth. While some of his actions toward the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, he did try at times to establish friendship with them and other native peoples living along

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2898-823: The first being Samuel-de-Champlain Bridge , just a few kilometres (miles) upstream. The second busiest bridge in Canada overall is the Port Mann Bridge in Metro Vancouver (connecting Surrey to Coquitlam ). Together with the Champlain Bridge, it is administered by the Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges Incorporated (JCCBI), a Canadian Crown Corporation which reports to Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada . Discussions began as early as 1874 about

2967-464: The first time, and reached the Iroquoian capital of Stadacona , where Chief Donnacona ruled. Cartier claimed a land near St. Lawrence River in 1534; but France paid little attention to the colony for 60 years. Not until King Henry IV sent Samuel de Champlain in 1608 to New France as its governor and built a permanent settlement and a fur-trading post called Quebec . Cartier left his main ships in

3036-521: The icy blue of winter. The bridge also gives the pulse of Montreal life in real time. The intensity, speed and density of light movements are fueled by the mention of Montreal on Twitter. The first lighting up of the bridge occurred on May 17, 2017, the same day associated with the founding of Montreal in 1642 and officially kicking off the festivities for the 375th anniversary. Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier ( Breton : Jakez Karter ; 31 December 1491 – 1 September 1557)

3105-406: The installation of two Bailey bridges . Originally, the bridge was constructed with only one ramp to Saint Helen's Island , located on the western side of the bridge. In 1961, a second ramp was built on the east side to prevent cars traveling to Montreal from having to cross the path of those heading toward Longueuil, a major source of accidents. During 2001 and 2002 the entire deck of the bridge

3174-474: The nearby Champlain Bridge . Tokens were issued for part of the period that tolls were collected. Toll booths were abolished in 1962. The original toll rates were as follows: From the beginning of its use, the Jacques Cartier Bridge was nicknamed "the crooked bridge" because of a curve at the entrance to Montreal. It was designed to avoid the land of soap factory-owner Hector Barsalou, who refused

3243-718: The ocean. Starting on May 10 of that year, he explored parts of Newfoundland , the Strait of Belle Isle and southern shore of the Labrador Peninsula , the Gaspé and North Shore coastlines on the Gulf of St. Lawrence , and some parts of the coasts of the Gulf's main islands, including Prince Edward Island , Anticosti Island and the Magdalen Islands . During one stop at Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of

3312-459: The port on the north-east coast of Brittany . Cartier, who was a respectable mariner , improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading aristocratic family. His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness. In 1534, two years after the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with France in

3381-524: The purpose of finials on bed posts is mostly decorative, they serve a purpose on curtain rods, providing a way to keep a curtain from slipping off the end of a straight rod. Curtain rod finials can be seen to act much like a barometer of public taste. Many designs hark back to the Gothic and Neogothic of architectural finials, while other contemporary finials reflect minimalist , Art Nouveau , and other traditional styles of decor. The use of different materials

3450-543: The shores of Gaspé Bay with a party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians , where on July 24 he planted a cross to claim the land for France. The 10-metre cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" claimed possession of the territory in the King's name. The change in mood was a clear indication that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Here he kidnapped the two sons of their chief, Donnacona . Cartier wrote that they later told him this region where they were captured (Gaspé)

3519-630: The site of present-day Cap-Rouge , Quebec. The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle that had survived three months aboard ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, and seeds of cabbage, turnip, and lettuce were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal . Another fort was also built on the cliff overlooking the settlement, for added protection. The men also began collecting what they believed to be diamonds and gold, but which upon return to France were discovered to be merely quartz crystals and iron pyrites , respectively—which gave rise to

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3588-591: The superstructure and discourage potential suicide jumpers, the two main problems associated with pedestrian traffic on the bridge. To mark both the 150th anniversary of Canada and the 375th anniversary of Montreal, the bridge was refitted in 2017 with new decorative lights. The project, "Living Connections" was designed and installed over a period of 3 years by Montreal-based Moment Factory in collaboration with other local partners ( Réalisations Inc. Montreal , Ambiances Design Productions, ATOMIC3, Éclairage Public/ Ombrages, Lucion Média and UDO Design). Project management

3657-580: The superstructure of the bridge or on a sign in the Longueuil side of the bridge. Two of them were from the Fathers for Justice group, while a third claimed he was part of the group. Recently, a man wearing a Canadian flag climbed the structure of the bridge. Most of the protests led to massive traffic congestion during rush hour. Recently, the pedestrian paths were modified with the installation of round metal fences all around in both directions, to disallow climbing of

3726-502: The surrounding land and the river itself. And Cartier named Canadiens the inhabitants ( Iroquoians ) he had seen there. Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate the small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens until the mid-nineteenth century, when the name started to be applied to the loyalist colonies on the Great Lakes and later to all of British North America . In this way Cartier

3795-578: The tip of the Great Northern Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador in the town of Quirpon , is said to have been named by Jacques Cartier himself on one of his voyages through the Strait of Belle Isle during the 1530s. The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between 1861 and 1899 in Lower Canada , then Quebec. It was folded into the Banque provinciale du Canada, and later still

3864-424: The top, end, or corner of a building or structure. A finial is typically carved in stone. Where there are several such elements they may be called pinnacles . The very top of a finial can be a floral or foliated element called a bouquet. Smaller finials in materials such as metal or wood are used as a decorative ornament on the tops or ends of poles or rods such as tent-poles or curtain rods or any object such as

3933-450: The total capacity of the bridge to five lanes. The two sidewalks were outside the bridge proper. To accommodate large ships using the new St. Lawrence Seaway , the span over the east channel of the river (the Warren truss ) was raised an additional 80 feet (24.4 m) (to 120 feet or 36.6 metres) in 1957 and 1958. Traffic flow over the bridge was uninterrupted by this construction, through

4002-495: The town of Lachine, Quebec . After spending two days among the people of Hochelaga, Cartier returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is not known exactly when he decided to spend the winter of 1535–1536 in Stadacona, and it was by then too late to return to France. Cartier and his men prepared for the winter by strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting down game and fish . From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536,

4071-456: The trunk of a cosmic tree. Even the stupa itself (comparatively smaller) can be a finial to a Stupa or other Buddhist religious structure . The kalasha is a finial on Hindu temples . In the Dravidian style of temple architecture , the kalasha is placed on top of a dome with an inverted lotus flower shape in between. There may also be lotus petals at the top, before the kalasha narrows to

4140-527: The west side of the deck creating a slight tilt making it easier to take the curve. The bridge is the continuation of Highway 134 and is connected to the multiplex formed by Highway 20 and the René-Lévesque Highway via an interchange. It continues on the South Shore in a short motorway section of Highway 134, which ends at an interchange with roads 112 and 116, before becoming boulevard Taschereau. On

4209-586: Was a French- Breton maritime explorer for France . Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River , which he named "The Country of Canadas" after the Iroquoian names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island) . Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo ,

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4278-768: Was abandoned in 1543 after disease, foul weather and hostile natives drove the would-be settlers to despair. Cartier spent the rest of his life in Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, where he often was useful as an interpreter in Portuguese. He died at age 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic, possibly of typhus , though many sources list his cause of death as unknown. Cartier is interred in Saint-Malo Cathedral . No permanent European settlements were made in Canada before 1605, when Pierre Dugua , with Samuel Champlain , founded Port Royal in Acadia . Having already located

4347-496: Was built at the confluence of the Rivière du Cap Rouge with the St. Lawrence River and is based on the discovery of burnt wooden timber remains that have been dated to the mid-16th century, and a fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza , Italy, between 1540 and 1550, that could only have belonged to a member of the French aristocracy in the colony. Most probably this

4416-485: Was called by them Honguedo . The natives' chief at last agreed that they could be taken, under the condition that they return with European goods to trade. Cartier returned to France in September 1534, sure that he had reached an Asian land. Jacques Cartier set sail for a second voyage on May 19 of the following year with three ships, 110 men, and his two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the St. Lawrence, he sailed upriver for

4485-460: Was inaugurated as the "Harbour Bridge" but was renamed "Jacques Cartier Bridge" in 1934, following a petition from citizens to honour the French-Breton explorer who described and mapped the St. Lawrence River valley in 1534. The bridge was originally designed as a road , tramway , and pedestrian bridge. The original bridge had three lanes of road traffic and two sidewalks. Space in each direction

4554-472: Was left free for the possible installation of two tramway lines. Tramway tracks were installed but never used. A parallel empty space used to exist to the right of the roadway in each direction, through which the bridge's girders could be seen. The roadway was expanded by an additional traffic lane on the east side in 1956 and the west side in 1959 to include the space allocated to the tramway tracks, adding an extra lane of traffic in each direction and bringing

4623-460: Was provided by JCCBI. The system, which allows for varying colors and animation, is scheduled to remain active until 2027. The interior lighting network changes with the passing of seasons, while the exterior lighting network uses big data, translated in real time to feed LED lighting networks on the outsides of the bridge superstructure, making the structure the first "connected" bridge in the world. Réalisations Inc. Montreal Archived 2017-09-14 at

4692-422: Was replaced. The sidewalks were also widened to a width of 8-foot (2.44 m), and the sidewalk on the western side of the bridge was made a bike path. In 2004, the bridge authority installed a suicide prevention barrier. Until then the bridge saw an average of 10 suicides a year. There are four 3-metre (10') high finials , at the four high-points of the bridge, as architectural ornaments. Their shape resembles

4761-452: Was the Sieur de Roberval , who replaced Cartier as the leader of the settlement. This colony was the first known European settlement in modern-day Canada since the c. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village in northern Newfoundland . Its rediscovery has been hailed by archaeologists as the most important find in Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery. Jacques Cartier Island, located on

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