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58-682: The expressway is officially referred to as the Tōhoku Jūkan Expressway Hachinohe Route. The route connects the city of Hachinohe with the Tōhoku Expressway in Iwate Prefecture . From the terminus at Hachinohe-kita Interchange , there are plans to extend the route northward to the terminus of the Aomori Expressway through a series of toll roads . The Hachinohe Expressway was opened on November 27, 1986, with

116-586: A group of Emishi before Jimmu was enthroned as the Emperor of Japan . According to the Nihon Shoki , Takenouchi no Sukune in the era of Emperor Keikō proposed the subjugation the Emishi of Hitakami no Kuni ( 日高見国 ) in eastern Japan. In later records, the kanji spelling changed to 蝦夷 , composed of the characters for "shrimp" and "barbarian". The use of the "shrimp" spelling is thought to refer to facial hair, like

174-632: A huge army of over 20,000 men was sent to attack the Shiwa Emishi , an effort that failed, before the Shiwa Emishi launched a successful counterattack in the Ōu Mountains . In 780, the Emishi attacked the Sendai plain, torching Japanese villages there. The Japanese were in a near panic as they tried to tax and recruit more soldiers from the Bandō . In the 789 CE Battle of Koromo River (also known as Battle of Sufuse)

232-557: A large coastal industrial belt with a diverse range of chemical, steel, cement and fertilizer products. Major industrial parks include the Hachinohe High Tech Park and Hachinohe North-Interchange Industrial Complex. The Hachinohe Thermal Power Station , an LNG-fired power plant operated by Tohoku Electric is located in the city. Hachinohe Port is a major international port for northern Japan. Hachinohe has 42 public elementary schools and 24 public junior high schools operated by

290-403: A number of forts along a defensive line from east to west established painstakingly over the past generation. Even Taga Castle was not spared. Large Japanese forces were recruited, numbering in the thousands, the largest forces perhaps ten to twenty thousand strong fighting against an Emishi force that numbered at most around three thousand warriors, and at any one place around a thousand. In 776

348-673: A total area of 305.56 square kilometres (117.98 sq mi). Hachinohe is located in the flatlands on the southeast coast of Aomori Prefecture, facing the Pacific Ocean . Both the Oirase River and the Mabechi River flow through Hachinohe. A portion of the coastal areas of the city were within the borders of the Tanesashi Kaigan Hashikamidake Prefectural Natural Park , which was incorporated into

406-479: A unique style of warfare in which horse archery and hit-and-run tactics proved very effective against the slower contemporary Japanese imperial army that mostly relied on heavy infantry . The livelihood of the Emishi was based on hunting and gathering as well as on the cultivation of grains such as millet and barley . Recently, it has been thought that they practiced rice cultivation in areas where rice could be easily grown. The first major attempts to subjugate

464-569: Is a main-belt asteroid named Hachinohe . Emishi The Emishi ( 蝦夷 ) , also called Ebisu and Ezo , were a people who lived in parts of northern Honshū in present-day Japan, especially in the Tōhoku region . The first mention of the Emishi in literature that can be corroborated with outside sources dates to the 5th century CE, in which they are referred to as máorén (毛人—"hairy people") in Chinese records. Some Emishi tribes resisted

522-651: Is associated with this population and later gave rise to the Satsumon culture which is ancestral to the modern Ainu people of Hokkaido including some Okhotsk culture influence. Unlike the Ainu, the Emishi were horse riders and iron workers, pointing to cultural divergences between early Ainu and the Emishi. While there is evidence for some agriculture (millet and rice), the Emishi were mostly horse riders, hunters, fishers and traders. The Emishi of Northern Honshu primarily spoke an Ainu-related language. The Matagi are suggested to be

580-815: Is in entirely in Aomori Prefecture . The Momoishi Toll Road is the first of many extensions of the Hachinohe Expressway that travel northbound towards Aomori. The toll road is a two-lane expressway that is maintained and tolled by the East Nippon Expressway Company ; however, drivers continuing north to the Daini-Michinoku Toll Road are tolled by the Aomori Prefecture Road Corporation which does not accept ETC payment, while drivers coming from that toll road to

638-475: Is now northern Miyagi Prefecture , and established Momonofu Castle on the Kitakami River . The fort was built despite constant attacks by the Emishi of Isawa (present-day southern Iwate prefecture). On 5 September, 774 CE, the Emishi stormed Monou castle and the rebellion began. The Emishi counterattacked along a broad front, starting with Monou Castle, destroying the garrison there before going on to destroy

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696-455: Is now northern Miyagi Prefecture , became allies of the Japanese. This was a stunning reversal to the aspirations of the Emishi who still fought against the Japanese. The Shiwa Emishi were a very powerful group and were able to attack smaller Emishi groups successfully as their leaders were promoted into imperial rank. This had the effect of isolating one of the most powerful and independent Emishi,

754-530: Is part of Aomori 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . Hachinohe is the largest city in eastern Aomori Prefecture, and serves as the regional industrial and commercial center. Commercial fishing still plays a major role in the local economy, with Hachinohe port having one of the largest volumes of landed fish in Japan. However, since its designation as a new industrial city in 1964, Hachinohe has developed

812-514: The Abe and Kiyowara were created by local Japanese gōzoku and became regional semi-independent states based on the Emishi and Japanese people. However, even before these emerged, the Emishi people progressively lost their distinct culture and ethnicity as they became minorities. The Northern Fujiwara were thought to have been Emishi, but there is some doubt as to their lineage, and most likely were descended from local Japanese families who resided in

870-536: The Ainu people , with both descending from the Jomon people of Northern Japan. The exact relationship between the Emishi and Ainu however remains disputed; they may either share a common "pre-Ainu" ancestor or Emishi tribes are ancestral to the later Ainu via the Satsumon culture . Both Emishi and Ainu were historically referred to as 'Ezo', with this name written using the same kanji characters . The Esan culture of northern Honshu

928-551: The Edo period , it was initially part of Morioka Domain , but in 1664 the Tokugawa shogunate authorized the creation of a separate 20,000 koku Hachinohe Domain for a junior line of the Nanbu clan. The town prospered as a castle town centered on Hachinohe Castle , and served as a small commercial centre and port for the fishing grounds off southeastern Hokkaido . Today, the port still serves

986-506: The Isawa confederation . The newly appointed shōgun general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro then attacked the Isawa Emishi, relentlessly using soldiers trained in horse archery. The result was a desultory campaign that eventually led to Aterui's surrender in 802. The war was mostly over and many Emishi groups submitted themselves to the imperial government. However, skirmishes still took place, and it

1044-523: The Meiji government decided to build a new town called Aomori in a central location, and to designate it as the capital of the prefecture. Per the Meiji period establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the town of Hachinohe was created within Sannohe District . In 1901, it merged with neighboring Chōja, and on May 1, 1929, with neighboring Konakano, Minato and Same villages to form

1102-559: The Sanriku Fukkō National Park in 2013. Aomori Prefecture Hachinohe has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ), closely bordering the Humid Subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) using the 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm with both January and February monthly averages being too cold to be of the latter, with hot summers and cold and snowy winters. Summers are considerably milder than in other parts of Honshu because

1160-531: The Ainu and early Yamato. These were likely ethnic Japanese, who resisted the Yamato dynasty's consolidation of political power in early Japan and instead allied themselves with other local tribes. The similarity of the modern Tōhoku dialect and the ancient Izumo dialect in particular supports the notion that some of the Izumo people, who did not submit to Yamato royalty after the establishment of their governance, escaped to

1218-615: The Emishi fushu , and may have been seen as fushu themselves since they had lived in the region for several generations. Importantly, the Abe held the post of Superintendent of the indigenous. This post proves that the Emishi population was seen as different from other Japanese though it is unclear what the responsibilities of the post were. Soon after World War II , mummies of the Northern Fujiwara family in Hiraizumi (the capital city of

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1276-405: The Emishi in the 8th century were largely unsuccessful. The imperial armies, which were modeled after the mainland Chinese armies, proved unsuccessful when faced with the guerrilla tactics employed by the Emishi. Following the adoption and development by the imperial forces of horseback archery and the guerilla tactics used by the Emishi, the army soon saw success, leading to the eventual defeat of

1334-725: The Emishi to the semi-nomadic Malgal/Mohe people . There was also a distinction between contemporary Honshu Emishi and Watarishima Emishi of Hokkaido. Historical evidence suggests frequent fights between Honshu Emishi and Watarishima Emishi. It is argued that the Watarishima Emishi consisted of Honshu Emishi and proto-Ainu-speakers. Kudo Masaki and Kitakamae Yasuo concluded that the Emishi were of predominantly Tungusic origin with some assimilated Japonic groups (Izumo people). They further argue that linguistic place names (toponyms) previously suggested to be Ainu, can be explained by Amur Tungusic substratum onto proto-Ainu. Kudo also suggests that

1392-492: The Emishi. The success of the gradual change in battle tactics came at the very end of the 8th century in the 790s under the command of the general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro . The adoption of horseback archery and horseback combat later led to the development of the samurai . Following their defeat, the Emishi either submitted themselves to imperial authorities as fushu or ifu , or migrated further north, some to Hokkaidō . By

1450-537: The Japanese Imperial army until the 16th century, and that later settlement was from a local Japanese warlord who was independent of any central control. In 709, the fort of Ideha was created close to present day Akita . This was a bold move since the intervening territory between Akita and the northwestern countries of Japan was not under government control. The Emishi of Akita, in alliance with Michinoku, attacked Japanese settlements in response. Saeki no Iwayu

1508-466: The Japanese army under Ki no Kosami Seito shōgun was defeated by the Isawa Emishi under their general Aterui . A four thousand-strong army was attacked as they tried to cross the Kitakami River by a force of a thousand Emishi. The imperial army suffered its most stunning defeat, losing a thousand men, many of whom drowned. In 794, many key Shiwa Emishi, including Isawa no kimi Anushiko of what

1566-623: The Matagi hunters are in fact descendants of the Emishi, with the specific hunting vocabulary to be of Tungusic rather than Ainu origin. Kikuchi Toshihiko argues that there was much contact between the aboriginal peoples in northern Honshu and Hokkaido who formed the Satsumon and Okhotsk cultures and Tungusic and Paleoasiatic groups in the Russian Far East, especially along the Amur River Basin and on

1624-781: The Momoishi Extension to the Second Michinoku Toll Road opening later in 1995. After the Great East Japan Earthquake the expressway was made free to use temporarily for those who were impacted by the disaster. Tolls resumed in March 2012. Starting at the Momoishi Road Extension, the expressway is planned to be extended north and west to connect with the Aomori Expressway and the northern terminus of

1682-491: The Momoishi Road can use ETC payment. Explanatory notes Citations Hachinohe, Aomori Hachinohe ( 八戸市 , Hachinohe-shi ) is a city located in Aomori Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2023 , the city had an estimated population of 216,416 in 110,195 households, and a population density of 708 persons per km , making it Aomori Prefecture's second largest city by population. The city has

1740-560: The Northern Fujiwara), who were thought to have been related to the Ainu, were studied by scientists. However, the researchers concluded that the rulers of Hiraizumi were not related to the ethnic Ainu but more similar to contemporary Japanese of Honshū. This was seen as evidence that the Emishi were not related to the Ainu. This had the effect of popularizing the idea that the Emishi were like other contemporary ethnic Japanese who lived in northeastern Japan, outside of Yamato rule. However,

1798-463: The Sendai plain and into the interior mountains in what is now Yamagata Prefecture . Guerilla warfare was practiced by the horseriding Emishi who kept up pressure on these forts, but Emishi allies, ifu and fushu , were also recruited and promoted by the Japanese to fight against their kinsmen. In 758, after a long period of stalemate, the Japanese army under Fujiwara no Asakari penetrated into what

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1856-514: The Tōhoku (unrelated to the Fujiwara of Kyoto). Both the Abe and Kiyowara families were almost certainly of Japanese descent, both of whom represented gōzoku , powerful families who had moved into the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa perhaps during the 9th century, though when they emigrated is not known for certain. They were likely Japanese frontier families who developed regional ties with the descendants of

1914-697: The Tōhoku Expressway at the Aomori Interchange . This will be done by linking existing roads, such as the Michinoku Toll Road and Daini-Michinoku Toll Road , and the completion of the Kamikita Expressway between them. Distance markers are a continuation of the distance from the southern terminus of the Tōhoku Expressway at Kawaguchi Junction, beginning with 563.3 at Ashiro Junction and increasing as one travels north from there. This branch

1972-570: The Tōhoku region and became part of the Emishi. Additionally, the evidence of rice cultivation by some of the Emishi supports the theory of a possible Japonic component of their ancestry. Several historians noted striking similarities between the horseriding nomads of the Amur region, specifically Tungusic peoples , and the Emishi. It is suggested that the Emishi originated from a Tungusic source population, which later assimilated Japonic-speaking Izumo migrants. Oishi Naomasa, Emori Susumu, and others link

2030-709: The central government. The Emishi are described in the Nihon Shoki , which presents a view of the Emishi stemming more from a need to justify the Yamato policy of conquest than from accuracy to the Emishi people: Amongst these Eastern savages the Yemishi are the most powerful; their men and women live together promiscuously; there is no distinction of father and child. In winter, they dwell in holes; in summer, they live in nests. Their clothing consists of furs, and they drink blood. Brothers are suspicious of one another. In ascending mountains, they are like flying birds; in going through

2088-652: The city government, and two private middle schools. The city has eight public high schools operated by the Aomori Prefectural Board of Education, and one public high school operated by the national government. There are also eight private high schools. The city also has three special education schools. [REDACTED] East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Tōhoku Shinkansen [REDACTED] East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Hachinohe Line [REDACTED] Aoimori Railway Company - Aoimori Railway Line Hachinohe Rinkai Railway (freight only) There

2146-805: The city is very close to the open sea, while winters if distinctly cold are much less snowy than in Aomori city or Sapporo or Wakkanai , although snowfall is higher than in Kushiro . The average annual temperature in Hachinohe is 9.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1165 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.9 °C. Per Japanese census data: The area around Hachinohe has been occupied since prehistoric times, and

2204-462: The city of Hachinohe. The city further expanded by annexing the village of Shimonaganawashiro in 1942, Korekawa in 1954, Ichikawa, Kaminaganawashiro, Tachi and Toyosaki in 1955 and Odate in 1958. On March 31, 2005, the village of Nangō (from Sannohe District ) was also merged into Hachinohe. During the American occupation of Japan following World War II , a United States Army base, Camp Haugen ,

2262-452: The date and the existence of Yūryaku are uncertain, and the Korean reference may be anachronistic. However, the compilers clearly felt that the reference to Emishi troops was credible in this context. In 658, Abe no Hirafu 's naval expedition of 180 ships reached Aguta (present day Akita Prefecture ) and Watarishima (Hokkaidō). An alliance with Aguta Emishi, Tsugaru Emishi and Watarishima Emishi

2320-419: The descendants of these Ainu-speakers, which also contributed several toponyms and loanwords, related to geography and certain forest and water animals which they hunted, to the local Japonic-speaking people. There is some evidence that some of the Emishi spoke a divergent Japonic language , most likely the ancient "Zūzū dialect" (ja) (the ancestor of Tōhoku dialect ) and are a different ethnic group from

2378-533: The expansion of the Yamato Empire . It is suggested that the Emishi spoke an early variant of the Ainu languages or an Ainu-like language, while some may have spoken a divergent Japonic language , similar to the historical Izumo dialect . The first mention of the Emishi is from a Chinese source, the Book of Song in 478 CE, which referred to them as "hairy people" ( 毛人 ). The book refers to "the 55 kingdoms ( 国 ) of

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2436-616: The final withdrawal of American forces from Hachinohe in 1956, the base was turned over to the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force and was officially re-designated JGSDF Camp Hachinohe. In March 2011, the city was one of those hit by the 2011 Japanese tsunami . The tsunami tossed many huge fishing boats ashore and heavily damaged the port area. About 100 homes were destroyed. Divers from the United States Navy ship Safeguard joined with Japanese workers to help clear

2494-503: The fishing industry and a number of international cargo vessels. After the Meiji Restoration , Hachinohe Domain was abolished, and replaced by Hachinohe Prefecture, which was subsequently merged into Aomori Prefecture . Initially, there was a debate as to whether the capital of newly formed Aomori Prefecture should be at Hachinohe or Hirosaki ; however, due to strong rivalry between the former Nanbu domain and former Tsugaru Domain ,

2552-432: The grass, they are like fleet quadrupeds. When they receive a favour, they forget it, but if an injury is done them they never fail to revenge it. Therefore, they keep arrows in their top-knots and carry swords within their clothing. Sometimes, they draw together their fellows and make inroads on the frontier. At other times, they take the opportunity of the harvest to plunder the people. If attacked, they conceal themselves in

2610-564: The hairy people ( 毛人 ) of the East" as a report by King Bu — one of the Five kings of Wa . The first recorded use of the Japanese word Emishi is in the Nihon Shoki in 720CE, where the word appears in the phonetic spelling 愛瀰詩 for emi 1 si (see also Old Japanese § Vowels for an explanation of the subscript). This is in the record of Emperor Jimmu , stating that his armed forces defeated

2668-463: The herbage; if pursued, they flee into the mountains. Therefore, ever since antiquity, they have not been steeped in the kingly civilizing influences. The Nihon Shoki 's entry for Emperor Yūryaku , also known as Ohatsuse no Wakatakeru, records an uprising, after the Emperor's death, of Emishi troops who had been levied to support an expedition to Korea . Emperor Yūryaku is suspected to be King Bu, but

2726-571: The long whiskers of a shrimp, but this is not certain. The "barbarian" portion clearly described an outsider, living beyond the borders of the emerging empire of Japan, which saw itself as a civilizing influence; thus, the empire was able to justify its conquest. This kanji spelling was first seen in the T'ang sources that describe the meeting with the two Emishi that the Japanese envoy brought with him to China. The kanji spelling may have been adopted from China. The oldest attested pronunciation emi 1 si may have come from Old Japanese , perhaps from

2784-472: The mid-9th century, most of the land held by the Emishi in Honshū had been conquered, and the Emishi became part of wider Japanese society. However, they continued to be influential in local politics, as subjugated, though powerful, Emishi families created semi-autonomous feudal domains in the north. In the two centuries following the conquest, a few of these domains became regional states that came into conflict with

2842-477: The port to facilitate the delivery of relief supplies via the city. On January 1, 2017, Hachinohe was given core city status, with increased local autonomy. Hachinohe has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 32 members. Hachinohe contributes eight members to the Aomori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town

2900-461: The reason the study of the Northern Fujiwara was done was the assumption that they were Emishi, which they were not. They were descendants of the northern Fujiwara branch from Tsunekiyo and the Abe clan. They took liberties with giving themselves Emishi titles because they had become rulers of the previous Emishi held lands of the Tohoku. It is generally accepted that the Emishi were ethnically related to

2958-724: The rule of various Japanese emperors during the Asuka , Nara , and early Heian periods (7th–10th centuries CE). The origin of the Emishi is disputed. They are generally thought to have descended from tribes of the Jōmon people , particularly the Zoku-Jōmon . The majority of scholars believe that they were related to the Ainu people , not necessarily identical but a distinct ethnicity. The Emishi that inhabited Northern Honshu consisted likely of several tribes, which included pre-Ainu people, non- Yamato Japanese, and admixed people, who united and resisted

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3016-464: The word "yumishi" meaning " bowyer " (in reference to an important weapon, the bow), however some suggest that it came instead from the Ainu term emushi meaning "sword". The yumishi theory is problematic, as the Old Japanese term for "bowyer" was 弓削 ( yuge ), whereas 弓師 ( yumishi ) is not attested until the 1600s. Meanwhile, the later pronunciation Ebisu (derived from Emishi )

3074-738: Was a major population center for the Emishi people. Numerous Jōmon period remains have been discovered within the borders of Hachinohe. The area was nominally under control of the Northern Fujiwara in the Heian period , and became part of the holdings granted to the Nanbu clan after the defeat of the North Fujiwara by Minamoto no Yoritomo in the Kamakura period . The Nanbu established numerous horse ranches, accompanied by numbered fortified settlements. During

3132-457: Was also spelled as 戎 , which also means "warrior", possibly aligning with the proposed Ainu derivation via metonymy wherein the word for "sword" was used to mean "warrior". The Emishi were represented by different tribes, some of whom became allies of the Japanese (referred to as "fushu" and "ifu" ) while others remained hostile (referred to as "iteki" ). The Emishi in northeastern Honshū relied on horses in warfare, developing

3190-425: Was appointed Sei Echigo Emishi shōgun . He used 100 ships from the Japan sea side countries along with soldiers recruited from the eastern countries and defeated the Echigo (present day Akita) Emishi. In 724, Taga Fort was built by Ōno no Omi Azumahito near present-day Sendai and became the largest administrative fort in the northeast region of Michinoku. As Chinju shōgun , he steadily built forts across

3248-410: Was formed by Abe who then stormed and defeated a settlement of the Mishihase (Su-shen in the Aston translation of the Nihongi ), a people of unknown origin. This is one of the earliest reliable records of the Emishi people extant. The Mishihase may have been another ethnic group who competed with the ancestors of the Ainu for Hokkaidō. The expedition happens to be the furthest northern penetration of

3306-420: Was located in Hachinohe, and was the home of the Seventh Division . An Armed Forces Radio Service radio station was located on the base; it was known as AFRS Hachinohe. In 1950, after the North Korean invasion of South Korea , troops from Camp Haugen left for Korea. AFRS Hachinohe altered its broadcasts to include coverage of South Korea so Americans could benefit from its news and entertainment programs. With

3364-419: Was not until 811 that the so-called Thirty-Eight Years' War was over. North of the Kitakami River, the Emishi were still independent, but the large scale threat that they posed ceased with the defeat of the Isawa Emishi in 802. After their conquest, some Emishi leaders became part of the regional framework of government in the Tōhoku culminating with the Northern Fujiwara regime. This regime and others such as

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