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44-612: The Moggill Ferry is a cable ferry crossing the Brisbane River between the suburbs of Moggill in Brisbane and Riverview in Ipswich , both in Queensland , Australia . The iconic ferry is owned by Stradbroke Ferries and can carry up to 20 vehicles per crossing. During floods the ferry is often out of service and alternative routes need to be taken by motorists. The ferry is guided across

88-509: A floating bridge on this principle, crossing the Dart at Dartmouth . Between 1832 and 1834 similar floating bridges were erected at Torpoint and Saltash across the Tamar , which greatly facilitated the intercourse between Devon and Cornwall . For these achievements a second Telford medal was awarded to Rendel in 1838. The Torpoint Ferry still operates, albeit much updated. A similar floating bridge

132-664: A backup during maintenance, as with the Torpoint Ferry . Cable ferries have probably been used to cross rivers and similar bodies of water since before recorded history. Examples of ferry routes using this technology date back to the 13th century ( Hampton Ferry in England). In 1831 James Meadows Rendel introduced chain ferries worked by steam and in 1832 constructed one crossing the Dart at Dartmouth. Between 1832 and 1836 similar chain ferries were implemented between Torpoint and Saltash across

176-666: A cable ferry was the Kungälv – Fästningsholmen ferry in Sweden. Today, the Jonen ferry in the Netherlands is pulled by a winch on the banks. These cable ferries can be operated electrically without having to provide electricity by rechargeable batteries or an overhead wire. Saving the weight of the engine on board, these ferries can also be operated using less energy. Two or more ferries can be provided in order to increase availability and capacity and as

220-819: A century before 1934, the Risdon Punt at Hobart was the only fixed method of crossing the Derwent River within Hobart city limits. In the fishing village of Tai O on Lantau Island , Hong Kong, the Tai O Ferry (橫水渡) crossed the Tai O River before a bascule bridge was built. The largest and busiest cable ferry is the Torpoint Ferry in Plymouth, England. It was first converted to cable operation in 1831 and currently operates 3 ferries, carrying 8000 vehicles per day. The longest cable ferry link

264-561: A couple of men at a slow walking speed. Ferries of this size that were hand-operated, such as the Reedham Ferry , have since been motorised in order to reduce the level of hard work and increase the speed. For these and other ferries of up to 20 t or so displacement, typical installed motor power in kilowatts ranges from single figures to low double figures. For example, the 22 meter, 22 tonne Pritzerbe Ferry has 23 kW installed. This allows comparison with free ferries. The motor ferry "Luise" on

308-510: A grand medal of honour at the Paris Exhibition of 1855 . For the Admiralty he planned in 1845, and afterwards constructed, the packet and refuge harbour at Holyhead, and in 1847 he constructed the harbour of refuge at Portland. In the making of these great harbours he contrived, by means of elevated timber staging, to let down masses of stone vertically from railway trucks, and, by building up

352-422: A paper describing its construction. He soon entered into a partnership at Plymouth with Nathaniel Beardmore , and his practice rapidly grew. In 1826 he erected Bowcombe Bridge , near Kingsbridge , Devon, when hydraulic power was first applied to the machinery for making swing bridges . In 1831 he introduced a new system of crossing rivers by means of chain ferries worked by steam, and in 1832 he constructed

396-651: A valuable record of engineering practice of the period. In 1844–53 he constructed docks at Grimsby ; in 1848–53 extensions of the docks at Leith ; in 1850–53 docks at Garston on the Mersey, with extensions of the East and West India and the London docks. As constructor of the Grimsby docks he was one of the first to apply W. G. Armstrong 's system of hydraulic machinery for working the lock gates, sluices, cranes, etc. For this work he received

440-411: Is MV Baynes Sound Connector south of Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada with a length of 1961.48 metres. [1] The earliest punts were privately owned by local landowners, and charged a toll. As governments started to build roads, they started to build and operate punts as required. Private punts might be bought out, or made to impose more standard tolls. The energy needed for operating cable ferries

484-406: Is in general especially small, as the crossing distances are mostly short, the speeds low, and there is almost no maneuvering. Whereas a free ferry is especially inefficient when starting off or moving slowly against a current or wind, a cable ferry is more or less rigidly connected to the ground with side forces held by the cable(s). As the frictional drag of a displacement hull decreases with about

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528-738: The American River in Northern California. Most of the road crossings of the Murray River in South Australia are cable ferries operated by the state government using diesel engines. The platforms at the ends can be moved up or down according to the water level. At one time, cable ferries were a primary means of automobile transportation in New South Wales in Australia. In Tasmania , for

572-781: The Bude harbour, dock, and Bude Canal , and in 1836 he designed Brixham harbour and the breakwater at Torquay . In 1836–37 he designed, as a terminus to the Great Western Railway , the Millbay Docks , Plymouth, afterwards executed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel . In 1843–44 he constructed canals in Devon, and was engaged in the Colchester and Arundel navigation; and in 1844 he designed harbour improvements for Newhaven and Littlehampton in Sussex . At

616-728: The Kennebecasis Valley . There are now eight cable ferries along the Saint John River system in southern New Brunswick. In Canada a cable ferry is proposed to transport automobiles across the Ottawa River in Ontario . There are several in British Columbia : two on the Fraser , one at Lytton, one at Big Bar ( reaction ferries ), three on Arrow Lakes . A suspended cable ferry worked until

660-565: The Plym within the harbour of Plymouth at Laira. To guard against the undermining effects of the current, he formed an artificial bottom. The bridge, which cost £27,126, was opened on 14 July 1827. With the exception of John Rennie's 1819 Southwark Bridge over the Thames , it was the largest iron structure then existing, and in 1836 Rendel received a Telford Medal from the Institution of Civil Engineers for

704-539: The Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers . He married Catherine Jane Harris, who died on 18 July 1884, aged 87. His third son, Stuart Rendel , at one time managing partner in London of Sir William Armstrong's engineering firm , was MP for Montgomeryshire from 1880 to 1894, and was raised to the peerage as Lord Rendel in 1895. Other children include: A nephew, James Murray Dobson , became resident engineer of

748-650: The river Jade ; and in 1854–55, by direction of the Hamburg senate , he inspected the Elbe from Hamburg to Cuxhaven . For the Spanish, he devised a system of railways between Madrid and Oviedo , as well as improvements to the river Ebro . In England his railway work was somewhat restricted, but he executed the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway and in India he directed

792-748: The 1980s in Boston Bar. A small seasonal reaction ferry carries cars across the Rivière des Prairies from Laval, Quebec ( Sainte-Dorothée neighbourhood ) to Île Bizard (part of Montreal ). Cable ferries were particularly prominent in early transportation in the Sacramento Delta of California . Dozens of cable ferries operated on the Columbia River in the US northwest, and most have been rendered obsolete by bridges. A suspended cable ferry for railway cars crossed

836-681: The Tamar, and between Woolston and Southampton across the Itchen. The Woolston Floating Bridge switched from chains to wire ropes between 1878 and 1887 and was replaced by a bridge in 1977. In the early 1900s, Canadian engineer William Pitt designed an underwater cable ferry in New Brunswick , which would later be installed on the Kennebecasis River in order to connect the Kingston Peninsula to

880-616: The Wannsee near Berlin, of similar tonnage, size and construction, has 290 kW installed. With electric drive the installed power requirements are reduced further. A very low-power installation is in the chain ferry Föri for up to 75 passengers. It uses battery-supplied twin electric motors. The average power during continuous operation (crossing two minutes and docking one minute) is given as 3 kW in summer and 4 kW in winter with thin ice, thus when moving 4.5 kW in summer and 6 kW in winter. Side forces from strong water currents or winds are held by

924-673: The bottom within very short distances, except very near the shore. As they are also easy to see, the risk to other navigation is usually minimal, as is evident with the 6 or so chain ferries in southern England operating in waters with heavy shipping. In strong water currents, the catenaries become more stretched and chain collisions have occurred. Wire ropes are lighter than chains of the same strength and may be operated under strong tension, both giving rise to shallow catenaries which may be difficult to judge or even see. Some cable ferry operators warn vessel operators to exercise caution. They may indicate distances to keep clear, special lights, or that

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968-420: The cables, yet when moving introduce extra friction in these that can considerably exceed the water resistance. Also in deep water with heavy chains or long cables not lying on the ground, large tension forces with corresponding friction are created. The world's longest cable crossing, nearly 2 km with the 750 t MV Baynes Sound Connector uses three wire ropes pretensioned with 200 kN. In spite of careful planning,

1012-403: The cables. The chains or wire ropes can be used with a sufficient amount of slack to allow sinking below the surface as the ferry moves away, allowing other vessels to pass without becoming snared or trapped. Chain ferries in strong tidal currents use two chains, those in inland rivers often only one chain on the upstream side. Some cable ferries use a wire rope on the upstream side in order to hold

1056-605: The construction of the East Indian and the Madras railways. In 1856 he reported on the new Westminster Bridge . His last work was a design for the suspension bridge across the ornamental water in St. James's Park , London. In 1852 and 1853 Rendel served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers , which he joined in 1824. He became a fellow of the Royal Society on 23 February 1843 and

1100-456: The depth of the cable is unknown, both when the ferry is stationary and when it is operating. Current cable ferry routes include: There are about 150 cable ferries in the Netherlands,. About 111 of these are small hand-powered self-service ones and of these 24 use chains. Some examples: All reaction ferries: James Meadows Rendel (engineer)#Plymouth partnership James Meadows Rendel FRS (December 1799 – 21 November 1856)

1144-452: The expected large energy savings compared to the former free ferry are not realised, also due to fouling and a speed of 8.5 knots. 998 kW engine power is installed, in the former 1099 t MV Quinitsa it is 1416 kW. With dependable water currents, most cable ferries are or were reaction ferries, powered by the current . Some of these are or were hybrid ferries with the cable passing through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets

1188-400: The ferry's angle. In order to set off, manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to maneuver, as described in the referenced video. Another hybrid seems to be the cable ferry at Sendelingsdrift with adjustable tethers to a high wire rope and also two outboard motors. Cables can hinder other navigation or pose a hazard. Whether a risk exists, and to which degree, depends on

1232-470: The masonry with unexampled rapidity to a point above sea level, contrived to reduce to comparative insignificance the force of the sea during building operations. As many as 24,000 tons (24 kt) of stone were deposited in one week. In 1850 he commenced making a new harbour at St. Peter Port , Guernsey . Rendel was much occupied in the improvement of rivers. In 1852, in conjunction with Sir William Cubitt and Richard John Griffith , he examined and reported to

1276-476: The position and a chain on the downstream side for propulsion. A special type are electrically powered overhead-cable ferries like Straussee Ferry , which have an onboard propulsion unit and can float free, but are connected to the overhead wire for the power supply, using an electrical cable that slides along the cable as the ferry moves. A very rare type are cable-ferries that are not propelled by themselves but rather are pulled from land side. An example of such

1320-702: The power of the river to tack across the current; the powered cable ferry uses engines or electric motors (e.g., the Canby Ferry in the U.S. State of Oregon) to wind itself across; or is hand-operated, such as the Stratford-upon-Avon chain ferry in the UK and the Saugatuck Chain Ferry in Saugatuck, Michigan , United States. Powered cable ferries use powered wheels or drums on board the vessel to pull itself along by

1364-495: The requirements of the crossing but also on the historical context. For example, the numerous cable ferries across Australian and Canadian rivers seem to use wire rope exclusively, whereas the older crossings across busy tidal rivers in England all use chain. In Germany, several river crossings were originally reaction ferries and later kept a wire rope for holding position but introduced a chain for propulsion. The reaction ferry uses

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1408-445: The river by a steel cable which can sometimes lead to boating accidents for the unwary. A ferry service began operations at the site in 1878 when Cobb & Co coaches provided service between Ipswich and Brisbane . During the 2010–2011 Queensland floods the ferry broke free from its cable guidelines. The suggestion to sink the wayward ferry was raised during the flood crises until the captain and former skipper managed to secure

1452-454: The river on one side of the crossing ferry and can be made highly visible. The greatest risk comes from cables that are held underwater to a lesser degree than anticipated or are not visible at all. Suspended cables (ferry to shore or to water bottom) form catenaries of a shape (entry angle and depth) that depends on the cable weight and amount of tension. Chains are in general rather heavy and can function even with very steep catenaries going to

1496-542: The same time he was largely employed on marine works by the Admiralty and other government departments, as well as by public companies. The Exchequer Loan Commissioners engaged him in 1835–37 in the repair of the Montrose suspension bridge after its fall. There he introduced the principle of trussing the framing of the roadway. This system of preventing the undulation, by which so many structures of this kind have been destroyed,

1540-490: The situation (nature of body of water and extent of shipping) and on the type of cable(s): Only the first type normally presents no risk for other vessels, as evident in the 15 reaction ferries of this type in Switzerland. Suspended cables near the water surface block navigation and are dangerous especially in strong currents and if difficult to see. The ropes of reaction ferries attached to one shore and suspended by buoys block

1584-539: The third power of the speed, even the smallest amount of power can effect movement with enough leverage or if suitably geared down. The majority of the world's cable ferries are indeed manually propelled either with a crank turning a chain wheel or by pulling directly on a cable. For example the Saugatuck Chain Ferry taking up to 24 passengers is cranked by a single person at about 0.3 m/s. The former cable ferry at Malgas in South Africa even carried several cars, pulled by

1628-630: The treasury upon the arterial drainage works in Ireland, and in 1855 he completed the suspension bridge across the Ness at Inverness for the Commissioners of Highland Roads and Bridges . His aid was also sought by foreign countries. In 1852–53 he designed docks for Genoa ; in 1853–55 he reported on the harbour of Rio de Janeiro ; in 1854 he reported to the Prussian government on a naval establishment at Heppens on

1672-587: The vessel to the banks of the Brisbane River with ropes. 27°35′41″S 152°51′24″E  /  27.5947°S 152.8566°E  / -27.5947; 152.8566  ( Moggill Ferry ) Cable ferry Cable ferries can be typified by their size and construction, their usage (passenger, animal, vehicle) and requirements (length of crossing, amount of other shipping), their cables (wire rope, chain, or both), and their propulsion (water current, engine, manual). The choice of cable depends partially on

1716-439: Was a British civil engineer . Rendel was the son of the surveyor James Rendel or Rendle and his wife Jane, daughter of the architect John Meadows (died 1791); he was born near Okehampton , Devon , in 1799. He was initiated into the operations of a millwright under an uncle at Teignmouth , while from his father he learned some civil engineering. At an early age he went to London as a surveyor under Thomas Telford , by whom he

1760-551: Was elected a member of the council. He died at 10 Kensington Palace Gardens , London, on 21 November 1856 and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Rendel was a man of great energy, and implicit confidence was felt in his efficiency, tact, and honesty. His greatest enterprises were the construction of the harbours at Holyhead and Portland works, which go some way to justify the linking of his name with Smeaton , Rennie, and Telford. Rendel contributed several valuable papers to

1804-629: Was employed on the surveys for the proposed suspension bridge across the Mersey at Runcorn . About 1822 he settled at Plymouth , and commenced the construction of roads in the north of Devon. One of his smaller projects, still surviving, was an 1826 bridge over Bowcombe Creek on the Kingsbridge Estuary . In August 1824 he was employed by the Earl of Morley to make a bridge across the Catwater, an estuary of

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1848-478: Was engaged in preparing schemes for a railway between Exeter and Plymouth, running over Dartmoor . At the time sufficient funds could not be raised, but an alternative coastal line was afterwards carried out by I. K. Brunel. In 1843 he made plans for docks at Birkenhead , which he defended before parliamentary committees against hostile local influence. The contest was long protracted, and the incessant labour served to shorten Rendel's life; his published evidence forms

1892-518: Was implemented as the Woolston ferry between Woolston, Hampshire and Southampton in 1836. During this period Rendel was also engaged in reporting on harbours and rivers in the southwest of England, and thus acquired that mastery of hydraulic engineering on which his fame chiefly rests. In 1829 he designed the harbour which was afterwards executed at Par Docks in Cornwall; in 1835 he carried out works on

1936-577: Was quickly acknowledged to be essential to their safety. About 1838 Rendel dissolved his partnership with Beardmore at Plymouth, and settled in London, but still was chiefly employed on work for his native county. In 1841 he constructed the Millbay Pier, Plymouth – a work of considerable difficulty owing to the depth of water in which it was built. Here he first introduced the method of construction since employed in Holyhead and Portland harbours. In 1839 he

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