A mixed train or mixed consist is a train that contains both passenger and freight cars or wagons. In some countries, the term refers to a freight train carrying various different types of freight rather a single commodity. Although common in the early days of railways , by the 20th century they were largely confined to branch lines with little traffic. Typically, service was slower, because mixed trains usually involved the shunting (switching) of rolling stock at stops along the way. However, some earlier passenger expresses, which also hauled time-sensitive freight in covered goods wagons ( boxcars ), would now be termed mixed trains. Generally, toward the end of the mixed train era, shunting at intermediate stops had significantly diminished. Most railway passenger and freight services are now administered separately.
52-674: Moerewa is a small town in the Northland Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located close to the Bay of Islands five kilometres to the west of Kawakawa . Moerewa is a service town for the surrounding farming industry. Its main industry is the freezing works . During the economic slump of the 1980s, many of the town's industries were badly affected, and unemployment soared. Moerewa covers 4.26 km (1.64 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 2,100 as of June 2024, with
104-603: A feature of the Northland landscape. For this reason wood and paper manufacturing industries also make a large contribution to the region's economy. The railway system, which once ran as far north as Donnellys Crossing , has been historically important for the transport of timber via Dargaville to Auckland. Northland is a favourite tourist destination, especially to the Bay of Islands and the historic town of Kerikeri. Diving and fishing are also popular visitor activities, especially around
156-584: A goods brake van carrying some freight. The Skitube Alpine Railway sometimes operates as a mixed service, as during winter there is no road access to Blue Cow Mountain . In German-speaking countries, two main types of mixed train ( Gemischter Zug ) existed: the GmP and the PmG . The GmP was a "goods train with passenger service" ( Güterzug mit Personenbeförderung ); namely a goods train with one or more passenger coaches. These were common on branch lines and were run for
208-479: A loose association known as the Muriwhenua . Approximately one third of the region's population are Māori; the majority of the remainder is of European lineage. Compared to the rest of the country, Pacific Islanders are under-represented in Northland. Although most of the region's European population are British (as is true with the rest of the country), certain other ethnicities are represented as well. These include
260-492: A mixed train was technically a goods train with passenger accommodation, meaning it had lower priority over other trains, and could be cancelled without notice if there were no goods to carry. The Victorian Railways had a class of train called a "limited through mixed", which limited the amount of goods and ran to a set timetable. It was guaranteed to run even without waiting goods. Forming another type of mixed train, railmotors or railcars might haul one or two goods wagons or
312-921: A population density of 493 people per km. Moerewa had a population of 1,845 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 108 people (6.2%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 447 people (32.0%) since the 2013 census . There were 906 males, 933 females and 3 people of other genders in 462 dwellings. 1.8% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 29.6 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 522 people (28.3%) aged under 15 years, 408 (22.1%) aged 15 to 29, 714 (38.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 198 (10.7%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 23.3% European ( Pākehā ); 92.2% Māori ; 7.3% Pasifika ; 2.0% Asian ; 0.2% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 0.2% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
364-533: A sizeable Croatian community from the Dargaville area north, particularly around Kaitaia . Northland is New Zealand's least urbanised region, with 50% of the population of 204,800 living in urban areas. Whangārei is the largest urban area of Northland, with a population of 56,800 (June 2024). The region's population is largely concentrated along the east coast, due to the west coast being more ragged and less suitable for urbanisation. According to Māori legend,
416-699: Is on State Highway 1 . Moerewa was formerly served by the Opua Branch of the North Auckland Line railway . The line was originally built to link the Bay of Islands with Whangārei , and the complete route opened on 13 April 1911. From December 1925 until November 1956, the Northland Express train ran through Moerewa, providing a direct service to Auckland . After it ceased to run, passengers were served by mixed trains between Opua and Whangārei until 18 July 1976. In 1985, freight services ceased and
468-680: The 2013 census . There were 95,697 males, 97,776 females and 528 people of other genders in 71,778 dwellings. 2.4% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 43.2 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 38,067 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 29,856 (15.4%) aged 15 to 29, 83,790 (43.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 42,288 (21.8%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 73.0% European ( Pākehā ); 37.4% Māori ; 4.9% Pasifika ; 4.8% Asian ; 0.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.3% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
520-592: The Far North District . Whangarei City, Whangarei County, and Hikurangi Town Councils became the Whangarei District , with Dargaville Borough and Otamatea County becoming the Kaipara District . The Northland Regional Council became a tier of local government above these territorial authorities. A proposal to merge the three district councils and the regional council into a unitary authority to be known as
572-600: The Ffestiniog Railway introduced mixed trains, with passenger coaches in the middle for the ascent. Down trains were run in up to four separate (uncoupled) portions: loaded slate wagons, goods wagons, passenger carriages and the locomotive running light. This practice changed to a whole descending train, headed by the locomotive, for safety reasons. Opened in 1866, the Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway operated mixed trains during its early years. On market days when space
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#1733085616990624-540: The First World War depressed passenger traffic. These were freight trains, that rarely had more than one passenger car, and sometimes ran with a combined passenger, mail and baggage car. Distinct from the typical slow version was the Prince Rupert fish/passenger express . The former slower types were sometimes called way freights , whose end coincided with numerous passenger services over several decades terminating in
676-691: The Köppen climate classification ), but a subtropical climate in the Trewartha climate classification , with warm humid summers and mild wet winters. Due to its latitude and low elevation, Northland has the country's highest average annual temperature. However, as with other parts of New Zealand, climate conditions are variable. In summer, temperatures range from 22 °C to 26 °C, occasionally rising above 30 °C. In winter, maximum temperatures vary between 13 °C and 19 °C, while minima vary between 6 °C and 11 °C. Ground frosts are rare due to
728-636: The New Zealand Railways Department to investigate railcar technology in the early 20th century. Overseas designs could not be easily adapted to New Zealand owing to its rugged conditions, 3-foot-6-inch (1.07 m) narrow gauge track, and small loading gauge . Early railcars trials, such as the RM class Model T Ford railbuses , proved unsatisfactory. When successfully introduced from the 1930s, railcars primarily replaced unprofitable provincial carriage trains, and some mixed services in regions such as
780-696: The North Auckland Line ran until 1976. An updated type of mixed train existed in the South Island for a few years during the 1990s, when a few wagons of express containerised freight were attached to the TranzCoastal Picton – Christchurch express. Unlike prior era mixed trains, with their slow en route shunting, this time-sensitive freight travelled swiftly. In North America, most branch lines, and sections of main lines, were worked by mixed trains. One or more passenger trains had served some routes, which switched to mixed trains as increased use of cars after
832-543: The North Island is actually the Surville Cliffs , close to North Cape although the northernmost point of the country is further north, in the Kermadec chain of islands. Cape Reinga and Spirits Bay, however, have a symbolic part to play as the end of the country. In Māori mythology , it is from here that the souls of the dead depart on their journey to the afterlife. The region of Northland has an oceanic climate ( Cfb in
884-811: The Ontario Northland Cochrane – Moosonee , and the Quebec North Shore and Labrador 's Sept-Îles – Labrador City / Schefferville . Currently, the Keewatin Railway 's The Pas– Pukatawagan leases passenger cars from Via Rail. Tshiuetin Rail Transportation operates in northern Quebec . These operations are the two surviving mixed trains in North America. The Birmingham and Gloucester Railway added passenger coaches to its daily goods in each direction from November 1841. In 1864,
936-511: The West Coast and Taranaki . Mixed trains dominated the South Island 's more extensive branch-line network, but as private car ownership increased in the 1930s, passenger traffic decreased, closing many rural train routes. However, some mixed services lasted into the 1960s in isolated regions with poor roads. In the North Island , the last mixed trains operated into the 1970s, where services on
988-770: The 1970s. In the US, the Seaboard Coast Line Atlanta–Augusta mixed train operated until 1983. The last mixed train on the Canadian Pacific Railway was the Midland 's Windsor – Truro, Nova Scotia mixed train, which operated until 1979. By 1990, mixed trains existed on only four routes in Canada, namely the Via Rail (formerly Canadian National Railway ) Wabowden – Churchill (ceased 2002) and The Pas – Lynn Lake ,
1040-660: The Bay of Islands and the Poor Knights Islands . Northland was formerly home to New Zealand's only oil refinery, located in Marsden Point , a town, close to Whangārei across the harbour. New Zealand's natural fuel resources in Taranaki account for a little under half of the refinery's intake, with the rest coming predominantly from the Middle East. The nearby Marsden A thermal power station originally utilised heavy oil from
1092-667: The Bay of Islands, Russell , formerly known as Kororareka, was the first permanent European settlement and Kerikeri contains many historic buildings, including the Stone Store , New Zealand's oldest extant building. The nearby settlement of Waitangi was of even more significance, as the signing place of New Zealand's founding document, the Treaty of Waitangi between the Māori tribes and the British Crown, on 6 February 1840. Between 1870 and 1920,
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#17330856169901144-505: The North Island of New Zealand was an enormous fish, caught by the demigod Māui . For this reason, Northland is sometimes referred to as "The tail of the fish", Te Hiku o Te Ika . Northland iwi claim that Kupe made landfall at the Hokianga (although others claim this was at Taipa) in the northwest of Northland, and thus the region claims that it was the birthplace of New Zealand. Some of
1196-632: The Northland Council was rejected by the Local Government Commission in June 2015. Northland Region covers 12,507.14 km (4,829.03 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 204,800 as of June 2024, with a population density of 16 people per km . Northland Region had a population of 194,007 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 14,931 people (8.3%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 42,318 people (27.9%) since
1248-416: The US. Car shuttle trains , on which passengers travel within their vehicles, are also omitted. In parts of Asia and Africa, mixed trains still operate along corridors with reduced traffic. Routes include Asmara–Ghinda, Bulawayo–Harare, Elazığ–Tatvan, Fianarantsoa–Manakara, Kandy–Badulla, Livingstone–Mulobezi , Phnom Penh–Poipet, and Zahedan Mixed Passenger . A number of state-owned rail operators
1300-494: The beginning of 2005. Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Taumarere is a coeducational composite (years 1–13) school with a roll of 130 students as of August 2024. It is a Kura Kaupapa Māori school which teaches fully in the Māori language . The school was largely destroyed in an arson attack on 23 March 2008. Prefab buildings were used to keep the school running and a new block was built in 2010. A substantial redevelopment began in 2016. Moerewa
1352-424: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 20,514 (13.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 87,414 (56.1%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 41,562 (26.7%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 33,100, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 11,367 people (7.3%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
1404-409: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 72 (5.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 771 (58.3%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 471 (35.6%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 28,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 24 people (1.8%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
1456-431: The endangered snail pūpū harakeke ( Placostylus ambagiosus ), stick insects and the Northland green tree gecko ( Naultinus grayii ). The western coast is dominated by several long straight beaches, the most famous of which is the inaccurately-named 88 km stretch of Ninety Mile Beach in the region's far north. The slightly longer Ripiro Beach lies further south. Two large inlets are also located on this coast,
1508-758: The following reasons: To reduce smoke exposure, the passenger coaches were usually located well back from the locomotive . However, when heating was required during cold weather, the coaches connected immediately behind the locomotive, because most goods wagons lacked heating-pipe conduits. Into the 1980s, the Deutsche Bundesbahn ran GmP trains occasionally, but adding or detaching rolling stock created long wait times at stops, which contributed to their demise. They are no longer found in Germany, Austria or Switzerland. The other variant in German-speaking countries
1560-668: The island of Luzon ; the Manila Railway, as well as the succeeding Manila Railroad and the present Philippine National Railways , operated mixed trains from its inception in 1892 until 1968. During the early days of the Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan line, now known as the North Main Line, third-class passengers normally occupied boxcars alongside freight on inter-city rail services, while first-class passengers were able to use true railcars hauled by tank locomotives . By 1956,
1612-579: The last mixed trains that continued to serve the South Main Line were the following; Train 506 from Manila to Tagkawayan station in Quezon province, and Train 504 to Naga station in Naga, Camarines Sur . Return services to Manila were numbered 505 and 503, respectively. Hourly dedicated freight services started to replaced mixed trains on the entire network by the 1960s. However, another mixed train service
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1664-462: The line from Moerewa to Kawakawa was dismantled. The line from Otiria , the present northern terminus, to Moerewa remains in place but is disused. Northland Region The Northland Region ( Māori : Te Tai Tokerau ) is the northernmost of New Zealand's 16 local government regions . New Zealanders sometimes refer to it as the Winterless North because of its mild climate all throughout
1716-556: The main lines, mixed trains served rural branch lines where dedicated passenger services would be uneconomical. On the more significant provincial routes, substituting a mixed train during the off-season was common in the late 19th century (the Rotorua Express ), or operating the provincial express twice or thrice weekly while mixed services ran daily (the Taneatua Express ). The shortcomings of mixed trains for passenger travel led
1768-402: The major industry in Northland was kauri gum digging, which by the 1910s was centred around the townships of Ahipara and Houhora . The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of Northland was estimated at NZ$ 7.86 billion in the year to March 2019, 2.6% of New Zealand's national GDP. The regional GDP per capita was estimated at $ 42,104 in 2019, the lowest of all New Zealand regions. In
1820-538: The massive Kaipara Harbour in the south, which Northland shares with the Auckland Region, and the convoluted inlets of the Hokianga Harbour. The east coast is more rugged, and is dotted with bays and peninsulas. Several large natural harbours are found on this coast, from Parengarenga close to the region's northern tip, then Whangaroa Harbour , and past the famous Bay of Islands down to Whangārei Harbour, on
1872-576: The northern 80% (265 kilometres (165 miles)) of the 330 kilometres (210 miles) Northland Peninsula , the southernmost part of which is in the Auckland Region . It is bounded to the west by the Tasman Sea , and to the east by the Pacific Ocean. The land is predominantly rolling hill country. Farming and forestry occupy over half of the land and are two of the region's main industries. Although many of
1924-451: The oldest traces of Māori kāinga (fishing villages) can be found here. If the Māori regard the region as the legendary birthplace of the country, there can be no doubt that it was the European starting-point for the modern nation of New Zealand. Traders, whalers and sealers were among the first arrivals, and the gum and timber of the mighty kauri trees brought more colonisers. In
1976-599: The refinery for electricity production, but no longer does so. 35°35′S 173°58′E / 35.58°S 173.97°E / -35.58; 173.97 Mixed train Not intended by this article is the definition of mixed train to describe: Passenger trains that can carry travellers' cars on freight wagons at the rear of the train are excluded. Called motorail , such services operate in Austria, Turkey, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Finland, Serbia, Australia, Canada, Chile, and
2028-503: The region being encircled by the moderating Pacific and Tasman waters, but light frosts do occur infrequently around Dargaville in the lowlands. The hottest months are January and February. In January 2009, excessive sunlight hours and below-average rainfall resulted in the region being declared a drought zone. Typical annual rainfall for the region is 1500–2000 mm but varies at different altitudes. Northland has an average of 2000 sunshine hours annually. Winds are predominantly from
2080-524: The region's kauri forests were felled during the 19th century, some areas still exist where this rare giant grows tall. New Zealand's largest tree, Tāne Mahuta , stands in the Waipoua Forest south of the Hokianga Harbour. These kauri forests are also home to Te Raupua at 781 metres (2,562 ft), the highest point in the region. Northland has many endemic plant and invertebrate species such as
2132-556: The region: Until 1989 Northland was governed by several councils and an earlier Northland Regional Council known as the Northland United Council. (It had been part of Auckland Province from 1853 until government was centralised in 1876. Long after Auckland Province ceased, the region continued to be known as North Auckland.) In 1989, Kaitaia Borough, Mangonui County , Whangaroa County , Bay of Islands County , Hokianga County , and Kaikohe Borough were amalgamated to become
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2184-600: The shores of which is situated the largest population centre. Numerous islands dot this coast, notably the Cavalli Islands , the Hen and Chicken Islands , Aorangaia Island and the Poor Knights Islands . The northernmost points of the North Island mainland lie at the top of Northland. These include several points often confused in the public mind as being the country's northernmost points: Cape Maria van Diemen , Spirits Bay , Cape Reinga , and North Cape . The northernmost point of
2236-582: The southwest. Occasionally in summer, the region experiences stormy conditions from former cyclones which generally become much weaker once they leave tropical latitudes. The Northland Region has been governed by the present Northland Regional Council since 1989. The seat of the council is in Whangārei . Regional council members represent 8 constituencies: Far North, Bay of Islands-Whangaroa, Mid North, Coastal Central, Coastal South, Whangārei City, Kaipara and Te Raki. There are three territorial authorities in
2288-582: The year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $ 984 million (13.1%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $ 1.59 billion (21.2%), service industries contributed $ 4.30 billion (57.1%), and taxes and duties contributed $ 645 million (8.6%) The region's economy is based on agriculture (notably beef cattle and sheep), fishing, forestry , and horticulture . Northland has 4,423 hectares (10,930 acres) of horticultural land as of 2017. Significant crops include avocadoes , kumara , kiwifruit , citrus fruit and olives . Extensive forests are
2340-487: The year. The major population centre is the city of Whangārei , and the largest town is Kerikeri . At the 2018 New Zealand census , Northland recorded a population growth spurt of 18.1% since the previous 2013 census , placing it as the fastest growing region in New Zealand, ahead of other strong growth regions such as the Bay of Plenty Region (2nd with 15%) and Waikato (3rd with 13.5%). The Northland Region occupies
2392-519: Was at a premium, passengers sat on coal in the tender and crowded onto the footplate. The Regulation Act of 1889 generally prohibited traditional mixed trains because the absence of continuous braking apparatus on wagons preceding the coaches jeopardized passenger safety. However, the Board of Trade exercised latitude in enforcing this rule, and some mixed trains ran until the end of the steam era. Goods wagons/vans requiring speedy delivery could be attached to
2444-671: Was reintroduced in 1967 through a deal with Legazpi mayor Luis Los Baños. A refrigerator car carrying agricultural produce was hauled alongside passenger trains to the Bicol Region . The service was short-lived and it was terminated after the April 1968 Mayon Volcano eruption. Train services eventually dwindled in ridership until all intercity rail services were suspended in 2013. In Australia, mixed trains were variously named as such and as "mixed freight" or "mixed goods", "car goods", or "goods train with car attached". In most Australian states,
2496-525: Was spoken by 94.1%, Māori language by 34.3%, Samoan by 0.3%, and other languages by 1.3%. No language could be spoken by 3.6% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 1.0%. The percentage of people born overseas was 5.5, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 33.5% Christian , 0.3% Hindu , 0.5% Islam , 13.7% Māori religious beliefs , 0.3% New Age , and 0.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 42.9%, and 8.3% of people did not answer
2548-557: Was spoken by 97.0%, Māori language by 10.1%, Samoan by 0.4% and other languages by 7.1%. No language could be spoken by 1.9% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 16.9, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 31.2% Christian , 0.7% Hindu , 0.2% Islam , 3.8% Māori religious beliefs , 0.5% Buddhist , 0.5% New Age , 0.1% Jewish , and 1.2% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 54.2%, and 7.8% of people did not answer
2600-578: Was that 534 (40.4%) people were employed full-time, 144 (10.9%) were part-time, and 123 (9.3%) were unemployed. Moerewa has three Ngāpuhi marae : In October 2020, the Government committed $ 362,468 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Te Rito Marae, creating 10 jobs. Moerewa School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of 136 students as of August 2024. Moerewa School opened in 1913, and merged with Otiria School at
2652-421: Was that 67,788 (43.5%) people were employed full-time, 21,735 (13.9%) were part-time, and 5,469 (3.5%) were unemployed. Māori refer to Northland – and by extension its Māori people – as Te Taitokerau (the northern tide) and Māori language and traditions are strong there. Major tribal groups include Ngāpuhi , Te Aupōuri , Te Rarawa , Ngāti Kahu , Ngāti Kurī and Ngāti Whātua . Several of these tribes form
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#17330856169902704-705: Was the PmG or "passenger train with goods service" ( Personenzug mit Güterbeförderung ). The Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany continued to operate some of these trains until the early 1990s. These comprised one or more goods wagons running behind the passenger coaches. Towards the end, no shunting took place at the intermediate stations. Some private railways once ran PmG trains. Passenger trains transporting skiers, in places like Interlaken , still haul an open wagon for ski equipment. Mixed trains were once prolific in New Zealand . Although express trains operated on
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