A model is an informative representation of an object, person, or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus , a measure.
100-613: A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype ). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups . Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling , wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building
200-410: A Declaration -class ship launched in 2123. Its length is given as 300 metres (980 ft), and it has a capacity of 100 crew and 850 passengers. The Star Trek Maps by New Eye Photography Editors, also published in 1979, listed this ship as a fusion drive probe that was Earth's first attempt to explore another star system. The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture , published in 1980, describes
300-427: A set of mathematical equations attempting to describe the workings of the atmosphere for the purpose of weather forecasting. It consists of concepts used to help understand or simulate a subject the model represents. Abstract or conceptual models are central to philosophy of science , as almost every scientific theory effectively embeds some kind of model of the physical or human sphere . In some sense,
400-445: A ship model or a fashion model) and abstract models (e.g. a set of mathematical equations describing the workings of the atmosphere for the purpose of weather forecasting). Abstract or conceptual models are central to philosophy of science . In scholarly research and applied science, a model should not be confused with a theory : while a model seeks only to represent reality with the purpose of better understanding or predicting
500-688: A wind tunnel or in free flight. Models of scale large enough to permit piloting may be used for testing of a proposed design. Architecture firms usually employ model makers or contract model making firms to make models of projects to sell their designs to builders and investors. These models are traditionally hand-made, but advances in technology have turned the industry into a very high tech process than can involve Class IV laser cutters , five-axis CNC machines as well as rapid prototyping or 3D printing . Typical scales are 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, etc. With elements similar to miniature wargaming , building models and architectural models ,
600-463: A Mirror, Darkly " features a Mirror Universe version of NX-01 Enterprise . This ship is equipped with a cloaking device, deflector shields, a tractor beam, a prototype agony booth, and different exterior markings. It is commanded by Captain Maximilian Forrest, although for a brief time his first officer, Commander Jonathan Archer, takes command following a mutiny. This Enterprise is destroyed by
700-633: A century, in particular in towing tanks. Manned models are small scale models that can carry and be handled by at least one person on an open expanse of water. They must behave just like real ships, giving the shiphandler the same sensations. Physical conditions such as wind, currents, waves, water depths, channels, and berths must be reproduced realistically. Manned models are used for research (e.g. ship behaviour), engineering (e.g. port layout) and for training in shiphandling (e.g. maritime pilots , masters and officers ). They are usually at 1:25 scale. Models, and their constituent parts, can be built out of
800-604: A color scheme that did not actually exist. This is commonly referred to as 'What-if' or 'Alternative' modeling, and the most common theme is 'Luftwaffe 1946' or 'Luftwaffe '46'. This theme stems from the idea of modeling German secret projects that never saw the light of day due to the close of World War II. This concept has been extended to include British, Russian, and US experimental projects that never made it into production. Flying model aircraft are built for aerodynamic research and for recreation ( aeromodeling ). Recreational models are often made to resemble some real type. However
900-419: A combined international effort, thus he invented the combined designation NCC. The 1701 had two functions, it represented the first (01) ship of a 17th federation cruiser design, and that the digits were unlikely to be misread, unlike 6, 8, or 9. In Gene Roddenberry's original Star Trek pitch, the starship is described as a "United Space Ship", and in two episodes of The Original Series (TOS), Kirk refers to
1000-423: A field of study for thousands of years and many of the great problems have been solved using analytical and numerical techniques, many problems are still too complicated to understand in an analytical manner or the current numerical techniques lack real world confirmation. When this is the case, for example a complicated reinforced concrete beam-column-slab interaction problem, scale models can be constructed observing
1100-647: A flashback to Captain Pike's command in the episode " The Menagerie " (1966), the ship's bridge featured a transparent dome ceiling that was absent for the rest of the Original Series. A significantly redesigned version of Captain Pike's Enterprise appears in Star Trek: Discovery ' s second season , set several years after the events of "The Cage". The new design for the Enterprise , which more closely matches
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#17328864553001200-552: A high degree of surface detail, and electrical features such as interior lighting and animation. For Star Trek: The Original Series , a 33-inch (0.84 m) pre-production model of the Starship Enterprise was created in December 1964, mostly of pine, with Plexiglass and brass details, at a cost of $ 600. This was followed by a 135.5-inch (3.44 m) production model constructed from plaster, sheet metal, and wood, at ten times
1300-474: A larger fixed scale vertically when modelling topography to enhance a region's mountains. An architectural model permits visualization of internal relationships within the structure or external relationships of the structure to the environment. Another use is as a toy . Instrumented physical models are an effective way of investigating fluid flows for engineering design. Physical models are often coupled with computational fluid dynamics models to optimize
1400-401: A physical model "is always the reification of some conceptual model; the conceptual model is conceived ahead as the blueprint of the physical one", which is then constructed as conceived. Thus, the term refers to models that are formed after a conceptualization or generalization process. According to Herbert Stachowiak , a model is characterized by at least three properties: For example,
1500-735: A plan-relief is a means of geographical representation in relief as a scale model for military use, to visualize building projects on fortifications or campaigns involving fortifications. In the first half of the 20th century, navies used hand-made models of warships for identification and instruction in a variety of scales. That of 1:500 was called "teacher scale." Besides models made in 1:1200 and 1:2400 scales, there were also ones made to 1:2000 and 1:5000. Some, made in Britain , were labelled "1 inch to 110 feet", which would be 1:1320 scale, but are not necessarily accurate. Many research workers, hydraulics specialists and engineers have used scale models for over
1600-672: A prototype gauge of 2 ft ( 610 mm ). The most popular scale to go with a given gauge was often arrived at through the following roundabout process: German artisans would take strips of metal of standard metric size to construct their products from blueprints dimensioned in inches. "Four mm to the foot" yielded the 1:76.2 size of the British "OO scale", which is anomalously used on the standard HO/OO scale (16.5 mm gauge from 3.5 mm/foot scale) tracks, because early electric motors weren't available commercially in smaller sizes. Today, most scale sizes are internationally standardized, with
1700-564: A scale of 1:43.5. Later, the European authority of model railroad firms MOROP declared that the "O" gauge (still 32 mm) must use the scale of 1:45, to allow wheel, tire , and splasher clearance for smaller than realistic curved sections. N scale trains were first commercially produced at 1:160 scale in 1962 by the Arnold company of Nuremberg . This standard size was imported to the US by firms such as
1800-568: A second "C" because he thought it looked better. The Franz Joseph Blueprints , the book The Making of Star Trek , and a handful of Star Trek novels speculate that NCC is an initialism for "Naval Construction Contract". In an interview with the BBC, Jefferies explained that NC is the designation for U.S. civil aircraft and civil aircraft in the Soviet Union used the designation CCCC. He concluded that any major future space projects would likely be
1900-406: A series of high quality injection molded Star Wars kits in 1:72 , and this range is supplemented by resin kits from Fantastic Plastic . Although the British scale for 0 gauge was first used for model cars made of rectilinear and circular parts, it was the origin of the European scale for cast or injection molded model cars. MOROP's specification of 1:45 scale for European 0 does not alter
2000-655: A street map is a model of the actual streets in a city (mapping), showing the course of the streets while leaving out, say, traffic signs and road markings (reduction), made for pedestrians and vehicle drivers for the purpose of finding one's way in the city (pragmatism). Additional properties have been proposed, like extension and distortion as well as validity . The American philosopher Michael Weisberg differentiates between concrete and mathematical models and proposes computer simulations (computational models) as their own class of models. Starship Enterprise Enterprise or USS Enterprise , often referred to as
2100-557: A structural scale model under static loading conditions in the elastic regime is presented in Table 2.2 of the book Structural Modeling and Experimental Techniques . Structural engineering scale models can use different approaches to satisfy the similitude requirements of scale model fabrication and testing. A practical introduction to scale model design and testing is discussed in the paper "Pseudodynamic Testing of Scaled Models". Aerodynamic models may be used for testing new aircraft designs in
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#17328864553002200-468: A thick form to be carefully applied to a bonding surface, or in a thin liquid which is applied into a joint by capillary action using a brush or syringe needle. Ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) aka "super-glue", or fast-setting epoxy , must be used to bond styrene to other materials. Glossy colors are generally used for car and commercial truck exteriors. Flat colors are generally desirable for military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft. Metallic colors simulate
2300-614: A variety of materials, such as: This includes injection molded or extruded plastics such as polystyrene , acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), butyrate , and clear acrylic and copolyester ( PETG ). Parts can also be cast from synthetic resins . Pine wood is sometimes used; balsa wood , a light wood, is good for flying airplane models. Aluminum or brass can be used in tubing form, or can be used in flat sheets with photo-etched surface detail. Model figures used in wargaming can be made of white metal . Styrene parts are welded together using plastic cement , which comes both in
2400-505: A wood such as pine, with plastic wheels on metal axles, which run on inclined tracks. The most famous wood racing event is the Boy Scouts of America 's annual Pinewood Derby which debuted in 1953. Entry is open to Cub Scouts . Entrants are supplied with a kit containing a wooden block out of which to carve the body, four plastic wheels, and four axle nails; or they may purchase their own commercially available kit. Regulations generally limit
2500-418: Is 4' 8.5". Therefore, a model railroad reduces that standard to scale. An HO scale model railroad runs on track that is 1/87 of 4' 8.5", or 0.649" from rail to rail. Today model railroads are more typically referred to using the term scale instead of "gauge" in most usages. Confusion arises from indiscriminate use of "scale" and "gauge" synonymously. The word "scale" strictly refers to the proportional size of
2600-605: Is a large auxiliary starship built into the design of several Federation starship designs including the Galaxy -class and Sovereign -class. It was docked to the underside of the saucer section. On USS Enterprise -E, the name of the captain's yacht is the Cousteau . In 2375, the crew of USS Enterprise -E used the Cousteau to travel to the surface of the Ba'ku homeworld, in the film Star Trek: Insurrection . Designer Andrew Probert came up with
2700-422: Is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship . Scale models are constructed of plastic , wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel , lacquer , or acrylics . Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots). Models are built to scale , defined as
2800-420: Is done in a variety of scales from 1:4 to 1:450 ( T scale ). Each scale has its own strengths and weaknesses, and fills a different niche in the hobby: gauge gauge Model railroads originally used the term gauge , which refers to the distance between the rails , just as full-size railroads continue to do. Although model railroads were also built to different gauges, standard gauge in full-size railroads
2900-518: Is in the Next Generation episode " Yesterday's Enterprise " (1990). It was destroyed attempting to defend the Klingon outpost Narendra III from Romulan attack. Survivors included Tasha Yar ( Denise Crosby ), whose alternate timeline version from "Yesterday's Enterprise" travels with the ship back in time to the battle over Narendra III. The actions of the Enterprise -C's crew became a catalyst for
3000-493: Is returned to the Fleet Museum the following year. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) Class: Sovereign Service: 2372–2384 (12 years) Captains: Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) The main setting for the films Star Trek: First Contact (1996), Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), and Star Trek: Nemesis (2002). She also appeared in the season 1 finale of Star Trek: Prodigy (2022), set in
3100-560: Is shown during its construction phase at the Riverside Shipyard in Iowa during the first film. A brief shot of the NCC-1701 is seen as the shuttlecraft carrying Kirk and the new recruits into space departs the shipyard later on in the movie. At the end of Star Trek Into Darkness , Enterprise started its five-year mission. The ship was later destroyed by Krall and his alien swarm attack during
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3200-672: Is similar to that of the USS Excelsior , which first appeared in the 1984 film Star Trek III: The Search For Spock. Differences between the Enterprise -B and the Excelsior include: flarings on the outside of the secondary hull, additional and larger impulse engines, and slight differences between the nacelles as well as the bridge modules. Non-canon information concerning the Enterprise -B includes several licensed Star Trek novels in which Demora Sulu, daughter of Hikaru Sulu, followed Harriman as captain. There are also licensed guides, such as
3300-492: Is the main setting of the original Star Trek series (1966–1969) and Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973–74). Having undergone an extensive rebuilding and refitting, Enterprise then appears in Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979), Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982), and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) in which the starship is destroyed by its crew to escape capture. Depictions of
3400-546: The Wright Flyer , a V-2 rocket , a Bell X-1 , a Vostok-3KA capsule, a Space Shuttle orbiter , and some Star Trek universe starships. A painting of this ship hangs on the wall of Earth's 602 Club in flashbacks that appeared in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode " First Flight " (2003). Non-canon sources give more details: The 1979 Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology describes this "first interstellar liner" as
3500-1312: The Aurora Plastics Corporation . However, the early N-scale motors would not fit in the smaller models of British locomotives, so the British N gauge was standardized to allow a slightly larger body size. Similar sizing problems with Japanese prototypes led to adoption of a 1:150 scale standard there. Since space is more limited in Japanese houses, N scale has become more popular there than HO scale. Static model aircraft are commonly built using plastic, but wood, metal, card and paper can also be used. Models are sold painted and assembled, painted but not assembled ( snap-fit ), or unpainted and not assembled. The most popular types of aircraft to model are commercial airliners and military aircraft. Popular aircraft scales are, in order of increasing size: 1:144 , 1:87 (also known as HO, or "half-O scale") , 1:72 (the most numerous), 1:48 (known as "O scale") , 1:32 , 1:24 , 1:16 , 1:6, and 1:4 . Some European models are available at more metric scales such as 1:50 . The highest quality models are made from injection molded plastic or cast resin . Models made from Vacuum formed plastic are generally for
3600-594: The Blu-ray (BD) version of the movie gives the length as 2,379 feet (725 m), which would be larger than the Next Generation D and E versions, making it the largest USS Enterprise in the franchise history (not counting the pre-Federation era Enterprise (XCV 330) , seen only as a model). This would result in a height of 167m, and a beam of 339m. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A) Class: Constitution Service: 2263–ongoing Captains: James T. Kirk (Chris Pine) Enterprise -A first appears at
3700-407: The Enterprise ' s replacement, an identical starship given the name Enterprise and registry number NCC-1701-A. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A) Class: Constitution II Service: 2286–2293 (7 years) Captains: James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) This ship first appears at the conclusion of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) and is the main setting in
3800-413: The Enterprise made occasional appearances in later Star Trek series, before being reintroduced as the main setting of the prequel Star Trek: Strange New Worlds , portraying the ship's missions in the decade prior to The Original Series . Details of the ship's appearance differed in the various series and films in which it appears. In the 1965 pilot episode " The Cage ", whose footage was reused for
3900-493: The Enterprise that had appeared in the Star Trek franchise. By contrast, in 2019, SyFy ranked the refit design of the Enterprise (NCC-1701 and NCC-1701-A) as the franchise's best, ranking the original design as only the fourth best version of the starship. Time described each iteration of the Enterprise as "a character in its own right". Over many decades, the starship has influenced real-life activities of NASA and
4000-729: The Haynes Enterprise Manual , in which a list of the ship's captains includes Demora Sulu, William George, and Thomas Johnson Jr. Three ships named Enterprise are featured in Star Trek: The Next Generation television series and four TNG -era films. Two additional Enterprise ships appear in the third season of Star Trek: Picard , in which TNG ' s command crew are reunited. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-C) Class: Ambassador Service: 2332 –2344 (12 years) Captains: Rachel Garrett ( Tricia O'Neil ) This ship's first and only appearance
4100-475: The Solar System ) or life-size (e.g., a fashion model displaying clothes for similarly-built potential customers). The geometry of the model and the object it represents are often similar in the sense that one is a rescaling of the other. However, in many cases the similarity is only approximate or even intentionally distorted. Sometimes the distortion is systematic, e.g., a fixed scale horizontally and
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4200-633: The Starship Enterprise , is the name of several fictional spacecraft , some of which are the main craft and setting for various television series and films in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. The most notable were Captain James T. Kirk 's USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) from the original 1960s television series , and Captain Jean-Luc Picard 's USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) from Star Trek: The Next Generation . Two spacecraft with
4300-531: The Tholians . Registry: ISS Enterprise (NCC-1701) Class: Constitution Service: 2260s Captains: Christopher Pike, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), Spock (Leonard Nimoy) A Mirror Universe Enterprise appears in the original Star Trek episode " Mirror, Mirror ". The ship is equipped with an agony booth and the mirror in the captain's quarters conceals Captain Kirk's deadly Tantalus device. ISS Enterprise
4400-457: The U.S. Navy : Celebrity astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson has spoken highly of the influence and legacy of the original Enterprise on other fictional spaceships. Drawing a parallel to comparing athletes between eras, he said of spaceship design, "What matters is not what they look like now, but what they looked to others at the time that they prevailed... There is only one spaceship that's earlier than [the original Enterprise ], and that's
4500-425: The massively multiplayer online role-playing game Star Trek Online . Its design is based on the entry submitted by Adam Ihle for the 2011 "Design the next Enterprise " contest, a joint venture between Cryptic Studios, CBS, and Intel, which ran shortly before the game went "free to play". Enterprise -F made its first appearance in the mission "Boldly They Rode", at the point where USS Enterprise -F appears to help
4600-479: The "United Space Ship Enterprise ". In 1976, before Star Trek: The Motion Picture , Paramount had planned a Star Trek film to have been named Star Trek: Planet of the Titans . Early in the production, Ralph McQuarrie had been hired to redesign the Enterprise . The major feature of the redesign was to replace the cigar-shaped secondary hull with a larger, triangle-shaped " delta wing " section. McQuarrie's design
4700-512: The 1950s. The first model rocket engine was designed in 1954 by Orville Carlisle , a licensed pyrotechnics expert, and his brother Robert, a model airplane enthusiast. Static model rocket kits began as a development of model aircraft kits, yet the scale of 1:72 [V.close to 4 mm.::1foot] never caught on. Scales 1:48 and 1:96 are most frequently used. There are some rockets of scales 1:128, 1:144 , and 1:200 , but Russian firms put their large rockets in 1:288. Heller SA offers some models in
4800-784: The 26th century. In this timeline, Enterprise -J participated in the Battle of Procyon V, a climactic battle in which the Federation successfully drove the invasive trans-dimensional beings known as the Sphere Builders back into their own realm. The ship's crew included a descendant of the Xindi scientist Degra . Registry: UEF Enterprise Class: Constitution Service: circa 2259 Captain: James T. Kirk (Paul Wesley) The "Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow" episode of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds introduces an alternate timeline where Earth
4900-465: The 32nd century, as mentioned in the Star Trek: Discovery episode " Stormy Weather ", a starship Enterprise noted heated plasma while closing on a subspace rift. No further detail about this ship was provided. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) Class: Galaxy refit Service: circa 2395 Captain: Full Admiral William T. Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) In " All Good Things... ",
5000-720: The ISS Enterprise returns in the episode "Mirrors" where it is found stuck in interdimensional space, having been used by refugees fleeing the mirror universe (after the death of the Terran High Chancellor) who subsequently abandoned ship when it got stuck. The Enterprise is freed by the USS Discovery and sent to Federation Headquarters for storage. The crew of the Discovery learns from Federation databases that most of this Enterprise crew had survived and found new lives in
5100-587: The Japanese import Tamiya . Some beginner's level kits avoid the necessity to paint the model by adding pigments and chrome plating to the plastic. Decals are generally applied to models after painting and assembly, to add details such as lettering, flags, insignia, or other decorations too small to paint. Water transfer (slide-on) decals are generally used, but beginner's kits may use dry transfer stickers instead. Model railroading (US and Canada; known as railway modelling in UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland)
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#17328864553005200-498: The US and Humbrol (now Hornby ) in the UK. Lacquer paint produces a hard, durable finish, and requires its own lacquer thinner . Enamels have been generally replaced in popularity by acrylic paint , which is water-based. Advantages include decreased toxicity and chemical smell, and brushes clean with soap and water. Disadvantages include possibly limited durability on plastic, requiring priming coats, at least two color coats, and allowing adequate cure time. Popular brands include
5300-464: The aerodynamic requirements of a small model are different from those of a full-size craft, so flying models are seldom fully accurate to scale. Flying model aircraft are one of three types: free flight , control line , and radio controlled . Some flying model kits take many hours to put together, and some kits are almost ready to fly or ready to fly . Model rocketry dates back to the Space Race of
5400-454: The aeroshuttle and the waverider, respectively. As on the Enterprise -D, however, these vessels were only depicted on technical schematics and never seen in operation or referred to in dialog. Gizmodo 's Io9 blog ranked the original design of the USS ; Enterprise (NCC-1701) as the best version of the Enterprise , characterizing the original as still superior to 11 later versions of
5500-466: The aesthetic of Discovery , debuted in 2018 at the conclusion of the season 1 finale , and would go on to become the main setting of the series Strange New Worlds . When the Enterprise was reintroduced in the 1979 film Star Trek: The Motion Picture , the ship had just completed an extensive refit and redesign that included new slimmer warp nacelles, connected to the secondary hull by angled winglike struts. The updated design would be reused later for
5600-487: The alliance between the Federation and the Klingon Empire. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) Class: Galaxy Service: 2363–2371 and 2401–2402 (9 years) Captains: Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ), William T. Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ), Edward Jellico ( Ronny Cox ) The main setting of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994). During Star Trek Generations , Enterprise -D
5700-597: The car's weight to 5 ounces (141.7 g), width to 2.75 inches (7.0 cm), and length to 7 inches (17.8 cm). The rules permit the cars to be augmented with tungsten carbide weights up to the limit, and graphite axle lubricant. Miniature wargames are played using miniature soldiers, artillery, vehicles, and scenery built by the players. Before the advent of computer-generated imagery (CGI), visual effects of vehicles such as marine ships and spaceships were created by filming "miniature" models. These were considerably larger scale than hobby versions to allow inclusion of
5800-524: The concept of the captain's yacht while designing the USS Enterprise -D . Although it was never seen in use, it is labeled on the master systems display screen in main engineering, docked at the bottom of the saucer section almost directly opposite the main bridge. Probert suggested possible ways for the yacht to be used during the first season, including not showing the yacht but mentioning it in dialogue, but his ideas were rejected. The producers almost used
5900-459: The cost of the first. As the Enterprise was originally reckoned to be 947 feet (289 m) long, this put the models at 1:344 and 1:83.9 scale respectively. The Polar Lights company sells a large plastic Enterprise model kit essentially the same size as the first TV model, in 1:350 scale (32 inches long). It can be purchased with an optional electronic lighting and animation (rotating engine domes) kit. Although structural engineering has been
6000-449: The design of equipment and processes. This includes external flow such as around buildings, vehicles, people, or hydraulic structures . Wind tunnel and water tunnel testing is often used for these design efforts. Instrumented physical models can also examine internal flows, for the design of ductwork systems, pollution control equipment, food processing machines, and mixing vessels. Transparent flow models are used in this case to observe
6100-474: The design's growth in size during early production of the film: "Once we got the ship built and started putting it in environments it felt too small. The shuttle bay gave us a clear relative scale – shuttlecraft initially appeared much bigger than we had imagined – so we bumped up the Enterprise scale, which gave her a grander feel and allowed us to include more detail." A special feature on starships in
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#17328864553006200-409: The detailed flow phenomenon. These models are scaled in terms of both geometry and important forces, for example, using Froude number or Reynolds number scaling (see Similitude ). In the pre-computer era, the UK economy was modelled with the hydraulic model MONIAC , to predict for example the effect of tax rises on employment. A conceptual model is a theoretical representation of a system, e.g.
6300-497: The end of Star Trek Beyond after the destruction of the original Enterprise when the crew resume their five-year mission. Sean Hargreaves stated that he was given the brief to "beef up the neck and arms" on the Ryan Church design, but went further to give the ship echoes of Matt Jefferies' original design. According to The Star Trek Encyclopedia , the registry number NCC-1701 was devised by Matt Jefferies , art director of
6400-460: The events of Star Trek Beyond . Measurements of this ship's length have ranged from 295 meters to 910 meters. In an article about the 2009 film's visual effects, Cinefex wrote, "The reconfigured ship was a larger vessel than previous manifestations – approximately 1,200 feet (370 m) long compared to the 947 foot (289 m) ship of the original series", and quoted Industrial Light & Magic art director Alex Jaeger discussing
6500-505: The final Enterprise episode " These Are the Voyages... ". It appears in a dream sequence in the pilot of Star Trek: Picard , and after its saucer section was retrieved and placed in the Fleet Museum, it is revealed to have been reconstructed in full by Geordi La Forge as a working ship in the penultimate episode, set in 2401. In the final episode, Enterprise -D engages the Borg one last time and
6600-412: The final episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation , Enterprise -D was shown in an alternate future where it had not crashed during the events of Star Trek Generations , and instead had been made Admiral William T. Riker's personal flagship. A third warp nacelle allowed the ship to reach at least Warp 13, and the Enterprise -D had also been equipped with a spinal phaser lance, large phaser cannons on
6700-540: The first Star Wars film and the 1978 TV series Battlestar Galactica also spawned lines of licensed model kits in scales ranging from 1:24 for fighters and smaller ships, to 1:1000, 1:1400, and 1:2500 for most main franchise ships, and up to 1:10000 for the larger Star Wars ships (for especially objects like the Death Stars and Super Star Destroyers , even smaller scales are used). Finemolds in Japan have recently released
6800-458: The first Star Trek series, inspired by an old science fiction cover that Gene Roddenberry liked, with a starship flying through space. Jefferies, who was a pilot, based NCC on United States aircraft pre-1949 registration codes . In such pre-1949 usage, an "N" first letter refers to an aircraft registered in the United States. A "C" for a second letter refers to a civil aircraft. Jefferies added
6900-500: The flying saucer from The Day the Earth Stood Still . So, what matters here is, what did [the Enterprise ] look like at the time it came out (1966) compared with anything that had been imagined before? And when you consider that, that is the most astonishing machine that has ever graced the screen." On the ship's influence upon scientists, Tyson wrote, "The Enterprise was the first ever spaceship represented in storytelling that
7000-697: The founding of several proto-Federation alliances. Enterprise had significant engagements with the Klingons , Suliban , Xindi and the Romulans and played a central role in the "Temporal Cold War". It is also featured as a model in Star Trek Into Darkness . As of 2401, an NX class which is heavily modified, is displayed at the Starfleet Museum above Athan Prime, in season 3 of Star Trek: Picard (2023). Three ships named USS Enterprise are featured in
7100-576: The mid-2380s. As a Sovereign -class vessel, it was the most advanced vessel in Starfleet , and an active participant in the Battle of Sector 001 and the Dominion War . Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-F) Class: Odyssey Service: 2386–2401 (15 years) Commanding officer: Fleet Admiral Elizabeth Shelby ( Elizabeth Dennehy ) This ship appeared in season 3 of Star Trek: Picard (2023). In
7200-604: The model, while "gauge" strictly applies to the measurement between the inside faces of the rails. It is completely incorrect to refer to the mainstream scales as "HO gauge", "N gauge, "Z gauge", etc. This is further complicated by the fact some scales use several different gauges; for example, HO scale uses 16.5 mm as the standard gauge of 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1,435 mm ), 12 mm to represent 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) gauge (HOm), and 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) (HOn3-1/2), and 9 mm to represent
7300-507: The more skilled builder. More inexpensive models are made from heavy paper or card stock. Ready-made die-cast metal models are also very popular. As well as the traditional scales, die-cast models are available in 1:200 , 1:250 , 1:350 , 1:400 , 1:500 and 1:600 scale . The majority of aircraft modelers concern themselves with depiction of real-life aircraft, but there are some modelers who 'bend' history by modeling aircraft that either never actually flew or existed, or by painting them in
7400-1246: The most concerned with accuracy and detail. Kit assembly is done either "out of the box", or with modifications (known as " kitbashing "). Many kit manufacturers, for various reasons leave something to be desired in terms of accuracy, but using the kit parts as a baseline and adding after-market conversion kits, alternative decal sets, and some scratch building can correct this without the master craftsmanship or time expenditure required by scratch building. Scale models are generally of two types: static and animated . They are used for several purposes in many fields, including: Most hobbyist's models are built for static display, but some have operational features, such as railroad trains that roll, and airplanes and rockets that fly. Flying airplane models may be simple unpowered gliders, or have sophisticated features such as radio control powered by miniature methanol/nitromethane engines . Cars in 1:24, 1:32, or HO scale are fitted with externally powered electric motors which run on plastic road track fitted with metal rails on slots. The track may or may not be augmented with miniature buildings, trees, and people. Children can build and race their own gravity-powered, uncontrolled cars carved out of
7500-586: The name Enterprise predate the United Federation of Planets in Star Trek ' s fictional timeline. Registry: USS Enterprise (XCV 330) Class: Declaration Service: circa 2130s Captain: Unknown This USS Enterprise (XCV 330) appears in Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) among a series of illustrations depicting ships named Enterprise . It also appears as a model in Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), together with models of
7600-413: The notable exceptions of O scale and N scale. There are three different versions of the "O" scale, each of which uses tracks of 32 mm for the standard gauge. The American version follows a dollhouse scale of 1:48, sometimes called "quarter-gauge" as in "one-quarter-inch to the foot". The British version continued the pattern of sub-contracting to Germans, so, at 7 mm to the foot, it works out to
7700-535: The original Star Trek television series and the first through seventh Star Trek films. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) Class: Constitution I, later refit as Constitution II Service: 2245–2285 (40 years) Captains: Robert April ( James Doohan [voice], Adrian Holmes ), Christopher Pike ( Jeffrey Hunter , Sean Kenney , Anson Mount ), James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ), Willard Decker ( Stephen Collins ), Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ). The Federation 's first Enterprise
7800-753: The original series as an alternate reality where the militaristic Terran Empire exists in place of the regular universe's United Federation of Planets (" Mirror, Mirror "). A montage in the opening credits of the Star Trek: Enterprise episode " In a Mirror, Darkly " shows the Terran Empire logo in use by at least World War II, with licensed novels putting the divergence before Shakespeare, or even classic Greek literature. Registry: ISS Enterprise (NX-01) Class: NX Service: 2150s Captains: Maximilian Forrest ( Vaughn Armstrong ), Jonathan Archer (Scott Bakula) The Star Trek: Enterprise episode " In
7900-607: The player defeat the Dominion fleet surrounding Deep Space Nine. In 2018, the in-game appearance of the ship was changed to that of a "Yorktown Class" vessel, after the ship was damaged and refit as part of the game's story. The original, Odyssey class version of the ship would later appear in Season 3 of Star Trek: Picard in February 2023, making the Enterprise -F part of the official Star Trek canon. The Mirror Universe first appeared in
8000-558: The prime universe. The 2009 Star Trek film takes place in a new reality created when the Romulan Nero traveled through time via an artificial black hole created by red matter . Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) Service: 2258–2263 (5 years) Captains: Christopher Pike ( Bruce Greenwood ), James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) The main setting for the films Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and Star Trek Beyond (2016). Enterprise
8100-425: The prototype corresponding to one inch on the model, e.g. 1:48 scale = "1 inch to 4 feet", 1:96 = "1 inch to 8 feet", etc. Models are obtained by three different means: kit assembly , scratch building , and collecting pre-assembled models. Scratch building is the only option available to structural engineers, and among hobbyists requires the highest level of skill, craftsmanship, and time; scratch builders tend to be
8200-414: The ratio of any linear dimension of the model to the equivalent dimension on the full-size subject (called the "prototype"), expressed either as a ratio with a colon (ex. 1:8 scale), or as a fraction with a slash (1/8 scale). This designates that 1 inch (or centimeter) on the model represents 8 such units on the prototype. In English-speaking countries, the scale is sometimes expressed as the number of feet on
8300-633: The requirements of similitude to study the problem. Many structural labs exist to test these structural scale models such as the Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory at the University of Illinois, UC. For structural engineering scale models, it is important for several specific quantities to be scaled according to the theory of similitude. These quantities can be broadly grouped into three categories: loading , geometry , and material properties . A good reference for considering scales for
8400-403: The saucer section, and cloaking ability, making it one of the most powerful starships seen in the Star Trek franchise. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-J) Class: Universe Service: 26th century The " Azati Prime " episode of Star Trek: Enterprise involves time travel and features a scene in which Enterprise -J appears. Enterprise -J operates in a possible timeline during
8500-441: The scale of 1:125. Science fiction space ships are heavily popular in the modeling community. In 1966, with the release of the television show Star Trek: The Original Series , AMT corporation released an 18-inch (46 cm) model of the Starship Enterprise . This has been followed over the decades by a complete array of various starships, shuttlecraft , and space stations from the Star Trek franchise. The 1977 release of
8600-590: The scale of 1:25. Monogram later switched to this scale after the firm was purchased by Revell. Some cars are also made in 1:32 scale , and rolling toys are often made on the scale 1:64 scale . Chinese die-cast manufacturers have introduced 1/72 scale into their range. The smaller scales are usually die-cast cars and not the in the class as model cars. Except in rare occasions, Johnny Lightning and Ertl-made die-cast cars were sold as kits for buyers to assemble. Model cars are also used in car design . Physical model Models can be divided into physical models (e.g.
8700-467: The series of cars in 1:43 scale , as it has the widest distribution in the world. In America, a series of cars was developed from at first cast metal and later styrene models ("promos") offered at new-car dealerships to drum up interest. The firm Monogram , and later Tamiya , first produced them in a scale derived from the Architect's scale: 1:24 scale , while the firms AMT , Jo-Han , and Revell chose
8800-522: The ship as "the very first starship U.S.S. Enterprise ". Registry: Enterprise (NX-01) Class: NX Service: 2151–2161 (10 years) Captain: Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) United Earth Starfleet's Enterprise is the main setting of Star Trek: Enterprise (2001–2005). Enterprise was the first Earth-built starship capable of reaching Warp 5 . The ship was commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer and played an instrumental role in
8900-641: The ship was mothballed at the Memory Alpha ship museum, and the Shatnerverse novel The Ashes of Eden (1996), which depicted Enterprise -A's removal from the mothball fleet before being destroyed defending the planet Chal. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-B) Class: Excelsior -class refit Service: 2293–2329 (36 years) Captains: John Harriman ( Alan Ruck ), Demora Sulu (portrayed in Generations by Jacqueline Kim ) The Enterprise -B
9000-399: The subsequent Star Trek movies which use the original crew. The ship is ordered " decommissioned " at the end of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991). As of 2401, it resides at the Starfleet Museum above Athan Prime, appearing in season 3 of Star Trek: Picard (2023). Non-canon information concerning this ship includes paperwork included with the model kit, which indicated
9100-504: The various metals (silver, gold, aluminum, steel, copper, brass, etc.) Enamel paint has classically been used for model making and is generally considered the most durable paint for plastics. It is available in small bottles for brushing and airbrushing , and aerosol spray cans . Disadvantages include toxicity and a strong chemical smell of the paint and its mineral spirit thinner /brush cleaner. Modern enamels are made of alkyd resin to limit toxicity. Popular brands include Testor 's in
9200-504: The world, a theory is more ambitious in that it claims to be an explanation of reality. As a noun, model has specific meanings in certain fields, derived from its original meaning of "structural design or layout ": A physical model (most commonly referred to simply as a model but in this context distinguished from a conceptual model ) is a smaller or larger physical representation of an object , person or system . The object being modelled may be small (e.g., an atom ) or large (e.g.,
9300-645: The yacht in the episode " Samaritan Snare ", but decided to use an "executive shuttlecraft" due to budgetary constraints. According to Patrick Stewart, the yacht would have been called the Calypso . Producer Ronald D. Moore noted in the Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual that real-life naval tradition would insist on calling such a craft the captain's gig , rather than the captain's yacht. Rick Sternbach later designed similar craft for USS Voyager and USS Equinox , known as
9400-569: The year 2401, the ship was originally designated as the USS Titan (NCC-80102-A) under the command of Captain Liam Shaw. By 2402, the Titan -A was renamed and rechristened as the Enterprise -G, in honor of the crew of the USS Enterprise -D, for their contributions in battle against the Borg, with Seven of Nine taking over as captain. Registry: USS Enterprise Service: circa 3190 In
9500-606: The year 2401, the ship was set to be decommissioned following the Frontier Day festival. The ship first appeared in the non-canon video game, Star Trek Online , and was designed by artist and graphics designer Adam Ihle as part of a fan competition. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-G) Class: Constitution III Service: 2396–2401 (as USS Titan ), 2402– (as USS Enterprise ) Captains: Liam Shaw ( Todd Stashwick ), Seven of Nine ( Jeri Ryan ) The Enterprise -G appeared in season 3 of Star Trek: Picard (2023). In
9600-590: Was attacked by Romulans, and the United Federation of Planets subsequently never formed. The UEF Enterprise (United Earth Ship Enterprise ) was constructed at the Luna Shipyards on Luna as part of the United Earth Fleet. Registry: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-F) Class: Odyssey ( Yorktown refit) Service: 2409– Captain: Va'Kel Shon One version of USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-F) appears in
9700-454: Was discarded in favor of keeping the general shape of the Enterprise intact for the redesign unveiled in Star Trek: The Motion Picture . Three decades later, the McQuarrie design for the Enterprise was adopted as the basis for the design of the USS Discovery in Star Trek: Discovery , a 2017 series that takes place ten years earlier than the original Star Trek . The captain's yacht
9800-463: Was launched at the beginning of the film Star Trek Generations (1994). During the ship's maiden voyage, prior to it being properly fitted with essential systems, the crew encountered an energy ribbon known as the Nexus, through which James T. Kirk – captain of the two former Enterprise starships, NCC-1701 and NCC-1701-A – was officially declared missing and presumed dead. The design of the Enterprise -B
9900-463: Was lost in 2371 after an attack by the Duras sisters ' renegade Klingon Bird-of-Prey which caused extensive damage, leading to a warp core breach. Although the saucer section was safely separated before the breach, the shock wave from the exploding engineering hull threw it out of control, and caused it to crash-land on Veridian III. The ship also appears in the first Deep Space Nine episode " Emissary " and
10000-468: Was originally the same shooting model as the regular Enterprise . The remastered version of "Mirror, Mirror" includes a CGI version of Enterprise with "ISS" markings on the hull and minor physical differences from USS Enterprise , such as a larger deflector dish, a taller bridge, and altered nacelle details. The ship was also shown orbiting the planet in the opposite direction (clockwise instead of counter-clockwise). In Star Trek: Discovery season 5 ,
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