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50-615: Mochów [ˈmɔxuf] (German Mochau , Silesian : Mochōw ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głogówek , within Prudnik County , Opole Voivodeship , in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Głogówek , 20 km (12 mi) east of Prudnik , and 35 km (22 mi) south of the regional capital Opole . Historically located in Upper Silesia , in

100-765: A Pauline monastery in Mochów, which was his second foundation after the famous Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa . In 1428, local monks were killed by invading Hussites . After the Opole line of the Piast dynasty became extinct in 1532, the village was incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown . In 1578, Pauline monks settled in Mochów again. In 1645 along with the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz

150-408: A literary standard which he called the "Lachian language". Silesian inhabitants supporting the cause of each of these ethnic groups had their own robust network of supporters across Silesia's political borders which shifted over the course of the 20th century prior to the large-scale ethnic cleansing in the aftermath of World War II . In 2011, Tomasz Kamusella and pl:Andrzej Roczniok published

200-611: A regional language . The first official National Dictation Contest of the Silesian language ( Ogólnopolskie Dyktando Języka Śląskiego ) took place in August 2007. In dictation as many as 10 forms of writing systems and orthography have been accepted. On 30 January 2008 and in June 2008, two organizations promoting Silesian language were established: Pro Loquela Silesiana and Tôwarzistwo Piastowaniô Ślónskij Môwy "Danga" . On 26 May 2008,

250-401: A Silesian-language article on the standardization of the Silesian language. Some linguists from Poland, such as Jolanta Tambor, Juan Lajo, Tomasz Wicherkiewicz , philosopher Jerzy Dadaczyński, sociologist Elżbieta Anna Sekuła, and sociolinguist Tomasz Kamusella , support its status as a language. According to Stanisław Rospond, it is impossible to classify Silesian as a dialect of

300-503: A change request may be withdrawn or promoted to "candidate status". Three months prior to the end of an annual review cycle (typically in September), an announcement is sent to the LINGUIST discussion list and other lists regarding Candidate Status Change Requests. All requests remain open for review and comment through the end of the annual review cycle. Decisions are announced at the end of

350-570: A dialect of Polish, as does Encyclopædia Britannica . On the question of whether Silesian is a separate Slavic language, Gerd Hentschel wrote that "Silesian ... can thus ... without doubt be described as a dialect of Polish" (" Das Schlesische ... kann somit ... ohne Zweifel als Dialekt des Polnischen beschrieben werden "). In Czechia, disagreement exists concerning the Lach dialects which rose to prominence thanks to Óndra Łysohorsky and his translator Ewald Osers . While some have considered it

400-535: A fully documented request is received, it is added to a published Change Request Index. Also, announcements are sent to the general LINGUIST discussion list at Linguist List and other lists the registration authority may consider relevant, inviting public review and input on the requested change. Any list owner or individual is able to request notifications of change requests for particular regions or language families. Comments that are received are published for other parties to review. Based on consensus in comments received,

450-417: A generic value: qnp , unnamed proto-language. This is used for proposed intermediate nodes in a family tree that have no name. The code table for ISO 639-3 is open to changes. In order to protect stability of existing usage, the changes permitted are limited to: The code assigned to a language is not changed unless there is also a change in denotation. Changes are made on an annual cycle. Every request

500-559: A language since 2007, when it was accorded the ISO 639-3 registration code szl . Several efforts have been made to gain recognition for Silesian as an official regional language in Poland. In April 2024, the Polish Sejm took a significant step by passing a bill recognizing it as such, however, the bill was vetoed by President Andrzej Duda on 29 May 2024. Silesian speakers currently live in

550-652: A my ôdpuszczōmy naszym winnikōm. A niy wōdź nŏs na pokuszyniy, nale zbŏw nŏs ôde złygo. Amyn. Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie, święć się imię Twoje, przyjdź królestwo Twoje, bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na ziemi. Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj. I odpuść nam nasze winy, jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom. I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw od złego. Amen. Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích, posvěť se jméno Tvé Přijď království Tvé. Buď vůle Tvá, jako v nebi, tak i na zemi. Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes A odpusť nám naše viny, jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům

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600-474: A neuveď nás v pokušení, ale zbav nás od zlého. Amen. Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen. Silesian has many dialects: Opinions are divided among linguists regarding whether Silesian

650-425: A particular language or macrolanguage. While ISO 639-2 includes three-letter identifiers for collective languages, these codes are excluded from ISO 639-3. Hence ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. ISO 639-5 defines 3-letter collective codes for language families and groups, including the collective language codes from ISO 639-2. Four codes are set aside in ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 for cases where none of

700-554: A separate language, most now view Lach as a dialect of Czech. There have been a number of attempts at codifying the language spoken by Slavophones in Silesia. Probably the most well-known was undertaken by Óndra Łysohorsky when codifying the Lachian dialects in creating the Lachian literary language in the early 20th century. Ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek is the relatively new alphabet created by

750-563: A variety of Central German . The German-speaking population was either evacuated en masse by German forces towards the end of the war or deported by the new administration upon the Polish annexation of the Silesian Recovered Territories after its end. Before World War II , most Slavic-language speakers also knew German and, at least in eastern Upper Silesia, many German speakers were acquainted with Slavic Silesian. According to

800-528: Is a distinct language, a dialect of Polish, or, in the case of Lach , a variety of Czech. The issue can be contentious, because some Silesians consider themselves to be a distinct nationality within Poland. When Czechs, Poles, and Germans each made claims to substantial parts of Silesia as constituting an integral part of their respective nation-states in the 19th and 20th centuries, the language of Slavic-speaking Silesians became politicized. Slavicist of Upper Silesian extraction, de:Rudolf Abicht , who worked at

850-524: Is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia . For example: A complete list is available on the ISO 639-3 registrar's website. "A collective language code element is an identifier that represents a group of individual languages that are not deemed to be one language in any usage context." These codes do not precisely represent

900-405: Is appropriate since ISO is an industrial organization, while he views language documentation and nomenclature as a scientific endeavor. He cites the original need for standardized language identifiers as having been "the economic significance of translation and software localization ", for which purposes the ISO 639-1 and 639-2 standards were established. But he raises doubts about industry need for

950-535: Is given a minimum period of three months for public review. The ISO 639-3 Web site has pages that describe "scopes of denotation" ( languoid types) and types of languages, which explain what concepts are in scope for encoding and certain criteria that need to be met. For example, constructed languages can be encoded, but only if they are designed for human communication and have a body of literature, preventing requests for idiosyncratic inventions. The registration authority documents on its Web site instructions made in

1000-471: Is intended for use as metadata codes in a wide range of applications. It is widely used in computer and information systems, such as the Internet, in which many languages need to be supported. In archives and other information storage, it is used in cataloging systems, indicating what language a resource is in or about. The codes are also frequently used in the linguistic literature and elsewhere to compensate for

1050-602: The Ministry of Administration and Digitization registered the Silesian language in Annex 1 to the Regulation on the state register of geographical names; however, in a November 2013 amendment to the regulation, Silesian is not included. On 26 April 2024, the Sejm voted 236-186 with five abstentions to recognise Silesian as a regional language. On 29 May 2024, President Andrzej Duda vetoed

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1100-654: The Pro Loquela Silesiana organization to reflect the sounds of all Silesian dialects. It was approved by Silesian organizations affiliated in Rada Górnośląska . Ubuntu translation is in this alphabet as is some of the Silesian Misplaced Pages , although some of it is in Steuer's alphabet. It is used in a few books, including the Silesian alphabet book . One of the first alphabets created specifically for Silesian

1150-577: The Prudnik Land . The name of the village comes from the old Polish words mom chów , and refers to being a place of shelter for the local people during the 13th-century Mongol invasions of Poland . The oldest known mention of the village comes from 1358. Since its establishment, it was part of the Piast -ruled Poland and the Polish Duchy of Opole and Racibórz . In 1388 Duke Vladislaus II of Opole founded

1200-589: The Silesian Misplaced Pages was founded. On 30 June 2008 in the edifice of the Silesian Parliament in Katowice , a conference took place on the status of the Silesian language. This conference was a forum for politicians, linguists, representatives of interested organizations and persons who deal with the Silesian language. The conference was titled "Silesian – Still a Dialect or Already a Language?" ( Śląsko godka – jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język? ). In 2012,

1250-575: The "Tadzikowy muster" (for the National Dictation Contest of the Silesian language ) or the Polish alphabet, but writing in this alphabet is problematic as it does not allow for the differentiation and representation of all Silesian sounds. Silesian has recently seen an increased use in culture, for example: In 2003, the National Publishing Company of Silesia ( Narodowa Oficyna Śląska ) commenced operations. This publisher

1300-682: The Germans operated the E607 forced labour subcamp of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp at the local sugar beet factory. The village became again part of Poland after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II in 1945. Silesian language Silesian , occasionally called Upper Silesian , is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia . Its vocabulary

1350-615: The T-codes. As of 23 January 2023 , the standard contains 7,916 entries. The inventory of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from the Ethnologue , historic varieties, ancient languages and artificial languages from the Linguist List , as well as languages recommended within the annual public commenting period. Machine-readable data files are provided by

1400-695: The University of Breslau and proposed an early standardiztaion of the Belarusian language , clearly recognized that standardizing and making Silesian into a language is a socio-political process. In 1920, he expressed his opinion on the subject in an extensive essay on the 'Upper Silesian language question.' Some, like Óndra Łysohorsky (a poet and author in Czechoslovakia ), saw the Silesians as being their own distinct people, which culminated in his effort to create

1450-652: The annual review cycle (typically in January). At that time, requests may be adopted in whole or in part, amended and carried forward into the next review cycle, or rejected. Rejections often include suggestions on how to modify proposals for resubmission. A public archive of every change request is maintained along with the decisions taken and the rationale for the decisions. Linguists Morey, Post and Friedman raise various criticisms of ISO 639, and in particular ISO 639-3: Martin Haspelmath agrees with four of these points, but not

1500-810: The bill. On 26 June 2024, Silesian was added to the languages offered in the Google Translate service. ISO 639-3 ISO 639-3 extends the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known natural languages . The extended language coverage was based primarily on the language codes used in the Ethnologue (volumes 10–14) published by SIL International , which is now the registration authority for ISO 639-3. It provides an enumeration of languages as complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten. However, it does not include reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European . ISO 639-3

1550-453: The case of language varieties without established literary traditions, usage in education or media, or other factors that contribute to language conventionalization. Therefore, the standard should not be regarded as an authoritative statement of what distinct languages exist in the world (about which there may be substantial disagreement in some cases), but rather simply one useful way for identifying different language varieties precisely. Since

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1600-417: The code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (4), a reserved range (520) and B-only codes (22), 546 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore, a stricter upper bound is 17,576 − 546 = 17,030. The upper bound gets even stricter if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and

1650-404: The contemporary Polish language because he considers it to be descended from Old Polish . Other Polish linguists, such as Jan Miodek and Edward Polański , do not support its status as a language. Jan Miodek and Dorota Simonides , both of Silesian origin, prefer to see the preservation of the entire range of Silesian dialects rather than standardization . The German linguist Reinhold Olesch

1700-448: The fact that language names may be obscure or ambiguous. ISO 639-3 includes all languages in ISO 639-1 and all individual languages in ISO 639-2 . ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2 focused on major languages, most frequently represented in the total body of the world's literature. Since ISO 639-2 also includes language collections and Part 3 does not, ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. Where B and T codes exist in ISO 639-2, ISO 639-3 uses

1750-724: The interrogative particle czy . In Silesian, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed by using intonation (with a markedly different intonation pattern than in Polish) or inversion (e.g. Je to na karcie? ); there is no interrogative particle. According to Jan Miodek , standard Polish has always been used by Upper Silesians as a language of prayers. The Lord's Prayer in Silesian, Polish, Czech, and English: Fatrze nŏsz, kery jeżeś we niebie, bydź poświyncōne miano Twoje. Przińdź krōlestwo Twoje, bydź wola Twoja, jako we niebie, tak tyż na ziymi. Chlyb nŏsz kŏżdodziynny dej nōm dzisiŏk. A ôdpuś nōm nasze winy, jako

1800-510: The last official census in Poland in 2021 , about 460,000 people declared Silesian as their native language , whereas in the country's census of 2011 , the figure was about 510,000. In the censuses in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, nearly 900,000 people declared Silesian nationality ; Upper Silesia has almost five million inhabitants, with the vast majority speaking Polish in the Polish part and declaring themselves to be Poles and

1850-543: The letter Ł , whose sound can be represented phonetically with U . It is therefore the alphabet that contains the fewest letters. Although it is the most phonetically logical, it did not become popular with Silesian organizations, with the argument that it contains too many caron diacritics and hence resembles the Czech alphabet . Large parts of the Silesian Misplaced Pages, however, are written in Silesian's phonetic alphabet. Sometimes other alphabets are also used, such as

1900-679: The ones yet to be defined in ISO 639-5 . There are 58 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be "macrolanguages" in ISO 639-3. Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by ISO 639-3 in the code set of ISO 639-2, e.g. ara (Generic Arabic). Others like nor (Norwegian) had their two individual parts ( nno ( Nynorsk ), nob ( Bokmål )) already in ISO 639-2. That means some languages (e.g. arb , Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ( ara ) are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves. This

1950-469: The point about language change. He disagrees because any account of a language requires identifying it, and we can easily identify different stages of a language. He suggests that linguists may prefer to use a codification that is made at the languoid level since "it rarely matters to linguists whether what they are talking about is a language, a dialect or a close-knit family of languages." He also questions whether an ISO standard for language identification

2000-515: The region of Upper Silesia , which is split between southwestern Poland and the northeastern Czech Republic . At present Silesian is commonly spoken in the area between the historical border of Silesia on the east and a line from Syców to Prudnik on the west as well as in the Rawicz area. Until 1945, Silesian was also spoken in enclaves in Lower Silesia , where the majority spoke Lower Silesian ,

2050-415: The registration authority. Mappings from ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 to ISO 639-3 can be done using these data files. ISO 639-3 is intended to assume distinctions based on criteria that are not entirely objective. It is not intended to document or provide identifiers for dialects or other sub-language variations. Nevertheless, judgments regarding distinctions between languages may be subjective, particularly in

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2100-458: The specific codes are appropriate. These are intended primarily for applications like databases where an ISO code is required regardless of whether one exists. In addition, 520 codes in the range qaa – qtz are 'reserved for local use'. For example, Rebecca Bettencourt assigns a code to constructed languages , and new assignments are made upon request. The Linguist List uses them for extinct languages . Linguist List has assigned one of them

2150-429: The text of the ISO 639-3 standard regarding how the code tables are to be maintained. It also documents the processes used for receiving and processing change requests. A change request form is provided, and there is a second form for collecting information about proposed additions. Any party can submit change requests. When submitted, requests are initially reviewed by the registration authority for completeness. When

2200-467: The vast majority speaking Czech in the Czech part and declaring themselves to be Czechs. Although the morphological differences between Silesian and Polish have been researched extensively, other grammatical differences have not been studied in depth. A notable difference is in question-forming. In standard Polish, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed either by using intonation or

2250-657: The village returned to Poland under the House of Vasa . The Black Madonna of Częstochowa was briefly hidden in Mochów by the Poles in time of Swedish invasions of Poland during the Second Northern War and Great Northern War . In the 18th century the village was annexed by Prussia , which in 1810 dissolved the monastery and then the Pauline monks left. From 1871 to 1945, the village was also part of Germany , and during World War II ,

2300-527: Was Steuer's Silesian alphabet , created in the Interwar period and used by Feliks Steuer for his poems in Silesian. The alphabet consists of 30 graphemes and eight digraphs : Based on the Steuer alphabet, in 2006 the Silesian Phonetic Alphabet  [ szl ] was proposed: Silesian's phonetic alphabet replaces the digraphs with single letters ( Sz with Š , etc.) and does not include

2350-663: Was founded by the Alliance of the People of the Silesian Nation ( Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej ) and it prints books about Silesia and books in Silesian language. In July 2007, the Slavic Silesian language was given the ISO 639-3 code szl . On 6 September 2007, 23 politicians of the Polish parliament made a statement about a new law to give Silesian the official status of

2400-482: Was greatly interested in the "Polish vernaculars" of Upper Silesia and other Slavic varieties such as Kashubian and Polabian . The United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified it as one of the dialects of Polish. In their respective surveys of Slavic languages, most linguists writing in English, such as Alexander M. Schenker, Robert A. Rothstein, and Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley list Silesian as

2450-405: Was included within the Polish borders, following World War II. Some regard it as one of the four major dialects of Polish , while others classify it as a separate regional language, distinct from Polish. According to the official data from the 2021 Polish census , about 500 thousand people consider Silesian as their native language . Internationally, Silesian has been fully recognized as

2500-461: Was significantly influenced by Central German due to the existence of numerous Silesian German speakers in the area prior to World War II and after. The first mentions of Silesian as a distinct lect date back to the 16th century , and the first literature with Silesian characteristics to the 17th century . Linguistic distinctiveness of Silesian has long been a topic of discussion among Poland's linguists , especially after all of Upper Silesia

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