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58-500: This wireless broadband technology is also known and promoted as iBurst (or HC-SDMA , High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access). It was originally developed by ArrayComm and optimizes the use of its bandwidth with the help of smart antennas. Kyocera is the manufacturer of iBurst devices. iBurst is a mobile broadband wireless access system that was first developed by ArrayComm, and announced with partner Sony in April 2000. It

116-512: A PC card , laptop card, USB equipment, or mobile broadband modem , to connect their PC or laptop to the Internet via cell phone towers . This type of connection would be stable in almost any area that could also receive a strong cell phone connection. These connections can cost more for portable convenience as well as having speed limitations in all but urban environments. On June 2, 2010, after months of discussion, AT&T became

174-472: A French defense firm. Motorola's biometric business unit was headquartered in Anaheim, California. The deal closed in April 2009. The unit became part of Sagem Morpho , which was renamed MorphoTrak . On March 26, 2008, Motorola's board of directors approved a split into two different publicly traded companies. This came after talk of selling the company to another corporation. These new companies would comprise

232-699: A ban on the use of water that lasted three days and affected almost 5000 people in the area. Motorola was found to be the main source of the TCE, an industrial solvent that is thought to cause cancer. The TCE contamination was caused by a faulty blower on an air stripping tower that was used to take TCE from the water, and Motorola has attributed the situation to operator error. Of eighteen leading electronics manufacturers in Greenpeace 's Guide to Greener Electronics (October 2010), Motorola shared sixth place with competitors Panasonic and Sony . Motorola scored relatively well on

290-546: A further 4,000 job cuts in June and another 20% cut of its research division a few days later. In July 2008, a large number of executives left Motorola to work on Apple Inc. 's iPhone . The company's handset division was also put on offer for sale. Also that month, analyst Mark McKechnie from American Technology Research said that Motorola "would be lucky to fetch $ 500 million" for selling its handset business. Analyst Richard Windsor said that Motorola might have to pay someone to take

348-445: A lack of transparency, and that the group's chair, Jerry Upton, was favoring Qualcomm . The unprecedented step came after other working groups had also been subject to related allegations of large companies undermining the standard process. Intel and Motorola had filed appeals, claiming they were not given time to prepare proposals. These claims were cited in a 2007 lawsuit filed by Broadcom against Qualcomm. On September 15, 2006,

406-553: A more central player in the early stages of the GSM standardization process in 1987. With this addition Motorola strengthened its position in Europe significantly. As Motorola's European development arm, Storno developed a GSM terminal in 1992. On January 29, 1988, Motorola sold its Arcade, New York facility and automotive alternators, electromechanical speedometers and tachometers products to Prestolite Electric . In 1996, Motorola released

464-435: A priority TDMA based protocol in order to divide communication into timeslots. This timeslot technique eliminates many of the issues common to 802.11 Wi-Fi protocol in outdoor networks such as the hidden node problem . Few wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) provide download speeds of over 100 Mbit/s; most broadband wireless access (BWA) services are estimated to have a range of 50 km (31 mi) from

522-720: A single vote. On June 12, 2008, the IEEE approved the base standard to be published. Additional supporting standards included IEEE 802.20.2-2010, a protocol conformance statement, 802.20.3-2010, minimum performance characteristics, an amendment 802.20a-2010 for a Management Information Base and some corrections, and amendment 802.20b-2010 to support bridging . 802.20 standard was put to hibernation in March 2011 due to lack of activity. In 2004 another wireless standard group had been formed as IEEE 802.22 , for wireless regional networks using unused television station frequencies. Trials such as those in

580-407: A small dish to the roof of their home or office and point it to the transmitter. Line of sight is usually necessary for WISPs operating in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands with 900 MHz offering better NLOS (non-line-of-sight) performance. Providers of fixed wireless broadband services typically provide equipment to customers and install a small antenna or dish somewhere on the roof. This equipment

638-449: A tower. Technologies used include Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), as well as heavy use of the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands and one particular access technology was standardized by IEEE 802.16 , with products known as WiMAX . WiMAX is highly popular in Europe but has not been fully accepted in

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696-414: Is a difficulty getting affordable Ethernet connections from terrestrial providers such as ATT, Comcast, Verizon and others. Also, companies looking for full diversity between carriers for critical uptime requirements may seek wireless alternatives to local options. To cope with increased demand for wireless broadband, increased spectrum would be needed. Studies began in 2009, and while some unused spectrum

754-412: Is also expected to be shut down by the end of 2017 (no information about support remaining for the email addresses from iBurst has been given). Wireless broadband Wireless broadband is a telecommunications technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking access over a wide area. The term encompasses both fixed and mobile broadband . Originally

812-495: Is designed to be implemented with smart antenna array techniques (called MIMO for multiple-input multiple-output) to substantially improve the radio frequency (RF) coverage, capacity and performance for the system. In January 2006, the IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Working Group adopted a technology proposal that included the use of the HC-SDMA standard for the 625 kHz Multi-Carrier time-division duplex (TDD) mode of

870-531: Is publicly shared. Motorola Motorola, Inc. ( / ˌ m oʊ t ə ˈ r oʊ l ə / ) was an American multinational telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois . It was founded in 1928 as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation by brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin. The company changed its name to Motorola in 1947. After having lost $ 4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, Motorola

928-515: Is usually deployed as a service and maintained by the company providing that service. Fixed wireless services have become particularly popular in many rural areas where cable, DSL or other typical home internet services are not available. Many companies in the US and worldwide have started using wireless alternatives to incumbent and local providers for internet and voice service. These providers tend to offer competitive services and options in areas where there

986-680: The Motorola Droid , was released in 2009 (the GSM version launched a month later, in Europe, as the Motorola Milestone). The handset division, along with the cable set-top box and modem businesses, were later spun off into Motorola Mobility. Motorola was founded in Chicago, Illinois , as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (at 847 West Harrison Street) in 1928. Paul Galvin wanted a brand name for Galvin Manufacturing Corporation's new car radio, and created

1044-573: The Motorola StarMax , which was a Macintosh clone that was licensed by Apple and it came with System 7 . However, with the return of Steve Jobs to Apple in 1997, Apple released Mac OS 8 . Because the clone makers' licenses were valid only for Apple's System 7 operating system, Apple's release of Mac OS 8 left the clone manufacturers unable to ship a current Mac OS version without negotiation with Apple. A heated telephone conversation between Jobs and then Motorola CEO Christopher Galvin resulted in

1102-537: The 802.20-2008 standard as ARIB STD-T97. Kyocera markets products supporting the standard under the iBurst name. As of March 2011, Kyocera claimed 15 operators offered service in 12 countries. Various options are already commercially available using: iBurst was commercially available in twelve countries in 2011 including Azerbaijan , Lebanon , and United States . iBurst (Pty) Ltd started operation in South Africa in 2005. iBurst Africa International provided

1160-577: The FCC Part-15 Rules. The Wireless Internet Service Providers Association, a national association of WISPs, petitioned the FCC and won. Initially, WISPs were found only in rural areas not covered by cable or DSL . These early WISPs would employ a high-capacity T-carrier , such as a T1 or DS3 connection, and then broadcast the signal from a high elevation, such as at the top of a water tower . To receive this type of Internet connection, consumers mount

1218-523: The IEEE-SA Standards Board approved a plan to enable the working group to move towards completion and approval by reorganizing. The chair at the November 2006 meeting was Arnold Greenspan. On July 17, 2007, the IEEE 802 Executive Committee along with its 802.20 Oversight Committee approved a change to voting in the 802.20 working group. Instead of a vote per attending individual, each entity would have

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1276-576: The Netherlands by T-Mobile International in 2004 were announced as "Pre-standard 802.20". These were based on an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing technology known as FLASH-OFDM developed by Flarion (since 2006 owned by Qualcomm). However, other service providers soon adopted 802.16e (the mobile version of WiMAX). In September 2008, the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses in Japan adopted

1334-507: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the DynaTAC 8000X telephone, the world's first commercial cellular device. By 1998, cell phones accounted for two thirds of Motorola's gross revenue. In 1986 Motorola acquired Storno resulting in a whole new range of innovative communication products for the new owner, including the NMT , an automatic cellular phone system, and made Motorola

1392-471: The U.S. state of Illinois) included the Village of River Forest, Village of Bellwood Police Department, City of Evanston Police, Illinois State Highway Police, and Cook County (Chicago area) Police. Many of Motorola's products have been radio-related, starting with a battery eliminator for battery powered radios (during the burgeoning electrification of rural homes), through the first handheld walkie-talkie in

1450-565: The United States because cost of deployment. In 2005 the Federal Communications Commission adopted a Report and Order that revised the FCC's rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations. Another system that is popular with cable internet service providers uses point-to-multipoint wireless links that extend the existing wired network using a transparent radio connection. This allows

1508-531: The business units of Motorola Mobile Devices and Motorola Broadband & Mobility Solutions. Originally it was expected that this action would be approved by regulatory bodies and complete by mid-2009, but the split was delayed due to company restructuring problems and the 2008–2009 extreme economic downturn. On February 11, 2010, Motorola announced it would separate into two independent, publicly traded companies. The cell phone and cable television equipment businesses would spin off to form Motorola Mobility , while

1566-532: The chemicals criteria and has a goal to eliminate PVC plastic and Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), though only in mobile devices and not in all its products introduced after 2010, despite the fact that Sony Ericsson and Nokia were already there. All of its mobile phones were now PVC-free and it had two PVC and BFR-free mobile phones, the A45 ECO and the GRASP; all chargers were also free from PVC and BFRs. The company

1624-537: The company reported a profit of $ 162 million, which compared very favorably to the $ 26 million earned for the same period the year before. Its Mobile Devices division reported, for the first time in years, earnings of $ 87 million. Motorola, Inc., along with the Arizona Water Co. had been identified as the sources of trichloroethylene (TCE) contamination that took place in Scottsdale, Arizona . The malfunction led to

1682-577: The continuous communications standards architecture, known as Communications, Air-interface, Long and Medium range (CALM), which ISO is developing for intelligent transport systems (ITS). ITS may include applications for public safety , network congestion management during traffic incidents, automatic toll booths, and more. An official liaison was established between WTSC and ISO TC204 WG16 for this in 2005. The HC-SDMA interface provides wide-area broadband wireless data-connectivity for fixed, portable and mobile computing devices and appliances. The protocol

1740-566: The data links. Currently deployed iBurst systems allow connectivity up to 2 Mbit/s for each subscriber equipment. Apparently there will be future firmware upgrade possibilities to increase these speeds up to 5 Mbit/s, consistent with HC-SDMA protocol. The 802.20 working group was proposed in response to products using technology originally developed by ArrayComm marketed under the iBurst brand name. The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions adopted iBurst as ATIS-0700004-2005. The Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Working Group

1798-462: The division off the company's hands, and that Motorola may even exit the handset market altogether. Its global market share has been on the decline; from 18.4% of the market in 2007 the company had a share of just 6.0% by Q1 2009, but at last, Motorola scored a profit of $ 26 million in Q2 and showed an increase of 12% in stocks for the first time after losses in many quarters. During the second quarter of 2010,

IEEE 802.20 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-449: The famous words "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind" from the Moon on a Motorola transceiver. In 1973, Motorola demonstrated the first hand-held portable telephone. In 1974, Motorola introduced its first microprocessor, the 8-bit MC6800 , used in automotive, computing and video game applications. The 6800 was the basis for the more popular MOS Technology 6502 which

1914-463: The first wireless Internet provider in the US to announce plans to charge according to usage. As the only iPhone service in the United States, AT&T experienced the problem of heavy Internet use more than other providers. About 3 percent of AT&T smart phone customers account for 40 percent of the technology's use. 98 percent of the company's customers use less than 2 gigabytes (4000 page views, 10,000 emails or 200 minutes of streaming video ),

1972-458: The increase of 3.5G and 4G mobile data services. BigAir acquired Veritel's iBurst customers in 2006, and shut down the service in 2009. Personal Broadband Australia's iBurst service was shut down in December 2008. iBurst South Africa officially shut down on August 31, 2017. Users were given a choice to keep their @iburst.co.za or @wbs.co.za. iBurst still keeps support staff available, however this

2030-560: The intellectual property of Sendo for $ 30,000 and paid £362,575 for the plant, machinery and equipment. In June 2006, Motorola acquired the software platform ( AJAR ) developed by the British company TTP Communications plc. Later in 2006, the firm announced a music subscription service named iRadio . The technology came after a break in a partnership with Apple Computer (which in 2005 had produced an iTunes compatible cell phone ROKR E1 , and most recently, mid-2007, its own iPhone ). iRadio

2088-416: The limit under the $ 25 monthly plan, and 65 percent use less than 200 megabytes , the limit for the $ 15 plan. For each gigabyte in excess of the limit, customers would be charged $ 10 a month starting June 7, 2010, though existing customers would not be required to change from the $ 30 a month unlimited service plan. The new plan would become a requirement for those upgrading to the new iPhone technology later in

2146-624: The name "Motorola" by linking "motor" (from motor car) with "ola" (from Victrola ), which was also a popular ending for many companies at the time, e.g. Moviola , Crayola . The company sold its first Motorola branded radio on June 23, 1930, to Herbert C. Wall of Fort Wayne, Indiana, for $ 30. The Motorola brand name became so well known that Galvin Manufacturing Corporation later changed its name to Motorola, Inc., in 1947. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation began selling Motorola car-radio receivers to police departments and municipalities in November 1930. The company's first public safety customers (all in

2204-414: The remainder of Motorola, Inc., which comprised the government and enterprise equipment businesses, would become Motorola Solutions . The split was closed on January 4, 2011. Motorola Mobility was eventually acquired by Google on May 22, 2012. Google later sold Motorola Mobility's cable equipment business to Arris Group in December 2012, and Motorola Mobility itself to Lenovo on October 30, 2014. At

2262-616: The same DOCSIS modems to be used for both wired and wireless customers. On November 14, 2007, the Commission released Public Notice DA 07–4605 in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for licensing and registration process for the 3650–3700 MHz band. In 2010 the FCC adopted the TV White Space Rules (TVWS) and allowed some of the better no line of sight frequency (700 MHz) into

2320-634: The service in Ghana in 2007, and then later in Mozambique , Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya . MoBif Wireless Broadband Sdn Bhd, started service in Malaysia in 2007, changing its name to iZZinet. The provider ceased operations in March 2011. In Australia , Veritel and Personal Broadband Australia (a subsidiary of Commander Australia Limited), offered iBurst services however both have since been shut down after

2378-644: The spectrum, Tier 3 – General Authorized Access (GAA), a shared spectrum. In other countries, spectrum is licensed from the country's national radio communications authority (such as the ACMA in Australia or Nigerian Communications Commission in Nigeria (NCC)). Licensing is usually expensive and often reserved for large companies who wish to guarantee private access to spectrum for use in point to point communication. Because of this, most wireless ISP's use unlicensed spectrum which

IEEE 802.20 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-710: The standard. One Canadian vendor operates at 1.8 GHz. The HC-SDMA interface operates on a similar premise as cellular phones , with hand-offs between HC-SDMA cells repeatedly providing the user with a seamless wireless Internet access even when moving at the speed of a car or train. The standard's proposed benefits: Some technical details were: The protocol: The protocol also supports Layer 3 (L3) mechanisms for creating and controlling logical connections (sessions) between client device and base including registration, stream start, power control, handover, link adaptation, and stream closure, as well as L3 mechanisms for client device authentication and secure transmission on

2494-426: The summer. A wireless connection can be either licensed or unlicensed. In the US, licensed connections use a private spectrum the user has secured rights to from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The unlicensed mobile wireless broadband, in US operates on CBRS Which has three tiers. Tier 1 – Incumbent Access, reserved for US Federals Government, Tier 2 – Priority Access, a paid access with priority on

2552-606: The termination of Motorola's clone contract, the discontinuation of the Motorola StarMax, and the long-favored Apple being demoted to "just another customer" mainly for PowerPC CPUs. Apple (and Jobs) did not want Motorola to limit the PowerPC CPU supply so as retaliation, Apple and IBM expelled Motorola from the AIM alliance and forced Motorola to stop producing any PowerPC CPUs, leaving IBM to make all future PowerPC CPUs. However, Motorola

2610-468: The time of its split, Motorola had three divisions: Motorola's handset division recorded a loss of $ 1.2 billion in the fourth quarter of 2007, while the company as a whole earned $ 100 million during that quarter. It lost several key executives to rivals, and the website TrustedReviews called the company's products repetitive and un-innovative. Motorola laid off 3,500 workers in January 2008, followed by

2668-448: The value of World War II military production contracts. Motorola went public in 1943, and became Motorola, Inc. in 1947. At that time Motorola's main business was producing and selling televisions and radios. The last plant was listed in Quincy, Illinois at 1400 North 30th Street where 1,200 employees made radio assemblies for both homes and automobiles. In 1969, Neil Armstrong spoke

2726-401: The word " broadband " had a technical meaning, but became a marketing term for any kind of relatively high-speed computer network or Internet access technology. According to the 802.16-2004 standard, broadband means "having instantaneous bandwidths greater than 1 MHz and supporting data rates greater than about 1.5 Mbit /s." The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) recently re-defined

2784-623: The word to mean download speeds of at least 25 Mbit /s and upload speeds of at least 3 Mbit /s. A wireless broadband network is an outdoor fixed and/or mobile wireless network providing point-to-multipoint or point-to-point terrestrial wireless links for broadband services. Wireless networks can feature data rates exceeding 1 Gbit/s. Many fixed wireless networks are exclusively half-duplex (HDX) , however, some licensed and unlicensed systems can also operate at full-duplex (FDX) allowing communication in both directions simultaneously. Outdoor fixed wireless broadband networks commonly use

2842-527: The world in 1940, defense electronics, cellular infrastructure equipment, and mobile phone manufacturing. In the same year, the company built its research and development program with Dan Noble , a pioneer in FM radio and semiconductor technologies, who joined the company as director of research. The company produced the hand-held AM SCR-536 radio during World War II , which was vital to Allied communication. Motorola ranked 94th among United States corporations in

2900-676: The world's first commercial GPRS cellular network to BT Cellnet in the United Kingdom. Motorola also developed the world's first GPRS cell phone. In August 2000, Motorola acquired Printrak International Inc. for $ 160 million. In doing so, Motorola not only acquired computer aided dispatch and related software, but also acquired Automated fingerprint identification system software. With recent acquisitions from that year, Motorola reached its peak employment of 150,000 employees worldwide. Two years later, employment would be at 93,000 due to layoffs and spinoffs. In June 2005, Motorola overtook

2958-767: Was a pioneer in cellular telephones. Also known as the Personal Communication Sector (PCS) prior to 2004, it pioneered the "mobile phone" with the first truly mobile "brick phone" DynaTAC , "flip phone" with the MicroTAC as well as the "clam phone" with the StarTAC in the mid-1990s. It had staged a resurgence by the mid-2000s with the RAZR , but lost market share in the second half of that decade. Later it focused on smartphones using Google 's open-source Android mobile operating system. The first phone to use Android 2.0 "Eclair" ,

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3016-539: Was adopted as the High Capacity – Spatial Division Multiple Access (HC-SDMA) radio interface standard (ATIS-0700004-2005) by the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS). The standard was prepared by ATIS’ Wireless Technology and Systems Committee's Wireless Wideband Internet Access subcommittee and accepted as an American National Standard in 2005. HC-SDMA was announced as considered by ISO TC204 WG16 for

3074-413: Was approved by IEEE Standards Board on December 11, 2002, to prepare a formal specification for a packet-based air interface designed for Internet Protocol -based services. At its height, the group had 175 participants. On June 8, 2006, the IEEE-SA Standards Board directed that all activities of the 802.20 Working Group be temporarily suspended until October 1, 2006. The decision came from complaints of

3132-453: Was available, it appeared broadcasters would have to give up at least some spectrum. This led to strong objections from the broadcasting community. In 2013, auctions were planned, and for now any action by broadcasters is voluntary. In the United States, mobile broadband technologies include services from providers such as Verizon , AT&T Mobility , and T-Mobile which allow a more mobile version of Internet access. Consumers can purchase

3190-532: Was later reinstated into the alliance in 1998. In 1998, Motorola was overtaken by Nokia as the world's biggest seller of mobile phone handsets. In 1999, Motorola separated a portion of its semiconductor business—the Semiconductor Components Group (SCG)-- and formed onsemi (then ON Semiconductor ), whose headquarters were located in Phoenix, Arizona . In June 2000, Motorola and Cisco supplied

3248-548: Was made by former Motorola employees. That same year, Motorola sold its television business to the Japan-based Matsushita – the parent company of Panasonic . In 1980, Motorola's next generation 32-bit microprocessor, the MC68000 , led the wave of technologies that spurred the computing revolution in 1984, powering devices from companies such as Apple , Commodore , Atari , Sun , and Hewlett-Packard . In September 1983,

3306-932: Was split into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions , on January 4, 2011. The reorganization was structured with Motorola Solutions legally succeeding Motorola, Inc., and Motorola Mobility being spun off. Motorola designed and sold wireless network equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. Motorola's home and broadcast network products included set-top boxes , digital video recorders , and network equipment used to enable video broadcasting, computer telephony, and high-definition television . Its business and government customers consisted mainly of wireless voice and broadband systems (used to build private networks), and public safety communications systems like Astro and Dimetra . These businesses, except for set-top boxes and cable modems , became part of Motorola Solutions. Motorola's wireless telephone handset division

3364-464: Was to have many similarities with existing satellite radio services (such as Sirius and XM Radio ) by offering live streams of commercial-free music content. Unlike satellite services, however, iRadio content would be downloaded via a broadband internet connection. However, iRadio was never commercially released. Greg Brown became Motorola's chief executive officer in 2008. In October 2008, Motorola agreed to sell its Biometrics business to Safran ,

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