Mjøsa is Norway 's largest lake, as well as one of the deepest lakes in Norway and in Europe . It is the fourth-deepest lake in Norway. It is located in the southern part of Norway, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of the city of Oslo . Its main tributary is the river Gudbrandsdalslågen flowing in from the north; the only distributary is the river Vorma in the south. Inflows would theoretically need 5.6 years to fill the lake. With an average depth of about 150 metres (490 ft), most of the lake's volume is under sea level. The average outflow of the lake (measured from 1931 to 1982) is 316 cubic metres per second (11,200 cu ft/s ) which is about 9,959,000,000 cubic metres per year (1.1145 × 10 cu ft / Ms ). Mjøsa contains about 56.2 km (13.5 cu mi) of water compared to the 14.8 km (3.6 cu mi) in the lake Røssvatnet , the second largest lake by volume in Norway.
36-558: With a surface elevation of about 121 metres (397 ft), the depth of Mjøsa means that the deepest part of the basin is located approximately 332 metres (1,089 ft) below sea level. This is lower than the deepest point of the sea inlet of Kattegat and the lower than the vast majority of Skagerrak off Norway's south coast. Mjøsa retains a larger average depth than both the North Sea and Baltic Sea respectively. Thomas Robert Malthus traveled through Norway in 1799 and his diaries from
72-505: A cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals. At one point, the passable waters were a mere 3.84 km (2.07 nmi; 4,200 yd) wide. The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage', lit. ' cat's strait ' . An archaic name for both the Skagerrak and Kattegat
108-664: A great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic Sea . These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km (114 cu mi) seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year. During stronger winds, the layers in the Kattegat are completely mixed in some places, such as the Great Belt , so the overall salinity is highly variable in this small sea. This sets some unique conditions for
144-477: A rather shallow sea and can be very difficult and dangerous to navigate because of the many sandy and stony reefs and tricky currents, which often shift. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been dredged by either sand pumping or boulder clearance, and a well-developed light signaling network has been installed to safeguard the very heavy international traffic on this small sea. There are several large cities and major ports on
180-483: A salinity between 18‰ and 26‰ and the lower layer – separated by a strong halocline at around 15 m (49 ft) – has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water , but still
216-501: A thriving but threatened biodiversity . Protected areas includes: Denmark Sweden Suffix In linguistics , a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings , which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry grammatical information ( inflectional endings) or lexical information ( derivational /lexical suffixes) . Inflection changes
252-448: Is 117 kilometres (73 mi) long. At its widest, near the town of Hamar , it is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) wide. It is 369 square kilometres (142 sq mi) in area and its volume is estimated at 56 km (13 cu mi); normally its surface is about 121–123 m (397–404 ft) above sea level, and its greatest depth is 453 m (1,486 ft). Its total coastline is estimated at 341 km (212 mi), of which 30%
288-565: Is a public "land-art" project that was supported by the Oppland County Municipality and Hedmark County Municipality as well as local municipalities of Eidsvoll , Gjøvik , Hamar , Lillehammer , Ringsaker , Stange , and Østre Toten . These communities all share shoreline with Mjøsa. Det Var Jo Ingen Horizont Der, is an environmental art collaboration including the works of 12 artists' sculptural and multimedia environmental artworks installed at 20 geographic places on and around
324-532: Is based on the theory that the first element *mer- is related to the English word mere which means "clear" or "bright" and -so is a suffix . From 1932 to 1934, ice racing was held on the lake's northern reaches near Lillehammer. Warmer winters had forced race organisers to move racing from Gjersjøen near Oslo . The Norwegian Grand Prix was held there in 1934. The race was won by Swedish driver Per-Viktor Widengren in an Alfa Romeo 8C but poor attendance saw
360-438: Is built up. Dams built on the distributary of Vorma in 1858, 1911, 1947, and 1965 raised the level by approximately 3.6 m (12 ft) in total. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there have been 20 floods recorded that added at least 7 m (23 ft) to the level of the lake which caused flooding. Several of these floods inundated the city of Hamar . The towns of Hamar , Gjøvik , and Lillehammer were founded along
396-401: Is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a suffixoid or a semi-suffix (e.g., English -like or German -freundlich "friendly"). Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category . In several languages, this is realized by an inflectional suffix, also known as desinence . In the example: the suffix -d inflects
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#1733085074670432-473: Is the European smelt , which is the most important bait fish for the predators. Historically, the most economically significant species is the lågsild (European cisco). Several municipal and urban areas use the lake as their source of drinking water. The lake is named "Mjøsa" ( Old Norse : Mjǫrs / Proto-Norse *Merso ) and this name must be very old. The meaning is possibly "the bright/shiny one". This
468-497: The Baltic Sea to the south and the provinces of Bohuslän , Västergötland , Halland and Scania in Sweden in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean , but in traditional Scandinavian usage, this is not the case. The Kattegat is
504-500: The Middle Ages , the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the Sound dues , a toll charged for passage through the Øresund , while Copenhagen provided shelter, trade, and repair opportunities and protection from piracy . The dues were eventually lifted in 1857. In the Kattegat, the salinity has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has
540-486: The root -word fade to indicate past participle. Inflectional suffixes do not change the word class of the word after the inflection. Inflectional suffixes in Modern English include: Derivational suffixes can be divided into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation. In English, they include A suffix will often change the stress or accent pattern of a multi-syllable word, altering
576-532: The sealife here. Cold seeps , locally known as bubbling reefs ( Danish : boblerev ), are found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike cold seeps in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat bubbling reefs are at relatively shallow depths, generally between 0 and 30 m (0–100 ft) below the surface. The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather
612-617: The 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge ) connecting Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg . The International Hydrographic Organization defines
648-529: The Grand Prix move back to the Oslo region in 1935. In 1975, the 14th World Scout Jamboree was held on its shores. More than 17,000 Scouts from 91 countries took part. In 1995, a Canadian historic aircraft organization named Halifax 57 Rescue recovered a mostly intact Handley Page Halifax bomber from it, which was previously discovered in 1991 to be resting at a depth of 750 feet (228.6 m). The aircraft, NA337,
684-543: The Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%. Several larger areas of the Kattegat are designated as Natura 2000 and under various bird protections such as the Ramsar Convention . The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and they support
720-462: The Kattegat, including, in descending size, Gothenburg , Aarhus , Aalborg , Halmstad , Varberg and Frederikshavn . According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak are found at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland, while
756-663: The South : The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound: According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and Nudansk Ordbog [ da ] , the name derives from the Dutch words katte 'cat's' and gat 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation jargon, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets would compare the Danish straits to a passage so tight that even
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#1733085074670792-482: The bubbles can sometimes be seen on the water surface. Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, and support a rich biodiversity . Because of their unique status, the Kattegat bubbling reefs receive a level of protection and are recognized as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180) by the European Union (EU). The Kattegat, characterised by widespread anoxia ,
828-483: The first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sums up a broad range of initiatives and includes the so-called Nitrate Directives. The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and all goals are not completely met yet. Due to the very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements,
864-447: The grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category . Derivational suffixes fall into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation. Particularly in the study of Semitic languages , suffixes are called affirmatives , as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies , a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root ). A word-final segment that
900-597: The latter two are, due to their relatively dry climate, perceived as belonging to "the Danish desert belt". A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the Kullaberg Nature Reserve in Scania, Sweden, which contains a number of rare species and a scenic rocky shore , the town of Mölle , which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark. Since
936-449: The limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund , Great Belt , and Little Belt ) as follows: On the North : A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær ( 57°54′N 11°27′E / 57.900°N 11.450°E / 57.900; 11.450 ) and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island . On
972-402: The phoneme pattern of the root word even if the root's morphology does not change. An example is the difference between "photograph" and "photography". In this case, the "-y" ending governs the stress pattern, causing the primary stress to shift from the first syllable ("pho-") to the antepenultimate ("-to-"). The unaccented syllables have their ordinary vowel sound changed to a schwa. This can be
1008-516: The shores of Mjøsa. The project is documented in a book and it was part of an exhibition at the Mjøsmuseet (museum) in 2019. Kattegat The Kattegat ( Danish: [ˈkʰætəkæt] ; Swedish : Kattegatt [ˈkâtːɛˌɡat] ) is a 30,000 km (12,000 sq mi) sea area bounded by the Jutlandic peninsula in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and
1044-611: The shores of the lake. Before the construction of railways past the lake, it was an important transport route. Today, aside from minor leisure boating and the steamship Skibladner , there is no water traffic on the lake. Most of its shores are dominated by rolling agricultural areas, among them some of the most fertile grainlands in Norway. The main train line, the Dovre Line between Oslo and Trondheim , goes along its eastern shore, making stops at Hamar Station and Lillehammer Station . From
1080-512: The south, the European route E6 highway runs along the eastern shore of the lake until the Mjøsa Bridge connects Moelv on the east with Biri on the west. The largest and only island in the lake is Helgøya . Except for Helgøya, Mjøsa only contains small islets. The most interesting of these is Steinsholmen, which holds the ruins of Mjøskastellet, a medieval citadel dating from the 13th century. Established by King Haakon IV of Norway , it
1116-563: The southern boundary towards Øresund is found at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania. Major waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg , together with the Lagan , Nissan , Ätran and Viskan in the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the river of Gudenå in Jutland , in Denmark. The main islands of the Kattegat are Samsø , Læsø and Anholt ;
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1152-526: The trip includes a description of Mjøsa. Malthus wrote that Mjøsa appears as both lake and river because the shores are defined by mountains and where the valley becomes wider the water fills the space. Below Minde ( Minnesund ) the lake only appears like a river and is called Vorma on the map, according to Malthus. From its southernmost point at Minnesund in Eidsvoll to its northernmost point in Lillehammer it
1188-427: Was first mentioned historically in a letter dated 1234. Peter Andreas Blix documented the site and made drawings in 1897. Hedmark Museum has a future archaeological plan for the site. Lake Mjøsa has 20 species of fish. Among the most common are pike , European perch , common roach , greyling , and the hundertrout, a brown trout which can reach a weight more than 20 kilograms (44 lb). Another common species
1224-520: Was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began studying how intensive industrial activities affected the natural world. Since then, studies and research has provided much insight into processes like eutrophication , and how to deal with it. Denmark and the EU have initiated costly and far-reaching domestic projects in order to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes since
1260-470: Was shot down at 0131 hours on 24 April 1945 while returning from a supply mission and crashed shortly after. It was later restored extensively to its original state (albeit non – flying) and is now one of only three remaining examples of the type anywhere in the world. The inter-county public art collaboration project, Det Var Jo Ingen Horizont Der is a model for inter-organizational cooperation and collaboration between local municipalities and counties. It
1296-514: Was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea ( Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf ). Its ancient Latin name was Sinus Codanus . Control of the Kattegat, and access to it, have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region. Beginning in 1429 in
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