Mišeluk ( Serbian : Мишелук ) is a neighborhood of the city of Novi Sad in Serbia .
71-647: Mišeluk is located in Syrmian part of Novi Sad, between Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica . Administratively, Mišeluk is regarded as part of Petrovaradin. It is divided into 3 parts: Mišeluk 1, Mišeluk 2, and Mišeluk 3. During NATO bombing of Novi Sad in 1999 , buildings of the Radio Television Novi Sad in Mišeluk were devastated by NATO bombs. Currently, Mišeluk neighborhood is sparsely inhabited, but city authorities are currently planning for Mišeluk to become
142-1058: A Montenegrin and then a confidant of Josip Broz Tito , drew the border according to demographic criteria, which explains why the town of Ilok on the Danube , with a Croat majority, lies east of Šid in Serbia, with a Serb majority. The border drawn in 1945 was very similar to the 1931-1939 border between the Danube Banovina and the Sava Banovina within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . List of cities in Syrmia (with population): Petrovaradin, Sremska Kamenica, Sremski Karlovci and Beočin are geographically located in Syrmia, but they are part of South Bačka District . Municipalities in Serbian Syrmia: The Syrmian villages of Neštin and Vizić are part of
213-464: A brief restoration of the empire's fortunes as the force now known as the ' Komnenian army ' was established by Alexios I Komnenos , marking a decisive break with the thematic system. The new army was highly centralized in the person of the emperor and the ruling dynasty, and provided an element of stability which characterized the Komnenian restoration. It was noticeably more reliant on mercenaries such as
284-501: A central neighborhood in the Syrmian part of Novi Sad. With planned 40,000 future residents, it will be larger than Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica. Mišeluk is the site of largest annual auto-moto racing championship in Serbia (and formerly in Yugoslavia ). Syrmia Syrmia ( Ekavian Serbo-Croatian : Srem / Срем or Ijekavian Srijem / Сријем ) is a region of
355-538: A peace treaty in 845 AD. The region was later incorporated into the Principality of Lower Pannonia , but during the 10th century it became a battleground between Hungarians , Bulgarians , and Serbs . At the beginning of the 11th century, the ruler of Syrmia was Duke Sermon , vassal of the Bulgarian emperor Samuil . There had been Bulgar resistance to Byzantine rule. This collapsed and Sermon, who refused to capitulate
426-459: A radical break with the past, but rather a logical extension of pre-existing, 6th-century trends, and that its direct social impact was minimal. What is clear is that at some point in the mid-7th century, probably in the late 630s and 640s, the Empire's field armies were withdrawn to Anatolia, the last major contiguous territory remaining to the Empire, and assigned to the districts that became known as
497-676: The Cibyrrhaeots ( Θέμα Κιβυρραιωτῶν , Thema Kibyrrhaiotōn ), which encompassed the southern coasts of Asia Minor and the Aegean islands . The part of the region of Thrace under Byzantine control was probably constituted as a theme at about 680, as a response to the Bulgar threat, although for a time the command over Thrace appears to have been exercised by the Count of the Opsikion . Successive campaigns by
568-517: The Croatian War of Independence ensued shortly thereafter. The Serbs self-proclaimed in one part western Syrmia an autonomous region called the "Serbian Autonomous Region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia ". This region was one of the two Serbian autonomous regions that formed the self-declared and unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina . The region was ethnically cleansed of its Croat and some other non-Serb population leading to some of
639-809: The South Bačka district , and another smaller area around Novi Beograd , Zemun , and Surčin belongs to the City of Belgrade . The remaining part of Syrmia is part of the Vukovar-Syrmia County in Croatia. The present international border of the region of Syrmia was drawn in 1945 by the Đilas commission . It divided the Yugoslav constituent republic of Croatia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina , itself part of Serbia , within Yugoslavia . Milovan Đilas ,
710-465: The Varangian guard than the previous army, reducing the importance of the themes. The strategoi increasingly lost power as the empire centralized. The emperors often appointed relatives to the governorships, reducing their autonomous character and solidifying centralized imperial administration. The Komnenian restoration required a new system to manage the severely weakened themes of Anatolia due to
781-498: The 'despotates' grew in power as central authority collapsed, rendering the themes moribund by the onset of the Palaiologos dynasty's rule. The now irrelevant micro provinces under imperial control were organized directly into katepanakias or kephalatikion each also ruled by a Katepan or Kephale with military and civic powers centered around forts and major passes, relegating all minor tasks to deputies. The term thema
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#1732901735458852-494: The 10th century, especially under the warrior-emperors Nikephoros II (r. 963–969), John I Tzimiskes (r. 969–976) and Basil II (r. 976–1025), newly gained territories were also incorporated into themes, although these were generally smaller than the original themes established in the 7th and 8th centuries. At this time, a new class of themes, the so-called "minor" ( μικρὰ θέματα ) or "Armenian" themes ( ἀρμενικὰ θέματα ) appear, which Byzantine sources clearly differentiate from
923-637: The 640s, when the eastern part of the Empire faced the onslaught of the Muslim Caliphate . The rapid Muslim conquest of Syria and Egypt and consequent Byzantine losses in manpower and territory meant that the Empire found itself struggling for survival. In order to respond to this unprecedented crisis, the Empire was drastically reorganized. As established by Hellenistic political practice , philosophies and Orthodox doctrines , power had been concentrated in military leaders strategoi who acted as viceroys in their respective " théma ", being appointed by
994-599: The 6th century, Syrmia was part of the Byzantine province of Pannonia . During that time, Byzantine rule was challenged by Ostrogoths and Gepids . In 567, Byzantine rule was fully restored, although it later collapsed during the Siege of Sirmium by Avars and Slavs (582). It remained under Avar rule up to c. 800, when it came under the control of the Frankish Empire . In 827, Bulgars invaded Syrmia and continued to rule after
1065-463: The Byzantine authorities. One of their peculiarities was the extremely large number of officers (the theme of Charpezikion alone counted 22 senior and 47 junior tourmarchai ). While well suited for defence, the "Armenian" themes were incapable of responding to major invasions or undertake sustained offensive campaigns on their own. Thus, from the 960s, more and more professional regiments, both from
1136-755: The Kelmendi tribe to Syrmia, who were recorded as speaking Albanian as late as 1921. In 1745, the County of Syrmia was established as part of the Habsburgs' Kingdom of Slavonia . During the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791), there were émigrés from Serbia who settled in Syrmia. In 1807, the Tican's Rebellion , a Syrmian peasant uprising, occurred on Ruma estate and in the village of Voganj in Ilok estate. In 1848, most of Syrmia
1207-519: The Kingdom of Hungary. On 29 October 1918, Syrmia became a part of the newly independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . On 24 November 1918, the Assembly of Syrmia proclaimed the unification of Serb-populated parts of Syrmia with the Kingdom of Serbia . However, from 1 December 1918, all of Syrmia was made a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . From 1918 to 1922, Syrmia remained within
1278-426: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and from 1922 to 1929, Syrmia was a province ( oblast ). In 1929, after a new territorial division, Syrmia was divided between Danube Banovina and Drina Banovina , in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and in 1931, it was divided between Danube Banovina and Sava Banovina . In 1939, the western part of Syrmia was included into the newly formed Banovina of Croatia . In 1941, Syrmia
1349-653: The Syrmia by the Ustashe and German Wehrmacht , it turned into a massacre by the Ustasha militia that left up to 7,000 Serbs dead. Among those killed was the prominent painter Sava Šumanović , who was arrested along with 150 residents of Šid . In 1945, with the creation of new borders, eastern Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Serbia , while western Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Croatia . In 1991, Croatia declared its independence from SFR Yugoslavia , and
1420-462: The areas of encampment of the field armies of the East Roman army , and their names corresponded to the military units that had existed in those areas. The theme system reached its apogee in the 9th and 10th centuries, as older themes were split up and the conquest of territory resulted in the creation of new ones. The original theme system underwent significant changes in the 11th and 12th centuries, but
1491-559: The armies in their area. The following table illustrates the thematic structure as found in the Thracesian Theme, c. 902-936: This list includes the large "traditional" themes established in the period from the inception of the theme system in c. 660 to the beginning of the great conquests in c. 930 and the creation of the new, smaller themes. Notes: naval theme (in Greek thema nautikon , θέμα ναυτικόν) Originally established as
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#17329017354581562-458: The catastrophe of Manzikert . The themes followed the Kommenian era trend of greater imperial centralization with the governors being members of the imperial family, owing their allegiance solely to the emperor. This eroded the old independent character of the once large Anatolian themes. The new military governors (called Doux or Katepanos indiscriminately) assumed strongly centralized roles on
1633-454: The early 11th century, these were complemented or replaced by the commands of Iberia , Vaspurakan , Edessa and Ani . In the same vein, the "Armenian" themes seem to have been placed under a single strategos in the mid-11th century. The series of soldier-emperors culminating in Basil II led to a situation where by 1025 Byzantium was more powerful than any of its enemies. At the same time,
1704-400: The east and Valkó (Vukovar) in the west. In the 13th century, between 1282 and 1316, Syrmia was ruled by Stefan Dragutin of Serbia. Initially, Dragutin was a vassal of Hungary but later ruled independently. Dragutin died in 1316, and was succeeded by his son, Stefan Vladislav II (1316–1325). In 1324, Vladislav II was defeated by Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of Rascia . Lower Syrmia became
1775-478: The emperor alone. Their main function around each was the collection of taxes from the different communities " chora ", " komai " and from the different states " proasteion " as well as the management of fast and flexible provincial armies. The remaining imperial territory in Asia Minor was divided into four large themes, and although some elements of the earlier civil administration survived, they were subordinated to
1846-436: The emperor's behalf so that the influx of landed pronoia foreigners in military service could be regulated and counteracted in cases of uprising. The governorships were specifically reserved for relatives of the Komnenian family alone and though efficient emergency measures, it successfully turned the empire into a dependency on foreign mercenaries, yielding the mass of native Greeks and making it unprecedentedly subordinate to
1917-514: The emperors of the Heraclian dynasty in Greece also led to the recovery of control of Central Greece from Slavic invaders, and to the establishment of the theme of Hellas there between 687 and 695. Sicily too was formed as a theme by the end of the 7th century, but the imperial possessions in mainland Italy remained under the exarch of Ravenna or the local doukes , as did Byzantine Africa until
1988-485: The empire's dioceses , Diocletian's main administrative structure, but more importantly, he had also created the exceptional combined military-civilian circumscription of the quaestura exercitus and following the norm, abolished the Diocese of Egypt putting a dux (Greek: stratelates ) with combined authority at the head of each of its old provinces instead. The empire maintained this precedent structure until
2059-462: The establishment of the themes also meant the creation of a new type of army. In his view, instead of the old force, heavily reliant on foreign mercenaries, the new Byzantine army was based on native farmer-soldiers living on state-leased military estates (compare the organization of the Sasanian aswārān ). More recent scholars however have posited that the formation of the themes did not constitute
2130-455: The fall of Carthage in 698. At the same time, Crete and the imperial exclave of Cherson in the Crimea formed independent archontiai . Thus, by the turning of the century, the themes had become the dominant feature of imperial administration. Their large size and power however made their generals prone to revolt, as had been evidenced in the turbulent period 695–715, and would again during
2201-510: The forces of allied and vassal states, as well as the revolts and civil wars resulting from the widening rift between the civilian bureaucracy in Constantinople and the land-holding military elites (the dynatoi ), by the time of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Byzantine army was already undergoing a severe crisis and collapsed completely in the battle's aftermath. The Komnenian era saw
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2272-408: The governing general or stratēgos . The origin and early nature of the themes has been heavily disputed amongst scholars. The very name théma is of uncertain etymology, but most scholars follow Constantine Porphyrogennetos , who records that it originates from Greek thesis ("placement"). The date of their creation is also uncertain. For most of the 20th century, the establishment of
2343-569: The great revolt of Artabasdos in 741–742. The suppression of Artabasdos' revolt heralded the first significant changes in the Anatolian themes: the over-mighty Opsikion was broken up with the creation of two new themes, the Bucellarian Theme and the Optimates , while the role of imperial guard was assumed by a new type of professional force, the imperial tagmata . Despite the prominence of
2414-554: The last of the titular Serbian despots in Syrmia, Stjepan Berislavić , moved to Slavonia , ahead of invading Ottoman forces. Another important local governor was Laurence of Ilok , Duke of Syrmia (1477 to 1524), who reigned over large parts of the region from Ilok . In 1521, parts of Syrmia fell to the Ottomans and by 1538, the entire region was under Ottoman control. Between 1527 and 1530, Radoslav Čelnik ruled Syrmia as an Ottoman vassal. The area of Ottoman administration in Syrmia
2485-500: The main military and administrative divisions of the middle Byzantine Empire . They were established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath of the Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe and Muslim conquests of parts of Byzantine territory, and replaced the earlier provincial system established by Diocletian and Constantine the Great . In their origin, the first themes were created from
2556-498: The manpower of the themes in their heyday, and the new system proved more expensive to maintain in the long run. It also relied on a succession of strong soldier-emperors to be effective. With the death of Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, a new period of decline set in. The neglect under the Angeloi dynasty and the weakening of central authority made the themes increasingly irrelevant in the late 12th century. Regional civil authorities such as
2627-419: The military and work in a theme, thus simultaneously reducing the need for unpopular conscription as well as cheaply maintaining the military. It also allowed for the settling of conquered lands, as there was always a substantial addition made to public lands " proasteion" during a conquest. The commander of a theme, however, did not only command his soldiers. He united the civil and military jurisdictions in
2698-506: The mobile, professional forces of the tagmata gained in importance over the old thematic armies (and fleets) of the interior, which soon began to be neglected. Indeed, from the early 11th century military service was increasingly commuted to cash payments. While the frontier ducates were able to meet most local threats, the dissolution of the old theme-based defensive system deprived the Byzantine defensive system of any strategic depth. Coupled with increasing reliance on foreign mercenaries and
2769-648: The most serious violation of human rights including the Lovas killings , the Tovarnik massacre , the Vukovar massacre and other crimes . The autonomous regions lasted until 1995, when it was reintegrated in Croatia . After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the Croatian part of Syrmia were designated Areas of Special State Concern . In 2002, the population of Syrmia in Serbia
2840-457: The mounting pressure, in the more distant provinces of the West, recently regained by Justinian I (r. 527–565), Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) combined supreme civil and military authority in the person of an exarch , a viceroy , forming the exarchates of Ravenna and Africa . These developments overturned the strict division of civil and military offices, which had been one of the cornerstones of
2911-732: The municipality of Bačka Palanka , the main part of which is in Bačka . Several settlements that are part of the municipality of Sremska Mitrovica are located in Syrmia in Mačva . Municipalities and villages in Croatian Syrmia: Syrmia's principal mountain is Fruška Gora . Its highest peak is Crveni Čot at 539 m. 45°10′12″N 19°17′17″E / 45.170°N 19.288°E / 45.170; 19.288 Theme (Byzantine district) The themes or thémata ( Greek : θέματα , thémata , singular: θέμα , théma ) were
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2982-515: The old tagmata and newly raised formations, were stationed along the border. To command them as well as coordinate the forces of the small frontier themes, a number of large regional commands (" ducates " or " catepanates "), under a doux or katepano , were set up. In the East, the three original such commands, set up by John Tzimiskes, were those of the doukes of Antioch , Chaldia and Mesopotamia . As Byzantium expanded into Greater Armenia in
3053-719: The old areas of the Pontus , Armenia Minor and northern Cappadocia , with its capital at Amasea . The Anatolic Theme ( Θέμα Ἀνατολικῶν , Anatolikōn ), first mentioned in 669, was the successor of the Army of the East ( Aνατολῆ , Anatolē ). It covered southern central Asia Minor, and its capital was Amorium . Together, these two themes formed the first tier of defence of Byzantine Anatolia, bordering Muslim Armenia and Syria respectively. The Thracesian Theme ( Θέμα Θρᾳκησίων , Théma Thrakēsiōn ), first mentioned clearly as late as c. 740,
3124-509: The outset as distinct, well-defined regions where a stratēgos held joint military and civil authority, the term théma originally seems to have referred exclusively to the armies themselves, and only in the later 7th or early 8th centuries did it come to be transferred to the districts where these armies were encamped as well. Tied to the question of chronology is also the issue of a corresponding social and military transformation. The traditional view, championed by Ostrogorsky, holds that
3195-413: The process of establishing troops (themes) in specific areas of Asia Minor has already begun at this time." This view has been objected to by other historians however, and more recent scholarship dates their creation later, to the period from the 640s to the 660s, under Constans II (r. 641–668). It has further been shown that, contrary to Ostrogorsky's conception of the thémata being established from
3266-564: The reforms of Diocletian (r. 284–305). Said administrative restructurings also found a precedent in Justinian's broad reorganization in the western conquests, denoting combined powers to the newly established Praetorian prefects of Africa ( Eparchos tes Afrikís ) and Italy ( Eparchos tes Italías ) respectively. Justinian also endowed governors ( eparchs , stratelates ) of the eastern provinces plagued by brigandage and foreign invasions with military and administrative powers, formally abolishing
3337-456: The southern Pannonian Plain , which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is divided between Serbia and Croatia . Most of the region is flat, with the exception of the low Fruška gora mountain stretching along the Danube in its northern part. The word "Syrmia" is derived from the ancient city of Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica ). Sirmium was a Celtic or Illyrian town founded in
3408-648: The southern coast of Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands, with its stratēgos seat most likely at Samos . It provided the bulk of the Byzantine navy facing the new Arab fleets, which after the Battle of the Masts contested control of the Mediterranean with the Empire. In the event, the Carabisians would prove unsatisfactory in that role, and by 720 they had been disbanded in favour of a fully fledged naval theme, that of
3479-931: The subject of dispute between the Kingdoms of Rascia and Hungary. In 1404, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor ceded part of Syrmia to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia. From 1459, the Hungarian kings endorsed the House of Branković and later, the Berislavići Grabarski family as the titular heads of the Serbian Despotate of which Syrmia was a part. They resided in Kupinik (modern Kupinovo). The local rulers included Vuk Grgurević (1471 to 1485); Đorđe Branković (1486 to 1496), Jovan Branković (1496 to 1502), Ivaniš Berislavić (1504 to 1514), and Stjepan Berislavić (1520 to 1535). In 1522,
3550-594: The term remained in use as a provincial and financial circumscription until the very end of the Empire. During the late 6th and early 7th centuries, the Byzantine Empire was under frequent attack from all sides. The Sassanid Empire was pressing from the east on Syria , Egypt , and Anatolia . Slavs and Avars raided Thrace, Macedonia, Illyricum, and southern Greece and settled in the Balkans . The Lombards occupied northern Italy , largely unopposed. In order to face
3621-682: The territorial area in question. Thus the division set up by Diocletian between civil governors ( praesides etc.) and military commanders ( duces etc.) was abolished, and the Empire returned to a system much more similar to that of the Republic or the Principate and directly linkeable to the system of Eparchies and Strategiai set up in the Hellenistic Seleucid and Mithridatric Kingdoms respectively, which were military in origin and organization as well, where provincial governors had also commanded
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#17329017354583692-584: The themes was attributed to the Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), during the last of the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars . Most notable amongst the supporters of this thesis was George Ostrogorsky who based this opinion on an extract from the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor mentioning the arrival of Heraclius "in the lands of the themes" for the year 622. According to Ostrogorsky, this "shows that
3763-463: The themes, it was some time before they became the basic unit of the imperial administrative system. Although they had become associated with specific regions by the early 8th century, it took until the end of the 8th century for the civil fiscal administration to begin being organized around them, instead of following the old provincial system. This process, resulting in unified control over both military and civil affairs of each theme by its strategos ,
3834-524: The themes. Territorially, each of the new themes encompassed several of the older provinces, and with a few exceptions, seems to have followed the old provincial boundaries. The first four themes were those of the Armeniacs, Anatolics and Thracesians, and the Opsician theme. The Armeniac Theme ( Θέμα Ἀρμενιακῶν , Théma Armeniakōn ), first mentioned in 667, was the successor of the Army of Armenia. It occupied
3905-422: The third century BC. Srem ( Serbian Cyrillic : Срем ) and Srijem ( Сријем ) are used to designate the region in Serbia and Croatia respectively. Other names for the region include: Between 3000 BC and 2400 BC, Syrmia was at the centre of Indo-European Vučedol culture . Sirmium was conquered by Romans in the first century BC and became the economic and political capital of Pannonia . In 6 AD, there
3976-411: The totally lawless landed monasteries and the dynatoi , who after Alexios's tax reforms could formalize the various illegally acquired towns and communes as long as they could secure the full taxation of their new domains by the fisc, a process worse fueled by the extensive chrysobulas of different institutions granted by the monarch. The Byzantine army of the Komnenian era never managed to field
4047-400: The traditional "great" or "Roman" themes ( ῥωμαϊκά θέματα ). Most consisted merely of a fortress and its surrounding territory, with a junior stratēgos (called zirwar by the Arabs and zoravar by the Armenians) as a commander and about 1,000 men, chiefly infantry, as their garrison. As their name reveals, they were mostly populated by Armenians , either indigenous or settled there by
4118-463: The will of its European counterparts. Each Theme was overseen by a Katepanos or Doux , whose authorities was both military and civil, subdivided into Katepanakias encompassing the old Tourmas , now each ruled by a Praktor instead of a Tourmarches fulfilling the same civic and military roles now widely in the hands of pronoiars . The pronoiars became the bulk of the imperial tagmata's reserves, slowly taking their place side by side with
4189-400: Was 790,697. 668,745 (84.58%) were Serb . In 2001, the population of the Croatian Vukovar-Srijem county was 204,768. The census showed that Croats made up 78.3% of total population, Serbs 15.5%, Hungarians 1%, Rusyns 0.9% and others. The majority of Syrmia is located in the Srem district of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia . A smaller area around Novi Sad is part of
4260-410: Was a simplified Hellenistic and fiscal administrative principle adapted for war times. The soldiers were still technically a military unit, under the command of a strategos , they did not own the land they worked as it was still controlled by the state. Therefore, for its use the soldiers' pay was reduced. By accepting this proposition, the participants agreed that their descendants would also serve in
4331-448: Was ambiguous, referring both to a form of military tenure and to an administrative division. A theme was an arrangement of plots of land given for farming to the soldiers " stratiotai" coexisting with different villages and towns, " Komai", " Chora " which were taxed for rapid and continuous revenue for the state with an easy and simple handling for a more direct control of the empire by the emperor alone or his viceroys , which ultimately,
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#17329017354584402-405: Was an uprising of the indigenous peoples against Roman rule. However, ten later Roman Emperors were born in Sirmium or nearby. They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361) and Gratian (367–383). In
4473-430: Was based at Nicaea . Uniquely, its commander retained his title of kómēs ( κόμης , "count"). In addition, the great naval division of the Carabisians or Karabisianoi ( Kαραβισιάνοι , "people of the κᾱ́ρᾰβοι [ships]"), first mentioned in 680, was probably formed of the remains of the Army of the Illyricum or, more likely, the old quaestura exercitus . It never formed a theme proper, but occupied parts of
4544-424: Was captured and killed by Constantine Diogenes . A new but ultimately short lived area of governance named the Thema of Sirmium was established. It included the region of Syrmia and what is now Mačva . In 1071, Hungarians took over the region of Syrmia, but the Byzantine Empire reconquered the province after the victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Syrmia (1167) . Byzantine rule ended in 1180, when Syrmia
4615-437: Was complete by the mid-9th century, and is the "classical" thematic model mentioned in such works as the Klētorologion and the De Administrando Imperio . At the same time, the need to protect the Anatolian heartland of Byzantium from the Arab raids led to the creation, in the later 8th and early 9th centuries, of a series of small frontier districts, the kleisourai or kleisourarchiai ("defiles, enclosures"). The term
4686-401: Was known as the Sanjak of Syrmia . In 1699, the Habsburg monarchy took western Syrmia from the Ottomans as part of the Treaty of Karlowitz . Until the Treaty of Passarowitz at the end of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18 , remainder of Syrmia was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier . At the end of the Austro-Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739, there was a migration of Albanians from
4757-402: Was occupied by the World War II Axis powers and its entire territory was ceded to the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi puppet state . The fascist Ustashe regime systematically murdered Serbs (as part of the Genocide of the Serbs ), Jews ( The Holocaust ), Roma ( The Porajmos ), and some political dissidents. In August 1942, following the joint military anti-partisan operation in
4828-428: Was part of the temporary Serbian Voivodship , a Serb autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. By a 1849 decree of the Emperor Franz Joseph , the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat was created, comprising Northern Syrmia, including Ilok and Ruma. After 1860, the County of Syrmia was re-established and returned to the Kingdom of Slavonia . In 1868, the Kingdom of Slavonia became part of Croatia-Slavonia in
4899-413: Was previously used to signify strategically important, fortified mountain passages, and was now expanded to entire districts which formed separate commands under a kleisourarchēs , tasked with guerrilla warfare and locally countering small to mid-scale incursions and raids. Gradually, most of these were elevated to full themes. With the beginning of the Byzantine offensives in the East and the Balkans in
4970-407: Was taken again by the Hungarians. In the 13th century, the region was controlled by the Kingdom of Hungary . On 3 March 1229, the acquisition of Syrmia was confirmed by Papal bull . Pope Gregory IX wrote, "[Margaretha] soror…regis Ungarie [acquired] terram…ulterior Sirmia". In 1231, The Duke of Syrmia was Giletus . In the 1200s, the territory around Syrmia was divided into two counties: Syrmia in
5041-416: Was the successor of the Army of Thrace , and covered the central western coast of Asia Minor ( Ionia , Lydia and Caria ), with its capital most likely at Chonae . The Opsician Theme ( Θέμα Ὀψικίου , Théma Opsikiou ), first mentioned in 680, was constituted from the imperial retinue (in Latin Obsequium ). It covered northwestern Asia Minor ( Bithynia , Paphlagonia and parts of Galatia ), and
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