164-873: David Benjamin Mixner (August 16, 1946 – March 11, 2024) was an American political activist and author. He was best known for his work in anti-war and gay rights advocacy. Mixner played a key role in defeating Proposition 6 in California , which sought to ban gays and lesbians from being schoolteachers. He also organized the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam in 1969, drawing millions of protesters nationwide. Mixner later became involved in Bill Clinton 's presidential campaigns but criticized Clinton's " Don't Ask, Don't Tell " policy, which led to
328-413: A Bermudian cadet who was present) "that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments, but during
492-778: A Santa Fe September 13 rally, Humphrey said the Goldwater-led Republican Party was seeking "to divide America so that they may conquer" and that Goldwater would pinch individuals in his reduction of government. On September 16, Humphrey said the Americans for Democratic Action supported the Johnson administration's economic sanctions against Cuba, and that the organization wanted to see a free Cuban government. The following day in San Antonio , Texas, Humphrey said Goldwater opposed programs favored by most Texans and Americans. During
656-720: A bookkeeper and graduate of local Huron College. They were married from 1936 until Humphrey's death nearly 42 years later. They had four children: Nancy Faye, Skip Humphrey , Robert Andrew, and Douglas Sannes. Money was an issue that plagued the Humphreys consistently. One biographer noted, "For much of his life he was short of money to live on, and his relentless drive to attain the White House seemed at times like one long, losing struggle to raise enough campaign funds to get there." To help boost his salary, Humphrey frequently took paid outside speaking engagements. Through most of his years as
820-524: A George Reed memo with the allegation that the president would die within six months from an already acquired fatal heart disease. The same day, during a speech in Washington, Johnson announced Humphrey would have the position of giving assistance to governmental civil rights programs. On January 19, 1965, the day before the inauguration, Humphrey told the Democratic National Committee that
984-612: A March on Washington to protest the LGBT community's lack of equal rights. Cleve Jones , spurred by Mixner's call to march, led the organizational efforts for the National Equality March , scheduled for October 10–11, 2009. Mixner and Jones both would be featured speakers at a rally in front of the Capitol after the March. Over 200,000 people marched on Washington on October 11, 2009. Mixner
1148-456: A November 20 interview, Humphrey announced he would resign his Senate seat midway through the next month so that Walter Mondale could assume the position. On December 10, 1964, Humphrey met with Johnson in the Oval Office, the latter charging the vice president-elect with "developing a publicity machine extraordinaire and of always wanting to get his name in the paper." Johnson showed Humphrey
1312-706: A September 27 appearance in Cleveland , Ohio, Humphrey said the Kennedy administration had led America in a prosperous direction and called for voters to issue a referendum with their vote against "those who seek to replace the Statue of Liberty with an iron-padlocked gate." At an October 1 rally in Tacoma , Washington, Humphrey attacked Goldwater as a radical who opposed the 1960 GOP platform and true conservatism, which in Humphrey's opinion meant
1476-566: A U.S. senator and vice president, he lived in a middle-class suburban housing development in Chevy Chase, Maryland . In 1958, the Humphreys used their savings and his speaking fees to build a lakefront home in Waverly, Minnesota , about 40 miles west of Minneapolis. During World War II , Humphrey tried three times to join the armed forces but failed. His first two attempts were to join the Navy, first as
1640-478: A balance of tradition and progress. At Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, on October 2, Humphrey said the general election would give voters a choice between his running mate and a candidate "who curses the darkness and never lights a candle". During an October 9 Jersey City, New Jersey , appearance, Humphrey responded to critics of the administration, who he called "sick and tired Americans", by touting
1804-622: A benefit for Dixon Place and the Ali Forney Center, an organization benefiting LGBT homeless youth . Mixner released a memoir of his time in Turkey Hollow, At Home with Myself: Stories from the Hills of Turkey Hollow , in September 2011. The memoir is published by Magnus Books. In February 2014, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Alan Cumming acquired the rights to Dunes of Overveen ,
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#17330862037411968-606: A ceasefire was signed. The following day, an estimated 180,000 protestors gathered in Hyde Park , England, in what may have been the largest pro-Palestine demonstration in British history. Speeches were made by anti-war campaigners and trade union members including demands that the UK government disinvest and sanction Israel. Messages such as "free Palestine" and "stop the war" were displayed on banners and placards and chanted by protesters. Despite
2132-507: A commissioned officer and then as an enlisted man. He was rejected both times for color blindness. He then tried to enlist in the Army in December 1944 but failed the physical exam because of a double hernia, color blindness, and calcification of the lungs. Despite his attempts to join the military, one biographer would note that "all through his political life, Humphrey was dogged by the charge that he
2296-713: A few cities in the United States to prohibit racial discrimination in the workforce. Humphrey and his publicists were proud that the Council on Human Relations brought together individuals of varying ideologies. In 1960, Humphrey told journalist Theodore H. White , "I was mayor once, in Minneapolis ... a mayor is a fine job, it's the best job there is between being a governor and being the President." A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts by Melvin G. Holli of
2460-532: A generation of poets and writers influenced by their experiences in the war. The work of poets, including Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon , exposed the contrast between the realities of life in the trenches and how the war was seen by the British public at the time and the earlier patriotic verse penned by Rupert Brooke . The German writer Erich Maria Remarque penned All Quiet on the Western Front , which has been adapted for several mediums and has become of
2624-541: A huge upturn in business for their fledgling political consulting firm, Mixner/Scott, and were asked by Bill Clinton, then running for governor of Arkansas, to host a reception for Clinton at their Los Angeles home. In late 1984, after years of devastation in his personal life resulting from the AIDS crisis , Mixner decided to focus his energy on combating nuclear proliferation , creating an organization named PRO Peace. Mixner envisioned finding five thousand Americans who would take
2788-512: A local anesthetic, so that even if the sniffles didn't get better, you felt it less." The various "Humphrey cures ... worked well enough and constituted an important part of the family income ... the farmers that bought the medicines were good customers." Over time Humphrey's Drug Store became a profitable enterprise and the family again prospered. While living in Huron, Humphrey regularly attended Huron's largest Methodist church and became scoutmaster of
2952-612: A local glass factory and later took a job as a bookkeeper for the local John Deere dealership. Mixner had two older siblings, Patsy Mixner Annison and Melvin Mixner. Mixner attended Daretown Elementary School, then Woodstown High School , where he got involved in the Civil Rights Movement , by participating in picketing and sending his own money to Martin Luther King Jr. In his memoir, Stranger Among Friends , Mixner explains that his parents were "livid" over his involvement in
3116-448: A long tribute to the President, then hit his stride as he began a rhythmic jabbing and chopping at Barry Goldwater . "Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate voted for an $ 11.5 billion tax cut for American citizens and American business," he cried, "but not Senator Goldwater. Most Democrats and Republicans in the Senate – in fact four-fifths of the members of his own party – voted for
3280-591: A march with CMS and was very publicly arrested outside the White House , for which he received a great deal of publicity because of his personal relationship with Clinton. Mixner and Clinton later healed the rift, but Clinton never again revisited the policy during his presidency. Despite his long history with Bill Clinton, Mixner would not support Hillary Clinton 's 2008 presidential campaign, initially endorsing John Edwards before throwing his support to Barack Obama . Mixner stated that his endorsement of Edwards marked
3444-444: A meeting with former Governor and future President Ronald Reagan , whom they convinced to oppose the initiative publicly. As a result, and through the work of Mixner, Scott, legendary gay rights activist and San Francisco City Councilman Harvey Milk , and others, Proposition 6 was defeated by over a million votes, the first ballot initiative of its sort to be shot down. As a result of this huge success, Mixner and Scott experienced
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#17330862037413608-568: A one-night-only event to benefit the Point Foundation, featured Mixner revealing intensely personal details about the struggles he had faced, including the pain of losing 300 friends to AIDS in the 1980s. Due to the overwhelmingly positive reception the show received, Mixner was invited to revive the show for performances in Los Angeles and San Francisco in June 2015, with additional cities to follow. The stage production made its international debut at
3772-673: A play written by Mixner and Dennis Bailey, debuted at the Boyd Vance Theatre at the George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center in Austin, Texas . The play, a historical drama set during World War II, concerns a Jewish White House aide's discovery of a secret proposal to bomb Hitler's Concentration Camps in Eastern Europe . Directed by Derek Kolluri, the show debuted to positive reviews. On 20 July 2023, Mixner
3936-409: A portion of the 88th Congress . Initially, Humphrey's support of civil rights led to his being ostracized by Southern Democrats, who dominated Senate leadership positions and wanted to punish him for proposing the civil rights platform at the 1948 Convention. Senator Richard Russell Jr. of Georgia, a leader of Southern Democrats, once remarked to other senators as Humphrey walked by, "Can you imagine
4100-428: A possible future military attack against Iran by the United States is known to have started during 2005–2006. Beginning in early 2005, journalists , activists and academics such as Seymour Hersh , Scott Ritter , Joseph Cirincione and Jorge E. Hirsch began publishing claims that United States' concerns over the alleged threat posed by the possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program might lead
4264-734: A pro-civil rights agenda. The move backfired: although the civil rights plank cost Truman the Dixiecrats' support, a significant number of black voters switched their support from Henry A. Wallace to him. As a result, Truman won an upset victory over his Republican opponent, Thomas E. Dewey . The result demonstrated that the Democratic Party could win presidential elections without the "Solid South" and weakened Southern Democrats. Pulitzer Prize -winning historian David McCullough has written that Humphrey probably did more to get Truman elected in 1948 than anyone other than Truman himself. Humphrey
4428-460: A protégé of Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas . Humphrey became known for his advocacy of liberal causes (such as civil rights , arms control , a nuclear test ban , food stamps , and humanitarian foreign aid ), and for his long and witty speeches. Humphrey was a liberal leader who fought to uphold Truman's veto of the McCarran Act of 1950 . The bill was designed to suppress
4592-691: A purveyor of fairy tales. In a September address to the National Stationery and Office Equipment Association, Humphrey called for further inspection of Khrushchev's "live and let live" doctrine and maintained the Cold War could be won by using American "weapons of peace". In June 1963, Humphrey accompanied his longtime friend labor leader Walter Reuther on a trip to Harpsund , the Swedish Prime Minister's summer country retreat, to meet with European socialist leaders for an exchange of ideas. Among
4756-619: A resolution calling for the US to urge free elections in Germany in response to the anti-Communist riots in East Berlin . In December 1958, after receiving a message from Nikita Khrushchev during a visit to the Soviet Union, Humphrey returned insisting that the message was not negative toward America. In February 1959, Humphrey said American newspapers should have ignored Khrushchev's comments calling him
4920-509: A result of weariness with the length of the conflict and partly as a result of a conflating of the conflict with the unpopular war in Iraq. The anti-war position gained renewed support and attention in the buildup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and its allies. Millions of people staged mass protests across the world in the immediate prelude to the invasion, and demonstrations and other forms of anti-war activism have continued throughout
5084-447: A rift between them. Mixner continued his activism throughout his life, focusing on issues like nuclear disarmament , AIDS awareness, and LGBT rights . He was honored for his activism and writing, including receiving an honorary doctorate from Washington College in 2015. Mixner was born on August 16, 1946, and grew up in the small town of Elmer, New Jersey . His father Ben worked on a corporate farm, and his mother Mary worked shifts at
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5248-523: A script written by Mixner and Rich Burns about the true story of gay Dutch artist Willem Arondeus and the anti- Nazi uprising of artists he led in Amsterdam during World War II . Cumming has indicated he would star in the project, which is seeking a director. Mixner created three performance pieces that covered his life that have become known as the "Mixner Trilogy" in the Broadway Community. Among
5412-474: A speech by General William Westmoreland . Prompted by an article he read in The Arizona Republic about city garbage workers who were seeking the right to unionize, in the fall of 1966, Mixner organized the first of many protests he would organize over the next thirty years. Mixner rallied hundreds of workers, students, and professors and led a march on City Hall . Although the city successfully broke
5576-411: A spirit of nonconformism, peace, and anti-establishmentarianism. This anti-war sentiment developed during a time of unprecedented student activism and right on the heels of the Civil Rights Movement , and was reinforced in numbers by the demographically significant baby boomers . It quickly grew to include a wide and varied cross-section of Americans from all walks of life. The anti-Vietnam war movement
5740-487: A stiff tax increase to prevent borrowing. In a January 1951 letter to President Truman, Humphrey wrote of the necessity of a commission akin to the Fair Employment Practices Commission that would be used to end discrimination in defense industries and predicted that establishing such a commission by executive order would be met with high approval by Americans. On June 18, 1953, Humphrey introduced
5904-487: A strike against everything. Brown decided that the word "moratorium" would be less threatening than "strike" to middle-class Americans, and set to work, setting aside October 15, 1969 as the day of the moratorium. Brown soon enlisted the help of Mixner, David Hawk, another young activist, and Marge Sklencar, whom they knew from the McCarthy campaign. Bill Clinton , at the time a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University , visited
6068-510: A successful Viet Cong hit-and-run attack on a U.S. military installation at Pleiku on February 7, 1965 (where 7 Americans were killed and 109 wounded), Humphrey returned from Georgia to Washington D.C., to attempt to prevent further escalation. He told President Johnson that bombing North Vietnam was not a solution to the problems in South Vietnam , but that bombing would require the injection of US ground forces into South Vietnam to protect
6232-665: A would-be attack on Iran. Anti-war/Putin demonstrations took place in Moscow "opposing the War in Donbass ", i.e., in Eastern Ukraine . In May 2021, protests broke out following a flare-up of the Israel–Palestine conflict . In the U.S., thousands gathered in at least seven major cities across the country in solidarity with Palestinians. The 2021 conflict lasted from 6 May until 21 May when
6396-450: A year from now or a month from now, right now", and "You take care of the law enforcement. I'll take care of the politics." Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948, winning reelection in 1947 by the largest margin in the city's history to that time. Humphrey gained national fame by becoming one of the founders of the liberal anticommunist Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), and he served as chairman from 1949 to 1950. He also reformed
6560-427: A year out of their lives to walk across America to advocate for disarmament, holding rallies throughout the country. The Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament , which Mixner would later call his "biggest political failure and [his] biggest regret" ultimately left Los Angeles on March 1, 1986, with only 1200 marchers. The marchers reached as far as Barstow, California before unpaid debts to employees forced
6724-540: Is an infringement on states' rights, I say this: the time has arrived in America for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!" Humphrey and his allies succeeded: the convention adopted the pro-civil-rights plank by a vote of 651 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 582 + 1 ⁄ 2 . After the convention's vote, the Mississippi delegation and half of
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6888-547: Is often considered to have been a major factor affecting America's involvement in the war itself. Many Vietnam veterans , including future Secretary of State and U.S. Senator John Kerry and disabled veteran Ron Kovic , spoke out against the Vietnam War on their return to the United States. Mrs. Ngo Ba Thanh , a Vietnamese peace activist, aligned her Vietnamese Women's Movement for the Right to Live with international activists of
7052-603: Is often credited for creating the Peace Corps , Humphrey introduced the first bill to create the Peace Corps in 1957—three years before Kennedy's University of Michigan speech. A trio of journalists wrote of Humphrey in 1969 that "few men in American politics have achieved so much of lasting significance. It was Humphrey, not Senator [Everett] Dirksen, who played the crucial part in the complex parliamentary games that were needed to pass
7216-466: Is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts, or to anti-war books, paintings, and other works of art. Some activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements . Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict or to prevent one from arising. Substantial opposition to British war intervention in America led
7380-530: The 1940 presidential campaign Humphrey and future University of Minnesota president Malcolm Moos debated the merits of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Democratic nominee, and Wendell Willkie , the Republican nominee, on a Minneapolis radio station. Humphrey supported Roosevelt. Humphrey soon became active in Minneapolis politics, and as a result never finished his PhD. In 1934, Humphrey began dating Muriel Buck ,
7544-477: The 1948 Democratic National Convention , the party platform reflected the division by containing only platitudes supporting civil rights. The incumbent president, Harry S. Truman , had shelved most of his 1946 Commission on Civil Rights's recommendations to avoid angering Southern Democrats. But Humphrey had written in The Progressive magazine, "The Democratic Party must lead the fight for every principle in
7708-622: The 1964 presidential campaign began, Humphrey made clear his interest in becoming Lyndon Johnson's running mate. At the 1964 Democratic National Convention , Johnson kept the three likely vice-presidential candidates, Connecticut Senator Thomas Dodd , fellow Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy , and Humphrey, as well as the rest of the nation, in suspense before announcing his choice of Humphrey with much fanfare, praising his qualifications at considerable length before announcing his name. The following day Humphrey's acceptance speech overshadowed Johnson's own acceptance address: Hubert warmed up with
7872-647: The 1968 presidential election , which he lost to Republican nominee Richard Nixon . Born in Wallace, South Dakota , Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota . In 1943, he became a professor of political science at Macalester College and ran a failed campaign for mayor of Minneapolis . He helped found the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) in 1944; the next year he was elected mayor of Minneapolis, serving until 1948 and co-founding
8036-566: The Alabama delegation walked out of the hall. Many Southern Democrats were so enraged at this affront to their "way of life" that they formed the Dixiecrat party and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . The Dixiecrats' goal was to take Southern states away from Truman and thus cause his defeat. They reasoned that after such a defeat, the national Democratic Party would never again aggressively pursue
8200-573: The American Communist Party . With a small group of liberals he supported the Kilgore substitute that would allow the president to lock up subversives, without trial, in a time of national emergency. The model was the internment of West Coast Japanese in 1942 . The goal was to split the McCarran coalition. For years critics charged that Humphrey supported concentration camps. The ploy failed to stop
8364-718: The British House of Commons on 27 February 1783 to vote against further war in America , paving the way for the Second Rockingham ministry and the Peace of Paris . Substantial antiwar sentiment developed in the United States roughly between the end of the War of 1812 and the commencement of the Civil War in what is called the Antebellum era . A similar movement developed in England during
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#17330862037418528-405: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 . It was Humphrey, not John Kennedy, who first proposed the Peace Corps. The Food for Peace program was Humphrey's idea, and so was Medicare , passed sixteen years after he first proposed it. He worked for Federal aid to education from 1949, and for a nuclear-test ban treaty from 1956. These are the solid monuments of twenty years of effective work for liberal causes in
8692-432: The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), it is surprising how great the resistance to Milošević's propaganda was among Serbs, given that and the lack of access to alternative news. The most famous associations and NGOs who marked the anti-war ideas and movements in Serbia were the Center for Antiwar Action , Women in Black , Humanitarian Law Center and Belgrade Circle . The Rimtutituki
8856-452: The Select Committee on Disarmament ( 84th and 85th Congresses). In February 1960 he introduced a bill to establish a National Peace Agency. With another former pharmacist, Representative Carl Durham , Humphrey cosponsored the Durham-Humphrey Amendment , which amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act , defining two specific categories for medications, legend ( prescription ) and over-the-counter (OTC). As Democratic whip in
9020-430: The Stop the War Committee . In Britain, in 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Camp , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army Lord Kitchener was to review the cadets , but the immenence of the war prevented him. General Horace Smith-Dorrien was sent instead. He surprised the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith,
9184-439: The University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Humphrey as the 28th-best American big-city mayor to have served between 1820 and 1993. The Democratic Party of 1948 was split between those, mainly Northerners, who thought the federal government should actively protect civil rights for racial minorities, and those, mainly Southerners, who believed that states should be able to enforce racial segregation within their borders. At
9348-438: The Vietnam War . The war in Iraq has also generated significant artistic anti-war works, including the American filmmaker Michael Moore 's Fahrenheit 9/11 , which holds the box-office record for documentary films, and the Canadian musician Neil Young 's 2006 album Living with War . Various people have discussed the philosophical question of whether war is inevitable, and how it can be avoided; in other words, what are
9512-492: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and Women Strike for Peace . Her imprisonment and publications about the war brought international attention to the social and economic issues created by the war and fostered international opposition to it. Her arrest and lack of a trial sparked Bella Abzug and WILPF members to write to the United States Congress and petition President Richard Nixon to appeal to South Vietnamese officials for her release, which
9676-414: The Women's March in 2017, it was the largest march in the history of the United States. In 1969, Mixner revealed the deep personal struggle of being a closeted gay man in that time and a blackmail attempt that threatened to out him. In addition, he tells stories about Richard Nixon , Henry Kissinger , John Dean and others in the production. At the end, Sam Brown, and David Hawk joined Mixner on stage,
9840-406: The bombing of Dresden in World War II , which Vonnegut witnessed. The second half of the 20th century also witnessed a strong anti-war presence in other art forms, including anti-war music such as " Eve of Destruction ", " And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda " and " One Tin Soldier ", and films such as M*A*S*H and Die Brücke , opposing the Cold War in general or specific conflicts such as
10004-510: The dust storms , the conflict between my desire to do something and be somebody and my loyalty to him ... he replied 'Hubert, if you aren't happy, then you ought to do something about it'." Humphrey returned to the University of Minnesota in 1937 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1939. He was a member of Phi Delta Chi , a pharmacy fraternity. He also earned a master's degree from Louisiana State University in 1940, serving as an assistant instructor of political science there. One of his classmates
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#173308620374110168-432: The left-wing non-communist group Americans for Democratic Action in 1947. In 1948, he was elected to the U.S. Senate and successfully advocated for the inclusion of a proposal to end racial segregation in the 1948 Democratic National Convention 's party platform. Humphrey served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964, and was the Senate Majority Whip for the last four years of his tenure. During this time, he
10332-545: The motivations for entering World War I, but many were willing to fight later in the Spanish Civil War , indicating that pacifism was not always the motivation. These trends were depicted in novels such as All Quiet on the Western Front , For Whom the Bell Tolls and Johnny Got His Gun . Opposition to World War II was most vocal during its early period, and stronger still before it started while appeasement and isolationism were considered viable diplomatic options. Communist-led organizations, including veterans of
10496-402: The post-war realignment , and the opposition resumed. The grim realities of modern combat, and the nature of mechanized society ensured that the anti-war viewpoint found presentation in Catch-22 , Slaughterhouse-Five and The Tin Drum . This sentiment grew in strength as the Cold War seemed to present the situation of an unending series of conflicts, which were fought at terrible cost to
10660-439: The 117 person delegation. The Georgia Democratic Party Forum, which sought to challenge Maddox's delegation, held its own convention in Macon , where Congressman John Conyers (D–MI) keynoted their convention before turning over the floor to Julian Bond , the first African-American elected to the Georgia legislature, who would later become Chairman of the NAACP . At the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Mixner
10824-414: The California ballot by Orange County State Senator John Briggs that would make it illegal for gays and lesbians to be schoolteachers. Similar initiatives had recently passed throughout the country when Mixner turned his focus to fighting Proposition 6, creating the "NO on 6" organization to fight it; through the process, he would publicly come out of the closet . Mixner and his lover Peter Scott secured
10988-433: The Civil Rights Act, but not Senator Goldwater." Time after time, he capped his indictments with the drumbeat cry: "But not Senator Goldwater!" The delegates caught the cadence and took up the chant. A quizzical smile spread across Humphrey's face, then turned to a laugh of triumph. Hubert was in fine form. He knew it. The delegates knew it. And no one could deny that Hubert Humphrey would be a formidable political antagonist in
11152-421: The Civil Rights Movement, claiming his activism embarrassed them. When Mixner told them he wanted to go south during the summer of 1963 after following the events in Birmingham, Alabama , his parents forbade him. In the fall of 1964, Mixner enrolled at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona , where he soon became involved in civil rights and anti-war activism, including helping to organize protests against
11316-583: The Communists from the DFL. After the war, Humphrey again ran for mayor of Minneapolis; this time, he won the June 1945 general election with 61% of the vote. As mayor, he helped ensure the appointment of a friend and previous neighbor, Edwin Ryan, as head of the police department, as he needed a "police chief whose integrity and loyalty would be above reproach." Though they had differing views of labor unions, Ryan and Humphrey worked together to crack down on crime in Minneapolis. Humphrey told Ryan, "I want this town cleaned up and I mean I want it cleaned up now, not
11480-452: The Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency , Mohamed ElBaradei , a former United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq , Scott Ritter , Nobel Prize winners including Shirin Ebadi , Mairead Corrigan-Maguire and Betty Williams , Harold Pinter and Jody Williams , Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament , Code Pink , the Non-Aligned Movement of 118 states, and the Arab League , have publicly stated their opposition to
11644-467: The Elfo Puccini Theatre Archived April 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine in Milan on April 18, 2016. Mixner's original play 1969 was staged at the Florence Gould Hall Theater in New York City on March 6, 2017. Mixner takes theatre-goers back to the year 1969 where, along with Sam Brown , David Hawk, and Marge Sklencar, he created the Vietnam Moratorium , which involved protests against the Vietnam War on October 15 and November 15 of that year. Until
11808-462: The European leaders who met with Humphrey and Reuther were the prime ministers of Britain, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, as well as future German chancellor Willy Brandt . Humphrey ran for the Democratic presidential nomination twice before his election to the vice presidency in 1964. The first time was as Minnesota's favorite son in 1952; he received only 26 votes on the first ballot. The second time
11972-408: The Humphreys had become manufacturers ... of patent medicines for both hogs and humans. A sign featuring a wooden pig was hung over the drugstore to tell the public about this unusual service. Farmers got the message, and it was Humphrey's that became known as the farmer's drugstore." One biographer noted, "while Hubert Jr. minded the store and stirred the concoctions in the basement, Hubert Sr. went on
12136-574: The Kennedys had bought the West Virginia primary by bribing county sheriffs and other local officials to give Kennedy the vote. Humphrey later wrote, "as a professional politician I was able to accept and indeed respect the efficacy of the Kennedy campaign. But underneath the beautiful exterior, there was an element of ruthlessness and toughness that I had trouble either accepting or forgetting." Kennedy defeated Humphrey soundly in West Virginia with 60.8% of
12300-477: The Minneapolis police force. The city had been named the " anti-Semitism capital" of the country, and its small African-American population also faced discrimination. Humphrey's mayoralty is noted for his efforts to fight all forms of bigotry. He formed the Council on Human Relations and established a municipal version of the Fair Employment Practice Committee , making Minneapolis one of only
12464-674: The Moratorium is featured in the documentary, The Movement and the "Madman," which debuted on the PBS series American Experience in 2023. In 1976, Mixner began the process of coming out of the closet, and soon thereafter was a founding member of the Municipal Elections Committee of Los Angeles (MECLA), the nation's first gay and lesbian Political Action Committee . At the time, very few candidates were willing to accept donations from openly gay individuals or gay-affiliated organizations. At
12628-562: The National Executive Committee of the Clinton for President campaign, the first openly-gay person to become a public face of a presidential campaign. After Clinton was elected, Mixner helped with the transition team, though he publicly declared that he would not seek an appointment with the new administration. Although he spoke at an event at the inaugural ball, introduced by his old friend Ted Kennedy, Mixner soon thrust himself in
12792-504: The Senate in 1964, Humphrey was instrumental in the passage of the Civil Rights Act that year. He was a lead author of its text, alongside Senate Republican Minority Leader Everett Dirksen of Illinois. Humphrey's consistently cheerful and upbeat demeanor, and his forceful advocacy of liberal causes, led him to be nicknamed "The Happy Warrior" by many of his Senate colleagues and political journalists. While President John F. Kennedy
12956-492: The Senate." President Johnson once said that "Most Senators are minnows ... Hubert Humphrey is among the whales." In his autobiography, The Education of a Public Man , Humphrey wrote: There were three bills of particular emotional importance to me: the Peace Corps , a disarmament agency, and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The President, knowing how I felt, asked me to introduce legislation for all three. I introduced
13120-730: The South, and ending job discrimination based on skin color. Also strongly backing the minority plank were Democratic urban bosses like Ed Flynn of the Bronx , who promised the votes of northeastern delegates to Humphrey's platform, Jacob Arvey of Chicago, and David Lawrence of Pittsburgh . Although seen as conservatives, the urban bosses believed that Northern Democrats could gain many black votes by supporting civil rights, with only comparatively small losses from Southern Democrats. Although many scholars have suggested that labor unions were leading figures in this coalition, no significant labor leaders attended
13284-570: The Spanish Civil War, opposed the war during the period starting with the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact but then turned into hawks after Germany invaded the Soviet Union . The war seemed, for a time, to set anti-war movements at a distinct social disadvantage; very few, mostly ardent pacifists , continued to argue against the war and its results at the time. However, the Cold War followed with
13448-605: The US government to take military action against that country in the future. These reports, and the concurrent escalation of tensions between Iran and some Western governments, prompted the formation of grassroots organisations, including Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran in the US and the United Kingdom , to oppose potential military strikes on Iran. Additionally, several individuals, grassroots organisations and international governmental organisations, including
13612-568: The United States Senate in the past decade" that Goldwater had voted incorrectly on as a Senator. In an October 26 speech in Chicago, Humphrey called Goldwater "neither a Republican nor a Democrat" and "a radical". The Johnson-Humphrey ticket won the election overwhelmingly, with 486 electoral votes out of 538. Only five Southern states and Goldwater's home state of Arizona supported the Republican ticket. In October Humphrey had predicted that
13776-666: The United States, the most prominent of which being the American Peace Society . Numerous periodicals (such as The Advocate of Peace ) and books were also produced. The Book of Peace , an anthology produced by the American Peace Society in 1845, must surely rank as one of the most remarkable works of antiwar literature ever produced. A recurring theme in this movement was the call for the establishment of an international court to adjudicate disputes between nations. Another distinct feature of antebellum antiwar literature
13940-457: The accomplishments of both Kennedy's and Johnson's presidencies. In Tampa, Florida , on October 18, a week after the resignation of Walter Jenkins amid a scandal, Humphrey said he was unaware of any potential security leaks relating to the case. In Minneapolis on October 24, Humphrey listed the censure vote toward Senator Joseph McCarthy , the civil rights bill, and the nuclear test ban treaty as "three great issues of conscience to come before
14104-582: The age of 77. His funeral was held on March 25, 2024, at the St. Paul the Apostle Catholic Church in Manhattan. On May 16, 2015, Washington College awarded Mixner an honorary doctorate for his "lifetime in the forefront of American politics and international human rights , championing LGBT equality, wildlife conservation and progressive political causes." Dr. Mixner also delivered the commencement address to
14268-402: The airbases. Presciently, he noted that a military solution in Vietnam would take several years, well beyond the next election cycle. In response to this advice, President Johnson punished Humphrey by treating him coldly and restricting him from his inner circle for a number of months, until Humphrey decided to "get back on the team" and fully support the war effort. As vice president, Humphrey
14432-474: The argument of the costs of maintaining the present conflict not being worth the gains that can be made, the appeal to end the horrors of war, and the argument of war being waged for the profit of particular interests. During the war, the New York Draft Riots were started as violent protests against Lincoln's Enrollment Act of Conscription to draft men to fight in the war. The outrage over conscription
14596-783: The ceasefire, protests continued into June, with, for example, protestors in Oakland , California, attempting to block an Israeli cargo ship from entering the Port of Oakland on 4 June. Beginning in 2022, the anti-war movement was renewed following tensions between Russia and Ukraine . Protests escalated on 24 February 2022, after Russia invaded Ukraine. Russian President Vladimir Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations. As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people, including Russian opposition politicians and journalists, had been prosecuted under Russia's "fake news" laws for criticizing
14760-430: The church's Boy Scout Troop 6. He "started basketball games in the church basement ... although his scouts had no money for camp in 1931, Hubert found a way in the worst of that summer's dust-storm grit, grasshoppers, and depression to lead an overnight [outing]." Humphrey did not enjoy working as a pharmacist, and his dream remained to earn a doctorate in political science and become a college professor. His unhappiness
14924-686: The concept that those who were drafted were from poor families and would be fighting a war in place of privileged individuals who were able to avoid the draft and military service, and to the lack of input in decision making that those who would die in the conflict would have in deciding to engage in it. In 1933, the Oxford Union resolved in its Oxford Pledge , "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country." Many war veterans , including US General Smedley Butler , spoke out against wars and war profiteering on their return to civilian life. Veterans were still extremely cynical about
15088-649: The convention, except for the heads of the Congress of Industrial Organizations Political Action Committee ( CIO-PAC ), Jack Kroll and A.F. Whitney. Despite Truman's aides' aggressive pressure to avoid forcing the issue on the Convention floor, Humphrey spoke for the minority plank. In a renowned speech, Humphrey passionately told the convention, "To those who say, my friends, to those who say that we are rushing this issue of civil rights, I say to them we are 172 years (too) late! To those who say this civil rights program
15252-586: The countries they worked. That may be true, but it ought not demean their work. They touched many lives and made them better. On April 9, 1950, Humphrey predicted that President Truman would sign a $ 4 billion housing bill and charge Republicans with having removed the bill's main middle-income benefits during Truman's tours of the Midwest and Northwest the following month. On January 7, 1951, Humphrey joined Senator Paul Douglas in calling for an $ 80 billion federal budget to combat Communist aggression along with
15416-524: The director of DHS to implement the drug testing and sale authority that he had under existing law, for the purpose of approving the testing and sale either of an AIDS vaccine, or of new drugs that offer a reasonable possibility of treating people who have been infected with the AIDS virus." Four years after a fundraiser for the Dukakis campaign told Mixner that Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis would not accept
15580-551: The disease for four years; he died on May 13, 1989. While Scott fought the disease, Mixner formed an organization that spearheaded legislation that would create a California alternative to the FDA , enabling California to deal more aggressively with the AIDS epidemic than the federal government. Mixner's group enlisted the support of California Attorney General John Van de Kamp , then convinced California Governor George Deukmejian to sign AB 1952, which, as described by van de Kamp, "mandates
15744-529: The family's financial struggles, Humphrey had to leave the University of Minnesota after just one year. He earned a pharmacist's license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in Denver , Colorado (completing a two-year licensure program in just six months), and helped his father run his store from 1931 to 1937. Both father and son were innovative in finding ways to attract customers: "to supplement their business,
15908-399: The few states that had backed him in his losing race for vice-president four years earlier ... West Virginia was more rural than urban, [which] seemed to invite Humphrey's folksy stump style. The state, moreover, was a citadel of labor. It was depressed; unemployment had hit hard; and coal miners' families were hungry. Humphrey felt he could talk to such people, who were 95% Protestant (Humphrey
16072-488: The first Peace Corps bill in 1957. It did not meet with much enthusiasm. Some traditional diplomats quaked at the thought of thousands of young Americans scattered across their world. Many senators, including liberal ones, thought the idea was silly and unworkable. Now, with a young president urging its passage, it became possible and we pushed it rapidly through the Senate. It is fashionable now to suggest that Peace Corps Volunteers gained as much or more, from their experience as
16236-573: The first time he would oppose the Clintons in a political election. In October 2008, Prime Minister Gordon Brown and his wife Sarah Brown honored Mixner with a luncheon at 10 Downing Street . The luncheon in Mixner's honor represented the first time a British Prime Minister honored an LGBT activist in this manner. Mixner was featured in Ask Not, a 2008 documentary film about the "don't ask, don't tell" policy. In May 2009, Mixner used his blog to call for
16400-450: The first time they appeared on a stage together in 47 years. On March 5, 2018, Mixner performed the last show of his trilogy again to sold-out audiences. This time Mixner took folks back to his childhood, telling stories of poverty, segregation, murder, and rising from the ashes. It was his most personal and vulnerable work of the three productions. The production raised $ 175,000 for homeless LGBTQ youth. In March 2015, Jacob’s Ladder ,
16564-609: The graduating class of 2015. In 2021, the Institute of Current World Affairs and trustee Fabrice Houdart set up the David Mixner LGBTQ+ Writing Fellowship for young writers to immerse themselves in a specific LGBTQ+ issue abroad. Anti-war An anti-war movement (also antiwar ) is a social movement , usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict . The term anti-war can also refer to pacifism , which
16728-461: The group to a halt, leaving many in the group stranded. Two weeks later, 500 members of the group continued onwards and eventually reached Washington, D.C. Shortly after Mixner experienced professional success in 1985, helping defeat Proposition 64 , a ballot initiative proposed by Lyndon LaRouche that would require quarantining people with AIDS , Mixner learned that his long-time lover and business partner, Peter Scott, had AIDS. Scott would fight
16892-602: The headquarters of the moratorium and suggested to Mixner that he organize a parallel protest at Oxford. This protest of about a thousand people gathered in front of the American embassy in London would later be a significant issue in Clinton's presidential campaign, with President George H. W. Bush telling Larry King on CNN in October 1992, "Maybe I'm old-fashioned, but to go to a foreign country and demonstrate against your own country when your sons and daughters are dying halfway around
17056-536: The middle of the furor over the "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell" policy proposed by Clinton, which represented a total betrayal to Mixner and many in the gay community. However, he also had angered the White House for attacking Senate Armed Services Committee chairman Sam Nunn , who in a speech Mixner referred to as an "old-fashioned bigot" for opposing Clinton's plan to lift the ban on gays in the military. When Mixner went on Nightline to complain about Clinton's rapid shift away from allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in
17220-510: The military, his calls to the White House stopped being returned and his consulting business began to decline, as he was no longer perceived as someone who had influence with the new administration. Shortly thereafter, Mixner participated in a march in Washington for the Campaign for Military Service, which advocated lifting the bans on gays in the military. When Clinton announced the " Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell " policy on July 19, 1993, Mixner organized
17384-531: The million dollars Mixner and his friends planned to raise for him, Mixner found hope in the candidacy of his old friend, Bill Clinton. He reportedly assisted Clinton in every election he took part in from 1974 up to the time leading to the White House . After Clinton promised Mixner that he would support both an end to the ban on gays in the military and increased funds to find a cure for AIDS, Mixner began raising money for Clinton enthusiastically. Mickey Kantor , Clinton's campaign chairman, soon asked Mixner to join
17548-578: The momentum of the latter's campaign. Kennedy's attractive brothers, sisters, and wife Jacqueline combed the state for votes. At one point Humphrey memorably complained that he "felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store". Humphrey later wrote in his memoirs that "Muriel and I and our 'plain folks' entourage were no match for the glamour of Jackie Kennedy and the other Kennedy women, for Peter Lawford ... and Frank Sinatra singing their commercial 'High Hopes'. Jack Kennedy brought family and Hollywood to Wisconsin. The people loved it, and
17712-523: The most massive protest called " The Black Ribbon March " in solidarity with people in Sarajevo . It is estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 people deserted from the Yugoslav People's Army , while between 100,000 and 150,000 people emigrated from Serbia refusing to participate in the war. According to professor Renaud De la Brosse, senior lecturer at the University of Reims and a witness called by
17876-545: The most often cited pieces of anti-war media. Pablo Picasso 's 1937 painting Guernica on the other hand, used abstraction, rather than realism, to generate an emotional response to the loss of life from the Condor Legion and Aviazione Legionaria 's bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War . The American author Kurt Vonnegut used science fiction themes in his 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five , depicting
18040-495: The necessities of peace. Various intellectuals and others have discussed it from an intellectual and philosophical point of view, not only in public, but participating or leading anti-war campaigns despite its differing from their main areas of expertise, leaving their professional comfort zones to warn against or fight against wars. Here is a list of notable anti-war scientists and intellectuals: Hubert Humphrey Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978)
18204-539: The new law; the Senate voted 57 to 10 to overturn Truman's veto. In 1954 he proposed to make membership in the Communist Party a felony. It was another ploy to derail a bill that would hurt labor unions. Humphrey's proposal did not pass. Humphrey was the author of the first humane slaughter bill introduced in the U.S. Congress and chief Senate sponsor of the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958. Humphrey chaired
18368-549: The next Democratic Convention. However, Humphrey's critics were vocal and persistent: even his nickname, "the Happy Warrior", was used against him. The nickname referred not to his military hawkishness, but rather to his crusading for social welfare and civil rights programs. After his narrow defeat in the 1968 presidential election, Humphrey wrote that "After four years as Vice-President ... I had lost some of my personal identity and personal forcefulness. ... I ought not to have let
18532-559: The next four years, those of us who survived the holocaust-probably not more than one-quarter of us – learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it." Having voiced these sentiments did not hinder Smith-Dorrien's career, or prevent him from carrying out his duty in the First World War to the best of his abilities. With the increasing mechanization of war, opposition to its horrors grew, particularly in
18696-456: The occupation. The primary opposition within the U.S. to the continued occupation of Iraq has come from the grassroots . Opposition to the conflict , how it had been fought, and complications during the aftermath period divided public sentiment in the U.S., resulting in majority public opinion turning against the war for the first time in the spring of 2004, a turn which has held since. The American country music band Dixie Chicks opposition to
18860-469: The odds of defeating a Republican with statewide support. Humphrey's father died that year, and Humphrey stopped using the "Jr." suffix on his name. He was reelected in 1954 and 1960 . His colleagues selected him as majority whip in 1961, a position he held until he left the Senate on December 29, 1964, to assume the vice presidency. Humphrey served from the 81st to the 87th sessions of Congress, and in
19024-655: The outbreaks of the Yugoslav Wars , numerous anti-war movements developed in Serbia . The anti-war protests in Belgrade were held mostly because of opposition the Battle of Vukovar , Siege of Dubrovnik and Siege of Sarajevo , while protesters demanded the referendum on a declaration of war and disruption of military conscription . More than 50,000 people participated in many protests, and more than 150,000 people took part in
19188-490: The party had unified because of the national consensus established by the presidential election. Humphrey took office on January 20, 1965, ending the 14-month vacancy of the vice president of the United States, which had remained empty when then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the presidency after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963. He was an early skeptic of the then growing Vietnam War . Following
19352-470: The people of Minnesota sending that damn fool down here to represent them?" Humphrey was reportedly "crushed", so hurt by the remark that he broke into tears while driving home. But he refused to be intimidated and stood his ground; his integrity, passion and eloquence eventually earned him the respect of even most of the Southerners. The Southerners were also more inclined to accept Humphrey after he became
19516-583: The performers who have appeared in these shows are Tony nominees Bobby Steggert and Rory O'Malley , Emily Swallow ( The Mentalist ), Chris Bolan ( Mamma Mia! ), Ryan Silverman (Mamma Mia! and Sideshow), country and western Singer Chely Wright , jazz saxophone great Dave Koz , Will Reynolds (actor/writer), Broadway legend T. Oliver Reid, Megan Ostrahause ( Mary Poppins ), and others. On October 27, 2014, Mixner premiered Oh Hell No! at New World Stages at 340 West 50th Street in New York. The autobiographical show,
19680-429: The platform to raise the issue of the violence at the previous year's convention. Mixner served as an organizer of the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam . The idea was prompted by Jerome Grossman , a Massachusetts businessman active in the peace movement. Grossman proposed to Sam Brown, a close friend of Mixner, that they set aside a day in 1969 where "business as usual" would come to a halt, essentially engaging in
19844-461: The popular vote but lost the electoral vote by a wide margin. After the defeat, he returned to the Senate and served from 1971 until his death in 1978. He ran again in the 1972 Democratic primaries but lost to George McGovern and declined to be McGovern's running mate. From 1977 to 1978, he served as Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate . Humphrey was born in a room over his father's drugstore in Wallace, South Dakota . He
20008-568: The presidency . Loyal to the Johnson administration's policies on the Vietnam War , he received opposition from many within his own party and avoided the primaries to focus on winning the delegates of non-primary states at the Democratic National Convention . His delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination, and he chose Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate. In the general election, he nearly matched Nixon's tally in
20172-543: The presidential campaign of Eugene McCarthy . One of Mixner's first assignments was organizing the Minnesota operation, helping McCarthy win the Minnesota caucus, defeating incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson . Later, Mixner and other members of McCarthy's campaign team went to Georgia to help select an alternative delegation to send to the national convention in Chicago, challenging Governor Lester Maddox 's hand-picked delegation, which included only seven African-Americans in
20336-543: The press ate it up." Kennedy won the Wisconsin primary, but by a smaller margin than anticipated. Some commentators argued that Kennedy's victory margin had come almost entirely from areas with large Roman Catholic populations, and that Protestants had supported Humphrey. As a result, Humphrey refused to quit the race and decided to run against Kennedy again in the West Virginia primary. According to one biographer, "Humphrey thought his chances were good in West Virginia, one of
20500-552: The report. It is all or nothing." A diverse coalition opposed the convention's tepid civil rights platform, including anticommunist liberals like Humphrey, Paul Douglas and John F. Shelley , all of whom would later become known as leading progressives in the Democratic Party. They proposed adding a "minority plank" to the party platform that would commit the Democratic Party to more aggressive opposition to racial segregation . The minority plank called for federal legislation against lynching , an end to legalized school segregation in
20664-415: The road selling 'Humphrey's BTV' (Body Tone Veterinary), a mineral supplement and dewormer for hogs, and 'Humphrey's Chest Oil' and 'Humphrey's Sniffles' for two-legged sufferers." Humphrey later wrote, "we made 'Humphrey's Sniffles', a substitute for Vick's Nose Drops. I felt ours were better. Vick's used mineral oil, which is not absorbent, and we used a vegetable-oil base, which was. I added benzocaine ,
20828-480: The same period. The movement reflected both strict pacifist and more moderate non-interventionist positions. Many prominent intellectuals of the time, including Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David Thoreau ( see Civil Disobedience ) and William Ellery Channing contributed literary works against war. Other names associated with the movement include William Ladd , Noah Worcester , Thomas Cogswell Upham , and Asa Mahan . Many peace societies were formed throughout
20992-809: The son of the former president, stumped for Kennedy in West Virginia and raised the issue of Humphrey's failure to serve in the armed forces in World War II. Roosevelt told audiences, "I don't know where he [Humphrey] was in World War Two," and handed out flyers charging that Humphrey was a draft dodger. Historian Robert Dallek has written that Robert F. Kennedy , who was serving as his brother's campaign manager, came into "possession of information that Humphrey may have sought military deferments during World War Two ... he pressed Roosevelt to use this." Humphrey believed Roosevelt's draft-dodger claim "had been approved by Bobby [Kennedy], if not Jack". The claims that Humphrey
21156-638: The strike, the workers eventually earned the right to unionize. Mixner found himself much more interested in activism, including LGBT rights, than in pursuing a college degree. While at the University of Maryland, Mixner was a grassroots organizer for the 1967 March on the Pentagon , which was later captured in Norman Mailer ’s Armies of the Night . Later that year, Mixner dropped out of college and began working for
21320-517: The ticket would win by a large margin but not carry every state. Soon after winning the election, Humphrey and Johnson went to LBJ ranch near Stonewall, Texas . On November 6, 1964, Humphrey traveled to the Virgin Islands for a two-week vacation. News stations aired taped remarks in which Humphrey stated that he had not discussed with Johnson what his role would be as vice president and that national campaigns should be reduced by four weeks. In
21484-464: The time, Mixner was also serving as the campaign manager for Tom Bradley , the mayor of Los Angeles who was seeking reelection; so while he worked to raise funds for MECLA, his involvement was kept secret because of the potential for his sexuality to become an issue in Bradley's campaign. Soon after Bradley won reelection easily, Mixner turned his focus to fighting Proposition 6 , an initiative placed on
21648-510: The university's recently created international debate department, which focused on the international politics of World War II and the creation of the United Nations. After leaving Macalester in the spring of 1944, Humphrey worked as a news commentator for a Minneapolis radio station until 1945. In 1943, Humphrey made his first run for elective office, for mayor of Minneapolis . He lost, but his poorly funded campaign still captured over 47% of
21812-550: The vote. In 1944, Humphrey was one of the key players in the merger of the Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties of Minnesota to form the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). He also worked on President Roosevelt 's 1944 reelection campaign. When Minnesota Communists tried to seize control of the new party in 1945, Humphrey became an engaged anticommunist and led the successful fight to oust
21976-477: The vote. That evening, Humphrey announced that he was leaving the race. By winning West Virginia, Kennedy overcame the belief that Protestant voters would not elect a Catholic to the presidency and thus sewed up the Democratic nomination. Humphrey won the South Dakota and District of Columbia primaries, which Kennedy did not enter. At the 1960 Democratic National Convention , he received 41 votes even though he
22140-509: The wake of the First World War. European avant-garde cultural movements such as Dada were explicitly anti-war. The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 gave the American authorities the right to close newspapers and jailed individuals for having anti-war views. On 16 June 1918, Eugene V. Debs made an anti-war speech and was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917. He
22304-643: The war caused many radio stations to stop playing their records, but who were supported in their anti-war stance by the equally anti-war country music legend Merle Haggard , who in the summer of 2003 released a song critical of US media coverage of the Iraq War. Anti-war groups protested during both the Democratic National Convention and 2008 Republican National Convention protests held in Saint Paul, Minnesota , in September 2008. Organised opposition to
22468-515: The war in Ukraine. Multiple protests against the war took place around the world since the start of the Israel–Hamas war , in support of Palestine mostly. English poet Robert Southey 's 1796 poem After Blenheim is an early modern example of anti-war literature that was written generations after the Battle of Blenheim but while Britain was again at war against France. World War I produced
22632-592: The weeks ahead. In an address before labor leaders in Youngstown, Ohio , on September 7, 1964, Humphrey said the labor movement had "more at stake in this election than almost any other segment of society". In Jamesburg, New Jersey , on September 10, Humphrey remarked that Goldwater had a "record of retreat and reaction" when it came to issues of urban housing. During a September 12 Denver Democratic rally, Humphrey charged Goldwater with having rejected programs that most Americans and members of his own party supported. At
22796-534: The world, I am sorry but I think that is wrong." The Moratorium drew millions of people throughout the country, who gathered in public places and read the names of the soldiers killed in Vietnam aloud. The day was capped off by a march at the Washington Monument , where Coretta Scott King , the widow of Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke about her late husband's passion for ending the war. Mixner's commentary on
22960-570: The younger generations. Organized opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began slowly and in small numbers in 1964 on various college campuses in the United States and quickly as the war grew deadlier. In 1967 a coalition of antiwar activists formed the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam which organized several large anti-war demonstrations between the late 1960s and 1972. Counter-cultural songs, organizations, plays and other literary works encouraged
23124-574: Was Russell B. Long , a future U.S. Senator from Louisiana . He then became an instructor and doctoral student at the University of Minnesota from 1940 to 1941 (joining the American Federation of Teachers ), and was a supervisor for the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Humphrey was a star on the university's debate team; one of his teammates was future Minnesota Governor and US Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman . In
23288-411: Was a Congregationalist ) and deep-dyed Bible-belters besides." Kennedy chose to meet the religion issue head-on. In radio broadcasts, he carefully redefined the issue from Catholic versus Protestant to tolerance versus intolerance. Kennedy's appeal placed Humphrey, who had championed tolerance his entire career, on the defensive, and Kennedy attacked him with a vengeance. Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. ,
23452-958: Was a rock supergroup featuring Ekatarina Velika , Električni Orgazam and Partibrejkers members, which was formed at the petition signing against mobilization in Belgrade. NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War triggered debates over the legitimacy of the intervention . About 2,000 Serbian Americans and anti-war activists protested in New York City against NATO airstrikes, while more than 7,000 people protested in Sydney . The most massive protests were held in Greece , and demonstrations were also held in Italian cities, London, Moscow, Toronto , Berlin , Stuttgart , Salzburg and Skopje . There
23616-452: Was a South Dakota delegate to the 1944 and 1948 Democratic National Conventions. In the late 1920s, a severe economic downturn hit Doland; both banks in the town closed and Humphrey's father struggled to keep his store open. After his son graduated from Doland's high school, Hubert Sr. left Doland and opened a new drugstore in the larger town of Huron, South Dakota (population 11,000), where he hoped to improve his fortunes. Because of
23780-461: Was a draft dodger were inaccurate, because during the war Humphrey had "tried and failed to get into the [military] service because of physical disabilities". After the West Virginia primary, Roosevelt sent Humphrey a written apology and retraction. According to historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. , Roosevelt "felt that he had been used, blaming [the draft-dodger charge] on Robert Kennedy's determination to win at any cost ... Roosevelt said later that it
23944-522: Was a draft dodger" during the war. Humphrey led various wartime government agencies and worked as a college instructor. In 1942, he was the state director of new production training and reemployment and chief of the Minnesota war service program. In 1943 he was the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission . From 1943 to 1944, Humphrey was a professor of political science at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota , where he headed
24108-559: Was allegedly beaten by police during the protests held outside the convention center. After Vice President Hubert Humphrey claimed the nomination, Mixner began seeking out new outlets for his activism. He soon befriended Doris Kearns Goodwin , who introduced Mixner to Senator Ted Kennedy , who he claimed would become a lifelong friend. In early 1969, Mixner was invited to join the Delegate Selection Committee, where he served as his generation's voice, and he intended to use
24272-535: Was an American politician and statesman who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969. He twice served in the United States Senate , representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and again from 1971 to 1978. As a senator he was a major leader of modern liberalism in the United States . As President Lyndon B. Johnson 's vice president, he supported the controversial Vietnam War . An intensely divided Democratic Party nominated him in
24436-467: Was augmented by the ability to "buy" one's way out, which could be afforded only by the wealthy. After the war, The Red Badge of Courage described the chaos and sense of death which resulted from the changing style of combat: away from the set engagement, and towards two armies engaging in continuous battle over a wide area. William Thomas Stead formed an organization against the Second Boer War ,
24600-410: Was convicted, sentenced to serve ten years in prison, but President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence on 25 December 1921. In 1924, Ernst Friedrich published Krieg dem Krieg! ( War Against War! ): an album of photographs drawn from German military and medical archives from the first world war. In Regarding the Pain of Others Sontag describes the book as "photography as shock therapy" that
24764-591: Was criticized for his complete and vocal loyalty to Johnson and the policies of the Johnson administration, even as many of his liberal admirers opposed the president's policies with increasing fervor regarding the Vietnam War. Many of Humphrey's liberal friends and allies abandoned him because of his refusal to publicly criticize Johnson's Vietnam War policies. Humphrey's critics later learned that Johnson had threatened Humphrey – Johnson told Humphrey that if he publicly criticized his policies, he would destroy Humphrey's chances to become president by opposing his nomination at
24928-431: Was designed to "horrify and demoralize". It was in the 1930s that the Western anti-war movement took shape, to which the political and organizational roots of most of the existing movement can be traced. Characteristics of the anti-war movement included opposition to the corporate interests perceived as benefiting from war, to the status quo which was trading the lives of the young for the comforts of those who are older,
25092-444: Was elected to the United States Senate in 1948 on the DFL ticket, defeating James M. Shields in the DFL primary with 89% of the vote, and unseating incumbent Republican Joseph H. Ball in the general election with 60% of the vote. He took office on January 3, 1949, becoming the first Democrat elected senator from Minnesota since before the Civil War . Humphrey wrote that the victory heightened his sense of self, as he had beaten
25256-401: Was honored by the Point Foundation (LGBT) , an organization that provides college scholarships to LGBT students, with its Legend Award at the foundation's 2009 Honors Gala in New York City. The award was presented to Mixner by Victoria Reggie Kennedy , the widow of Ted Kennedy . In 2011, the Theater at Dixon Place announced a one-man show starring Mixner, From the Front Porch . The show is
25420-573: Was in 1960. In between these two bids, Humphrey was part of the free-for-all for the vice-presidential nomination at the 1956 Democratic National Convention , where he received 134.5 votes on the first ballot and 74.5 on the second. In 1960 , Humphrey ran for the nomination against fellow Senator John F. Kennedy in the primaries. Their first meeting was in the Wisconsin primary, where Kennedy's well-organized and well-funded campaign overcame Humphrey's energetic but poorly funded effort. Humphrey believed defeating Kennedy in Wisconsin would weaken and slow
25584-416: Was initially little opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War in the United States and the United Kingdom , which was seen as a response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks and was supported by most of the American public. Most vocal opposition came from pacifist groups and groups promoting a left-wing political agenda. Over time, opposition to the war in Afghanistan has grown more widespread, partly as
25748-399: Was manifested in "stomach pains and fainting spells", though doctors could find nothing wrong with him. In August 1937, he told his father that he wanted to return to the University of Minnesota. Hubert Sr. tried to convince his son not to leave by offering him a full partnership in the store, but Hubert Jr. refused and told his father "how depressed I was, almost physically ill from the work,
25912-421: Was no longer a candidate. Humphrey's defeat in 1960 had a profound influence on his thinking; after the primaries he told friends that, as a relatively poor man in politics, he was unlikely to ever become president unless he served as vice president first. Humphrey believed that only in this way could he attain the funds, nationwide organization, and visibility he would need to win the Democratic nomination. So as
26076-485: Was the biggest political mistake of his career." Short on funds, Humphrey could not match the well-financed Kennedy operation. He traveled around the state in a rented bus while Kennedy and his staff flew in a large, family-owned airplane. According to his biographer Carl Solberg, Humphrey spent only $ 23,000 on the West Virginia primary while Kennedy's campaign privately spent $ 1.5 million, well over their official estimate of $ 100,000. Unproven accusations claimed that
26240-419: Was the emphasis on how war contributed to a moral decline and brutalization of society in general. A key event in the early history of the modern anti-war stance in literature and society was the American Civil War , where it culminated in the candidacy of George B. McClellan for US president as a Peace Democrat against incumbent President Abraham Lincoln . The outlines of the antiwar stance are seen:
26404-534: Was the keynote speaker of the first edition of the Pride Talk Amsterdam . An annual talk in the run up to Pride Amsterdam, organised by The New Church on Dam Square in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Mixner's speech, filled with emotion, humor, melancholy and hope, was immortalized in a manifesto . Mixner was introduced by the president of COC Netherlands , Astrid Oosenbrug , and member of the Senate & human rights activist Boris Dittrich . Mixner died from long COVID at his home in Manhattan , on March 11, 2024, at
26568-544: Was the lead author of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , introduced the first initiative to create the Peace Corps , and chaired the Select Committee on Disarmament . He unsuccessfully sought his party's presidential nomination in 1952 and 1960 . After Lyndon B. Johnson acceded to the presidency, he chose Humphrey as his running mate, and the Democratic ticket won a landslide victory in the 1964 election . In March 1968, Johnson made his surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection, and Humphrey launched his campaign for
26732-413: Was the son of Ragnild Kristine Sannes (1883–1973), a Norwegian immigrant, and Hubert Horatio Humphrey Sr. (1882–1949). Humphrey spent most of his youth in Doland, South Dakota , on the Dakota prairie; the town's population was about 600. His father was a licensed pharmacist and merchant who served as mayor and a town council member. The father also served briefly in the South Dakota state legislature and
26896-482: Was widely covered in the press. Campaigns opposing the war and conscription also took place in Australia. Opposition to the South African Border War spread to a general resistance to the apartheid military. Organizations such as the End Conscription Campaign and Committee on South African War Resisters, were set up. Many opposed the war at this time. Following the rise of nationalism and political tensions after Slobodan Milošević came to power, as well as
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