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29-528: Project 1174 has both bow ramp and well deck ; it may operate as either a LST or as a LPD . A typical load is one battalion of 520 marines and 25 tanks . Up to 53 tanks or 80 armoured personnel carriers may be carried if the well deck is used for ground vehicle parking. In total, 2,500 tons of cargo may be carried. Mitrofan Moskalenko was decommissioned after the Russian Ministry of Defence determined modernization would be as costly as buying

58-422: A container ship ). The deck will be reinforced around deck fittings such as the capstan , cleats , or bollards . On ships with more than one level, 'deck' refers to the level itself. The actual floor surface is called the sole; the term 'deck' refers to a structural member tying the ship's frames or ribs together over the keel. In modern ships, the interior decks are usually numbered from the primary deck, which

87-502: A well dock is a hangar-like deck located at the waterline in the stern of some amphibious warfare ships . By taking on water the ship can lower its stern, flooding the well deck and allowing boats, amphibious vehicles and landing craft to dock within the ship. In the United States Navy , this is referred to as a well deck , and officially termed a wet well when the well deck is flooded for operations, The structure on

116-698: A design from a 1924 patent by Otto Popper of the Danube International Commission concerning a barge transporter for Danube barges. The application of that idea to TLCs evolved into the British "Tank Landing Craft carrier" and that would become the Dock Landing Ship (LSD) that had an open, very deep and special purpose well deck open to the elements and thus technically a "well deck" in the traditional definition. The structure underwent an evolutionary change to become an enclosed structure, essentially

145-516: A floodable compartment, for docking amphibious vehicles that in most modern versions has lost its weather deck character even as the more modern commercial ship designs have abandoned the traditional well deck structures that are not typically features of today's bulk cargo ships , container ships or passenger ships . Some commercial vessels have similar structures for purposes similar to the military versions. The German Baco Liner ships use bow doors. Previous barge carriers were of similar design to

174-401: A metal deck, painted to reduce corrosion , can pick up heat from the sun , and be quite slippery and noisy to work on, a layer of wood decking or thick non-skid paint is often applied to its surface. The process for building a deck in fiberglass is the same as for building a hull: a female mould is built, a layer of gel coat is sprayed in, then layers of fiberglass in resin are built up to

203-649: A new ship. Both Aleksandr Nikolayev and Mitrofan Moskalenko were put to the auction for scrapping in 2014. In 2015, with the decision of the French government to not deliver two ordered Mistral -class amphibious assault ships for the Russian Navy , it was considered to temporarily replace the Mistral s with the last two Project 1174 ships that are still in reserve. On May 27, 2019 the Mitrofan Moskalenko caught fire at

232-492: A silver-gray patina. Teak decks are also non-slip when wet, making them practical for safety in marine settings. Despite its advantages, teak can be expensive and requires regular cleaning to maintain its appearance. Alternative yacht deck materials have grown in popularity due to their affordability, lower maintenance, and environmental benefits compared to traditional teak. Some common alternatives include: - Synthetic Teak : Made from PVC or other polymers, synthetic teak mimics

261-603: A specific deck or area of that specific ship, such as the lido deck of the Princess Cruises ' Love Boat . Equipment mounted on deck, such as the ship's wheel, binnacle , fife rails , and so forth, may be collectively referred to as deck furniture. Weather decks in Western designs evolved from having structures fore (forward or front) and aft (rear) of the ship mostly clear; in the 19th century, pilothouses/wheelhouses and deckhouses began to appear, eventually developing into

290-481: A weather deck fitted with solid bulwarks that impede the drainage of water over the sides or an exposed recess in the weather deck extending 1/2 or more of the length of the vessel over the weather deck. Explicit requirements exist for drainage requirements on ships with well decks. On many vessels the cargo hatches and cargo handling booms and winches were located on the well decks between a central superstructure and raised forecastle and stern . Naval vessels into

319-467: Is #1, downward and upward. So the first deck below the primary deck will be #2, and the first above the primary deck will be #A2 or #S2 (for "above" or "superstructure"). Some merchant ships may alternatively designate decks below the primary deck, usually machinery spaces, by numbers, and those above it, in the accommodation block, by letters. Ships may also call decks by common names, or (especially on cruise ships ) may invent fanciful and romantic names for

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348-432: Is an exposed deck ( weather deck ) lower than decks fore and aft. In particular, it is one enclosed by bulwarks limiting flow of water and thus drainage so that design requirements are specific about drainage and maintenance of such drainage with that definition applying even to small vessels. The United States Coast Guard , Sector Upper Mississippi River, Small Passenger Vessel Information Package notes: 'Well deck' means

377-413: Is avoiding distortion of the plate while welding due to the high heat involved in the process. Welds are usually double pass, meaning each seam is welded twice, a time-consuming process which may take longer than building the wood deck. However, welds result in a waterproof deck which is strong and easily repairable. The deck structure is welded to the hull, making it structurally a single unit. Because

406-455: Is the same as above. The decking itself is usually multiple layers of marine-grade plywood , covered over with layers of fibreglass in a plastic resin such as epoxy or polyester overlapped onto the topsides of the hull. Generally speaking, the method outlined for "constructed decks" is most similar to metal decks. The deck plating is laid over metal beams and carlins and tacked temporarily in place. The difficulty in metal construction

435-434: The "roof" of the hull, strengthening it and serving as the primary working surface. Vessels often have more than one level both within the hull and in the superstructure above the primary deck, similar to the floors of a multi-storey building, that are also referred to as decks, as are certain compartments and decks built over specific areas of the superstructure. Decks for some purposes have specific names. The main purpose of

464-510: The "three island" design with raised forecastle, central bridge and poop superstructures and well decks between. The well decks of passenger liners were often for the lowest class passengers' use, with the well deck of the Titanic reserved for third class passengers. By the mid-20th century the concept of well deck design in passenger liners was "old fashioned", and newer ships were designed with flush decks. In modern amphibious warfare usage,

493-718: The World War II era often had well decks between stacks with the space sometimes reserved for aircraft and catapults as seen in the photograph of the USS Indianapolis ' s well deck (note ladders down into the well deck from surrounding decks). In commercial ship design categories, the "well deck ship" type the profile of the main deck line is broken rather than being flush or unbroken from bow to stern. The earliest cargo steamers were flush deck with openings below rimmed only with low casings. Later designs eliminated this design as dangerous with bulwarks and eventual evolution into

522-449: The decks of modern yachts more natural, teak wood decking is primarily used. The thickness of the decking affects how strong the hull is, and is directly related to how thick the skin of the hull itself is, which is of course related to how large the vessel is, the kind of work it is expected to do, and the kind of weather it may reasonably be expected to endure. While a naval engineer or architect may have precise methods of determining what

551-453: The latest naval amphibious ships does not precisely fit the traditional meaning of a weather , or open deck, that is lower than adjacent decks, surrounded by bulkheads and lacking proper drainage would form a catchment for water; however the structure has its origins in such an exaggerated deep deck on World War II era tank landing craft (TLC) the British forces were considering. On 19 July 1941 Major R. E. Holloway, Royal Engineers , forwarded

580-658: The look of real teak but requires much less maintenance. It is resistant to UV rays, stains, and water damage, making it durable for marine use. - Cork: Lightweight and eco-friendly, cork is naturally non-slip, resistant to water, and comfortable to walk on. It is also an excellent thermal and sound insulator. - Bamboo : An increasingly popular option due to its sustainability. Bamboo is durable and environmentally friendly but requires proper treatment to ensure resistance to moisture and rot. - Eva foam : Common on racing yachts, these materials are practical, lightweight, and easy to implement. They provide excellent grip but may not have

609-431: The main deck level, so that breaks appear in the main deck profile, as opposed to a flush deck profile. The term goes back to the days of sail. Late-20th-century commercial and military amphibious ships have applied the term to an entirely different type of hangar-like structure, evolving from exaggerated deep "well decks" of World War II amphibious vessels, that can be flooded for lighters or landing craft. A well deck

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638-427: The military ships with a large stern well deck. The increased use of containers and container port facilities has decreased the use of this type of commercial vessel with their main use serving regions with less well developed ports. Deck (ship) A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship . On a boat or ship, the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure that forms

667-437: The required deck thickness (if the deck has a core , the outer skin layers of fiberglass and resin are laid, then the core material, and finally the inner skin layers). The deck is removed from the mould and usually mechanically fastened to the hull. Fiberglass decks are quite slick with their mirror-smooth surfaces, so a non-skid texture is often moulded into their surface, or non-skid pads glued down in working areas. To make

696-400: The result. – Source: Teak wood is a popular choice for modern yacht decking due to its natural durability, water resistance, and aesthetic appeal. Known for its ability to withstand harsh marine environments, teak requires relatively simple maintenance while providing a classic, luxurious look. Its natural oils make it resistant to rot, pests, and UV damage, and over time, it develops

725-435: The scantlings should be, traditional builders used previous experiences and simpler rules-of-thumb to determine how thick the deck should be built. The numbers derived by these formulae gives a rough number for determining the average thickness of materials based on some crude hull measurements. Below the waterline the thickness should be approximately 115% of the result, while upper topsides and decks might be reduced to 85% of

754-480: The seams of which are caulked and paid with tar . A yacht or other fancy boat might then have the deck canvased, with the fabric laid down in a thick layer of paint or sealant, and additional coats painted over. The wash or apron boards form the joint between the deck planking and that of the topsides, and are caulked similarly. Modern "constructed decks" are used primarily on fiberglass , composite, and cold-molded hulls. The under structure of beams and carlins

783-677: The shipyard in the port of Severomorsk. Mitrofan Moskalenko was towed from Severomorsk to Murmansk for scrapping in May 2019. Aleksandr Nikolayeev is still kept preserved as of Autumn 2019, despite scrapping tender being been published in April 2016. This article about a specific military ship or boat of the Soviet Union or Russia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Well deck In traditional nautical use, well decks were decks lower than decks fore and aft, usually at

812-466: The superstructure of modern ships. Eastern designs developed earlier, with efficient middle decks and minimalist fore and aft cabin structures across a range of designs. In vessels having more than one deck there are various naming conventions, numerically, alphabetically, etc. However, there are also various common historical names and types of decks: A traditional wood deck would consist of planks laid fore and aft over beams and along carlins ,

841-413: The upper or primary deck is structural, and only secondarily to provide weather-tightness and support people and equipment. The deck serves as the lid to the complex box girder which can be identified as the hull. It resists tension , compression , and racking forces. The deck's scantling is usually the same as the topsides , or might be heavier if the deck is expected to carry heavier loads (for example

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