138-688: The Mississippi State Troops were military units formed by the Mississippi Legislature for State defense (rather than Confederate service) during the American Civil War . Five infantry regiments, four infantry battalions, and one cavalry battalion were drafted from the Mississippi militia in 1862. Two of the infantry regiments participated in the 1863 siege of Vicksburg , and several State Troop cavalry units were later reorganized and brought into Confederate service. However, most of
276-657: A centralized federal government in Richmond, Virginia , and enacted the first Confederate draft on April 16, 1862. By 1865, the Confederacy's federal government dissolved into chaos, and the Confederate States Congress adjourned , effectively ceasing to exist as a legislative body on March 18. After four years of heavy fighting, nearly all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities by May 1865. The most significant capitulation
414-649: A Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) would be such a temporary grouping that includes elements of more than one armed service and more than one nation. Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America ( CSA ), commonly referred to as the Confederate States ( C.S. ), the Confederacy , or the South , was an unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 5, 1865. The Confederacy
552-500: A balanced, combined combat force. The formations only differ in their ability to achieve different scales of application of force to achieve different strategic, operational and tactical goals and mission objectives." It is a composite military organization that includes a mixture of integrated and operationally attached sub-units, and is usually combat-capable. Examples of formations include divisions , brigades , battalions , wings , etc. Formation may also refer to tactical formation ,
690-541: A brief parade, which consisted in a blundering execution of unwarlike tactics, these men would start drinking and usually several fights occurred." As sectional tensions rose through the 1850s, there were proposals to create a standing army for the state, but this was not followed through. In 1858, the state organized and provided equipment to 4 volunteer militia companies: the Quitman Light Infantry, Quitman Guards, Covington Guards, and Light Guard. And in 1860,
828-499: A centralized system that kept the State Troops in camps. Many of the men called into State Troops service were older and had families, an analysis of the 3rd Battalion State Troops Infantry found that the average age in that unit was 37, compared to an average age of 25 for men in the regular Confederate army. The initial mobilization of the State Troops in 1862 interfered with the harvest season, which generated numerous complaints from
966-584: A command is a collection of units and formations under the control of a single officer, although during World War II a command was also a name given to a battlegroup in the United States Army . In general, it is an administrative and executive strategic headquarters that is responsible to the national government or the national military headquarters . It is not uncommon for a nation's services to each consist of their own command (such as Land Component, Air Component, Naval Component, and Medical Component in
1104-424: A fraction of personnel in infantry units. In western militaries, a joint force is defined as a unit or formation comprising representation of combat power from two or more branches of the military. Gendarmeries , military police and security forces , including equivalents such as paramilitary forces , militia , internal troops and police tactical unit , are an internal security service common in most of
1242-599: A long time, and were devised by various military thinkers throughout European history. For example, the modern Corps was first introduced in France about 1805 by Napoleon as a more flexible tactical grouping of two or more divisions during the Napoleonic Wars . OF 8: Lieutenant General OR-2: private first class Rungs may be skipped in this ladder: for example, typically NATO forces skip from battalion to brigade. Likewise, only large military powers may have organizations at
1380-478: A member of the government's cabinet , usually known as a minister of defence . In presidential systems , such as the United States , the president is the commander-in-chief , and the cabinet-level defense minister is second in command. Subordinated to that position are often secretaries for specific major operational divisions of the armed forces as a whole, such as those that provide general support services to
1518-561: A normal government, the expression of popular will". Fremantle went on to write in his book Three Months in the Southern States that he had: ...not attempted to conceal any of the peculiarities or defects of the Southern people. Many persons will doubtless highly disapprove of some of their customs and habits in the wilder portion of the country; but I think no generous man, whatever may be his political opinions, can do otherwise than admire
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#17330859174391656-420: A panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian David M. Potter wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted
1794-476: A part of military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often emulate military organizations, or use these structures. The use of formalized ranks in a hierarchical structure came into widespread use with the Roman Army . In modern times, executive control, management and administration of military organization is typically undertaken by governments through a government department within
1932-455: A presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861. It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and rebellion". Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of war predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict. Once war with the United States began,
2070-408: A right to continue mustering men for state service, and maintained the independence of his Mississippi State Troops until the close of the war. Confederate control of Mississippi was in disarray by 1864, with Vicksburg captured, the state capital of Jackson burned, and much of the railroad infrastructure destroyed. Many areas were overrun by bands of deserters, and Union cavalry raided at will across
2208-564: A sectional balance in the Senate but not in the House of Representatives , as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's abolition had grown. Another factor leading to secession and
2346-486: A squadron of tanks augmented with infantry, or the combination of a full company of infantry with a full squadron of tanks. During World War II the Red Army used the same basic organizational structure. However, in the beginning many units were greatly underpowered and their size was actually one level below on the ladder that is usually used elsewhere; for example, a division in the early-WWII Red Army would have been about
2484-622: A state military board was created and tasked with securing arms from American and European manufacturers, but no formal state military force beyond the militia existed as of yet. Prior to the formation of the Confederate States Army in the spring of 1861, the state was responsible for managing its own defense in the early stages of the secession crisis. In January 1861, the state secession convention adopted an ordinance to organize Mississippi's military forces, proposing 4 brigades of two regiments each for state service. Jefferson Davis
2622-542: A statement supporting or recognizing the Confederacy. In November 1863, Mann met Pope Pius IX and received a letter supposedly addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America"; Mann had mistranslated the address. In his report to Richmond, Mann claimed a great diplomatic achievement for himself, but Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin told Mann it
2760-675: A temporary grouping for a specific operational purpose. Aside from administrative hierarchical forms of organization that have evolved since the early 17th century in Europe, fighting forces have been grouped for specific operational purposes into mission-related organizations such as the German Kampfgruppe or the U.S. Combat Team (Army) and Task Force (Navy) during the Second World War, or the Soviet Operational manoeuvre group during
2898-528: A view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own secession documents . The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially Congress had admitted new states into the Union in pairs, one slave and one free . This had kept
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#17330859174393036-507: Is a civil law enforcement agency . A number of countries have no navy, for geographical reasons. In larger armed forces, the cultures between the different branches of the armed forces can be quite different. Most smaller countries have a single organization that encompasses all armed forces employed by the country in question. Armies of developing countries tend to consist primarily of infantry , while developed countries armies tend to have larger units manning expensive equipment and only
3174-524: Is considered its sub-unit or minor unit. It is not uncommon in the United States for unit and formation to be used synonymously. In Commonwealth practice, formation is not used for smaller organizations such as battalions, which are instead called "units", and their constituent platoons or companies are referred to as sub-units. In the Commonwealth, formations are divisions, brigades, etc. Different armed forces , and even different branches of service of
3312-450: Is divided into sections (platoons) composed of 3 x "groupes de combat" of 7 soldiers, plus a group of vehicle crews and a HQ that includes 2 x snipers. Army , army group , region , and theatre are all large formations that vary significantly between armed forces in size and hierarchy position. While divisions were the traditional level at which support elements (field artillery, hospital, logistics and maintenance, etc.) were added to
3450-450: Is primarily based on a number of standard groupings of vessels, including the carrier strike group and the expeditionary strike group . Additionally, naval organization continues aboard a single ship. The complement forms three or four departments (such as tactical and engineering), each of which has a number of divisions, followed by work centers. The organizational structures of air forces vary between nations: some air forces (such as
3588-439: Is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer such military capability as a national defense policy may require. Formal military organization tends to use hierarchical forms (see Modern hierarchy for terminology and approximate troop strength per hierarchical unit). In some countries, paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces, though not considered military. Armed forces that are not
3726-453: Is too great, save that of honor". The message stated that if the French or British governments made their recognition conditional on anything at all, the Confederacy would consent to such terms. European leaders all saw that the Confederacy was on the verge of defeat. The Confederacy's biggest foreign policy successes were with Brazil and Cuba . Militarily this meant little. Brazil represented
3864-518: The 11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment . Other State Troop cavalry companies: In February 1864, the Confederacy passed a new conscription act broader than those previously in force since 1862, now encompassing all white men from age 17–50 with fewer exemptions. Governor Charles Clark wrote to the Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon asking how the state troops fit into this new conscription framework. Seddon replied that he considered
4002-1275: The 3d Mississippi Cavalry Regiment . Third Battalion, Cavalry Lt. Col. Thomas C. Ashcraft. Organized 1864, transferred to Confederate service May 1, 1864 and consolidated with Harris’ battalion. In addition, other cavalry companies formed in 1862 for State Troops service which were later converted to Confederate service include: Davenport's Battalion Cavalry , Maj. Stephen Davenport. Organized summer 1863, later merged into Sixth Cavalry Regiment. Dunn's Battalion , Mississippi Rangers, Capt. J.B Dunn, organized 18 June 1862. Pettus Partisans, Capt. W.B. Prince, organized 4 August 1862. Forrest's Battalion , also known as Sixth Battalion and First Battalion. Capt. Aaron H. Forrest , organized 1863. Ham's Battalion , also known as Sixteenth Battalion. Maj. T.W. Ham, organized summer 1863. Involved in skirmishes at Palo Alto and Camp Davies . Transferred in May 1864 to Confederate Service. Harris’ Battalion , also known as Second Battalion. Maj. Thomas W. Harris, organized fall 1863. Transferred to Confederate service May 1, 1864 and consolidated with Ashcraft's battalion. Perrin's Battalion , Lt. Col. Robert O. Perrin , organized 1863, later mustered into Confederate service as
4140-573: The Belgian Army ), but this does not preclude the existence of commands that are not service-based. A formation is defined by the U.S. Department of Defense as "two or more aircraft, ships, or units proceeding together under a commander". Fomin in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia emphasised its combined-arms nature: "Formations are those military organisations which are formed from different speciality Arms and Services troop units to create
4278-605: The Creek Indians and the British in the War of 1812 . Upon Mississippi gaining statehood in 1817, the organization of the state militia continued along the same lines. The militia could be called out for military service in the event of war or domestic disturbance, but was not a standing army with government-issued weapons or professional officers. Officers were elected by the public with the governor as Commander-in-chief , and men enrolled in
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4416-559: The General Assembly from Jefferson City. The executive committee of the convention called the members together in July, and declared the state offices vacant and appointed a Unionist interim state government. The exiled governor called a rump session of the former General Assembly together in Neosho and, on October 31, 1861, it passed an ordinance of secession . The Confederate state government
4554-573: The Jim Crow laws through activities such as building Confederate monuments and influencing the authors of textbooks . The modern display of the Confederate battle flag primarily started during the 1948 presidential election , when the battle flag was used by the Dixiecrats . During the civil rights movement , racial segregationists used it for demonstrations. A consensus of historians who address
4692-535: The Royal New Zealand Navy , or those navies that are effectively coast guards , are commanded by a rear-admiral (two-star rank), commodore (one-star rank) or even a captain . Aircraft carriers are typically commanded by a captain. Submarines and destroyers are typically commanded by a captain or commander. Some destroyers, particularly smaller destroyers such as frigates (formerly known as destroyer escorts ) are usually commanded by officers with
4830-637: The United States Air Force and the Royal Air Force ) are divided into commands, groups and squadrons; others (such as the Soviet Air Force ) have an Army-style organizational structure. The modern Royal Canadian Air Force uses Air division as the formation between wings and the entire air command. Like the RAF, Canadian wings consist of squadrons. A task force is a unit or formation created as
4968-614: The armed forces are divided into three military branches (also service, armed service, or military service ): army , navy , and air force . Many countries have a variation on the standard model of three basic military branches. Some nations also organize their cyber force , emergencies service, medical service , military logistics , space force , marines , and special forces such as commandos or airborne forces as independent armed services. A nation's border guard or coast guard may also be an independent branch of its military, although in many nations border guard or coast guard
5106-469: The flotilla level and higher is less commonly abided by, as ships operate in smaller or larger groups in various situations that may change at a moment's notice. However, there is some common terminology used throughout navies to communicate the general concept of how many vessels might be in a unit. Navies are generally organized into groups for a specific purpose, usually strategic, and these organizational groupings appear and disappear frequently based on
5244-503: The " minute men " were organized by an act of the state legislature enacted on January 29, 1862. Tullius C. Tupper was commissioned as Major General of the state troops and tasked with organizing regiments from the existing state militia companies. Colonels of the local county militias were required to supply companies of men enlisted for six months service, although some State Troops extended their service for longer. Originally there were 70 infantry and 13 cavalry companies called up in
5382-694: The "peoples most identical to us in Institutions", in which slavery remained legal until the 1880s and the abolitionist movement was small. Confederate ships were welcome in Brazilian ports. After the war, Brazil was the primary destination of those Southerners who wanted to continue living in a slave society, where, as one immigrant remarked, Confederado slaves were cheap. The Captain–General of Cuba declared in writing that Confederate ships were welcome, and would be protected in Cuban ports. Historians speculate that if
5520-514: The 1864 units saw little serious action, the more effective cavalry units had already been reassigned to Confederate service under Gholson 's brigade earlier in the year. At this stage the military situation was increasingly desperate, and in November, 1864 Governor Clark wrote to Major-General Dabney H. Maury complaining that the state didn't have money to pay the State Troops and could not provide them with supplies. What little organization remained of
5658-450: The 21st century agree on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the North 's reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession,
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5796-660: The 23rd Mississippi Infantry on October 28, 1861. In the fall of 1861, in response to a call for assistance from Confederate forces in Kentucky, a poorly-organized and unequipped volunteer force known as the Army of 10,000 was sent north under the command of militia generals Alcorn and Davis. These troops had to supply their own weapons and clothing, and they contributed very little to the Confederate effort in Kentucky . The Mississippi generals refused to take orders from Confederate officers, and
5934-588: The Army's usefulness was limited because the troops had volunteered for only 60 days. After suffering from extreme winter weather and outbreaks of disease, the Army returned to Mississippi in February 1862 and was disbanded. The state military board was abolished by the legislature on December 20, 1861. After the fiasco in Kentucky, it was clear that the state militia needed to be reorganized in order to become an effective military force. The Mississippi State Troops, also known as
6072-733: The British Coldstream Guards , who entered the Confederacy via Mexico, Fitzgerald Ross of the Austrian Hussars , and Justus Scheibert of the Prussian Army . European travelers visited and wrote accounts for publication. Importantly in 1862, the Frenchman Charles Girard 's Seven months in the rebel states during the North American War testified "this government ... is no longer a trial government ... but really
6210-466: The British merchant fleet. In mid-1862, fears of a race war (like the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804) led to the British considering intervention for humanitarian reasons. John Slidell, the Confederate States emissary to France, succeeded in negotiating a loan of $ 15,000,000 from Erlanger and other French capitalists for ironclad warships and military supplies. The British government did allow
6348-564: The Cold War. In the British and Commonwealth armies the battlegroup became the usual grouping of companies during the Second World War and the Cold War. Within NATO, a Joint Task Force (JTF) would be such a temporary grouping that includes elements from more than one armed service, a Combined Task Force (CTF) would be such a temporary grouping that includes elements from more than one nation, and
6486-419: The Confederacy asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. None were recognized by a foreign government. The US government regarded the Southern states as being in rebellion or insurrection and so refused any formal recognition of their status. The US government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy but conducted its military efforts beginning with
6624-502: The Confederacy by counties in East Tennessee were checked by martial law. Although slaveholding Delaware and Maryland did not secede, citizens exhibited divided loyalties. Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee's Army of Northern Virginia . Overall, 24,000 men from Maryland joined Confederate forces, compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces. Delaware never produced a full regiment for
6762-404: The Confederacy counted about one-fourth its population. They voted 43% for pro-Union candidates. The four states which entered after the attack on Fort Sumter held almost half the population of the Confederacy and voted 53% for pro-Union candidates. The three big turnout states voted extremes; Texas, with 5% of the population, voted 20% for pro-Union candidates; Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth
6900-540: The Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Dr. Lewis S. Owings as the new territorial governor. They won the Battle of Mesilla and established a territorial government with Mesilla serving as its capital. The Confederacy proclaimed the Confederate Arizona Territory on February 14, 1862, north to the 34th parallel . Marcus H. MacWillie served in both Confederate Congresses as Arizona's delegate. In 1862,
7038-572: The Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by the UK or France . The Confederate government sent James M. Mason to London and John Slidell to Paris. On their way in 1861, the U.S. Navy intercepted their ship, the Trent, and took them to Boston, an international episode known as the Trent Affair . The diplomats were eventually released and continued their voyage. However, their mission
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#17330859174397176-688: The Confederacy valiantly fighting for a just cause, emerged in the decades after the war among former Confederate generals and politicians, and in organizations such as the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans . Intense periods of Lost Cause activity developed around the turn of the 20th century and during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in reaction to growing support for racial equality . Advocates sought to ensure future generations of Southern whites would continue to support white supremacist policies such as
7314-418: The Confederacy, but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia. District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war, referendums sponsored by Lincoln approved compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from "disloyal citizens". Citizens at Mesilla and Tucson in the southern part of New Mexico Territory formed a secession convention, which voted to join
7452-459: The Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces bombarded the Union's Fort Sumter , in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina . Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were partisan politics , abolitionism , nullification versus secession , Southern and Northern nationalism, expansionism , economics , and modernization in the antebellum period . As
7590-678: The Confederate New Mexico campaign to take the northern half of the U.S. territory failed and the Confederate territorial government in exile relocated to San Antonio, Texas. Confederate supporters in the trans-Mississippi west claimed portions of the Indian Territory after the US evacuated the federal forts and installations. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the War from
7728-524: The Confederate States of America. The new provisional Confederate President Jefferson Davis issued a call for 100,000 men from the states' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy. All Federal property was seized, including gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in Charlotte , North Carolina; Dahlonega , Georgia; and New Orleans . The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia, in May 1861. On February 22, 1862, Davis
7866-612: The Confederate Troops were engaged with superior forces of the enemy”. Partly due to these competing demands for manpower, General T.C. Tupper resigned his commission in the spring of 1863 and General Samuel J. Gholson was appointed commander of the State Troops on April 18, 1863. The 1862 infantry regiments were all kept under local Mississippi control, but many of the cavalry regiments were later converted to regular Confederate regiments. Most State Troops remained in camp and were not engaged in combat, but two regiments were present at
8004-431: The Confederate population, voted 68% for pro-Union. Following South Carolina's unanimous 1860 secession vote, no other Southern states considered the question until 1861; when they did, none had a unanimous vote. All had residents who cast significant numbers of Unionist votes. Voting to remain in the Union did not necessarily mean individuals were sympathizers with the North. Once fighting began, many who voted to remain in
8142-479: The Confederates "suffered a severe loss of confidence in themselves" and withdrew into an interior defensive position. By December 1864, Davis considered sacrificing slavery in order to enlist recognition and aid from Paris and London; he secretly sent Duncan F. Kenner to Europe with a message that the war was fought solely for "the vindication of our rights to self-government and independence" and that "no sacrifice
8280-653: The Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled." The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to the Montgomery Convention in Alabama on February 4, 1861. A provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for
8418-583: The Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana to United States authorities on May 4, 1865, at Citronelle, Alabama . The Mississippi territorial militia was first organized on September 8, 1798, when the Mississippi Territory was created. All free males between age 16 and 50 except government officials, doctors, and clergymen were subject to militia service. The Mississippi territorial militia arrested Aaron Burr in 1807, and fought against
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#17330859174398556-652: The First Battalion under Captain J.M. Hall participated in the Battle of Raymond , May 12, 1863. Second Battalion Infantry , Maj. Henry F. Cook. Reported total strength of 88 men in January, 1863. Third Battalion Infantry , Lt. Col. Thomas A. Burgin. Organized at Okolona September 1862. Disbanded August 26, 1863 after service at Vicksburg. Fourth Battalion Infantry , Lt. Co. A.J. Postletwait, Maj. J.D. Fairley. Organized October 23, 1862. State Troops cavalry units were organized in 1862 & 1863, but they were plagued by
8694-652: The Indian Territory supported the Confederacy. On July 12, 1861, the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian nations. After several battles, Union armies took control of the territory. The Indian Territory never formally joined the Confederacy, but did receive representation in the Congress. Many Indians from the Territory were integrated into regular Confederate Army units. After 1863,
8832-1229: The Mississippi State Troops dissolved entirely when Confederate forces in the Western Theater surrendered on May 4, 1865. First Regiment, Infantry , Col. William S. Patton , Lt. Col. Samuel M. Meek. Organized August 24, 1864. 9 companies from Kemper , Noxubee, Lowndes, Winston , Leake, and Neshoba Counties. Second Regiment, Infantry , Col. Greene C. Chandler, Lt. Col. William L. Cole. Organized September 2, 1864. Third Regiment, Infantry , Col. James Summerville, Lt. Col. William Buckner, 10 companies. First Battalion, Infantry , Lt. Col. J.Y. Harper. Organized August 20–31, 1864, 8 companies. First Regiment, Cavalry Col. Hezekiah William Foote , Lt. Col. W.P. Malone. 11 companies, organized summer 1864. Second Regiment, Cavalry Co. J.L.J Hill, Lt. Col. Merriman Pounds, organized 13 September 1864. Third Regiment, Cavalry Col. W.K. Easterling. Organized August 30, 1864. 10 companies. Fourth Regiment, Cavalry Col. E.S. Fisher, Lt. Col. A.S. Pass. Organized September 6, 1864. 11 companies. First Battalion, Cavalry Maj. John. E. McNair. Organized September 1864. 5 companies. Military organization Military organization ( AE ) or military organisation ( BE )
8970-421: The Mississippi state military. Van Dorn, Clark, and Mott all joined the Confederate army , they were replaced by John W. O'Ferrall, Charles G. Dahlgren , and Absolom M. West as brigadier generals of Mississippi forces. Alcorn was promoted to major general and Reuben Davis also joined as major general. Alcorn's brigade was sent to Kentucky and was mustered into Confederate service (rather than state service) as
9108-563: The Second Regiment, Partisan Rangers. Second Regiment Cavalry , Col. J.F. Smith, Col. William L. Lowry, Lt. Col. Joseph A. Johnson. Organized April 1863. Involved in skirmish at Palo Alto , Streight's Raid . Transferred to Confederate service May 1, 1864 and renamed the Sixth Regiment Cavalry. Third Regiment Cavalry , Col. John McGuirk, Lt. Col. James A. Barksdale, Lt. Col. H.H. Barksdale. Organized 1862, 13 companies. Involved in skirmishes in North Mississippi opposing Union cavalry raids, 1863. Transferred to Confederate service April, 1864 as
9246-436: The South's slavery-based economy. The convergence of race and slavery, politics, and economics raised South-related policy questions to the status of moral questions over, way of life, merging love of things Southern and hatred of things Northern. As the war approached, political parties split, and national churches and interstate families divided along sectional lines. According to historian John M. Coski: The statesmen who led
9384-514: The State Troop units were kept in military camps and never saw combat. In 1864, another set of State Troop units was created, with all white men aged 16–55 required to report for 30 days military service . Reserve State Troop units were also organized in 1864, consisting of men and boys who were otherwise too young or too old for regular military service. All of the remaining State Troops were officially disbanded when Confederate Lieutenant-General Richard Taylor surrendered all Confederate forces in
9522-444: The State Troops since the spring of 1863, was commissioned into the Confederate Army as a brigadier general at this time. Gholson's Mississippi brigade served under the command of Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest and participated in many cavalry actions against Union troops in North Mississippi until the close of the war. First Battalion Cavalry , Col. Green L. Blythe, Lt. Col. A.C. Edmundson. Organized September 1862. Also called
9660-411: The State Troops were high. Organization was extremely poor, such that Mississippi officials could never provide their Confederate military counterparts with an accurate count of the number of State Troops under their command. “What good are they doing? Why keep them in camp?... Now is the very time they should be at home, getting their plantations in order, preparing their lands for seed, and making all
9798-477: The State Troops while remaining in their home state. Governor Pettus ordered that men serving in the State Troops would be exempt from conscription into the Confederate army, and he resisted efforts to incorporate the State Troops into the regular army. On April 16, 1863, Pettus wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis defending the need for State Troops: “Their presence in the field has been necessary to save north Miss from being over run and desolated while all
9936-463: The U.S. Army Force Management Support Agency that prescribes the organization, manning, and equipage of units from divisional size and down, but also including the headquarters of Corps and Armies. It also provides information on the mission and capabilities of a unit as well as the unit's current status. A general TOE is applicable to a type of unit (for instance, infantry) rather than a specific unit (the 3rd Infantry Division). In this way, all units of
10074-516: The Union accepted the majority decision, and supported the Confederacy. Many writers have evaluated the War as an American tragedy—a "Brothers' War", pitting "brother against brother, father against son, kin against kin of every degree". Initially, some secessionists hoped for a peaceful departure. Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to
10212-569: The Union and Confederate sides as belligerents . In 1863, the Confederacy expelled European diplomatic missions for advising their resident subjects to refuse to serve in the Confederate army. Both Confederate and Union agents were allowed to work openly in British territories. The Confederacy appointed Ambrose Dudley Mann as special agent to the Holy See in September 1863, but the Holy See never released
10350-581: The Union victory at the Battle of Antietam , Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and abolitionist opposition in Britain put an end to these possibilities. The cost to Britain of a war with the U.S. would have been high: the immediate loss of American grain-shipments, the end of British exports to the U.S., and seizure of billions of pounds invested in American securities. War would have meant higher taxes in Britain, another invasion of Canada, and attacks on
10488-566: The Union. The federal government in Washington D.C. and states under its control were known as the Union . The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when South Carolina's militia attacked Fort Sumter . Four slave states of the Upper South — Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina —then seceded and joined the Confederacy. On February 22, 1862, Confederate States Army leaders installed
10626-402: The United States . The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. They adopted a new constitution establishing a confederation government of "sovereign and independent states". Some Northerners reacted by saying "Let the Confederacy go in peace!", while some Southerners wanted to maintain their loyalty to
10764-519: The Upper South. Non-slave states might join, but the radicals secured a two-thirds requirement in both houses of Congress to accept them. Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops, four more states declared their secession. Kentucky declared neutrality, but after Confederate troops moved in,
10902-630: The approach of Federal armies in mid-1862, the government's archives were readied for removal. As the Wilderness Campaign progressed, Congress authorized Davis to remove the executive department and call Congress to session elsewhere in 1864 and again in 1865. Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate further south. Little came of these plans before Lee's surrender. Davis and most of his cabinet fled to Danville, Virginia , which served as their headquarters for eight days. During its four years,
11040-418: The armed forces, may use the same name to denote different types of organizations. An example is the "squadron". In most navies a squadron is a formation of several ships; in most air forces it is a unit; in the U.S. Army it is a battalion-sized cavalry unit; and in Commonwealth armies a squadron is a company-sized sub-unit. A table of organization and equipment (TOE or TO&E) is a document published by
11178-569: The army for 1 year. Confederate General William L. Brandon , who was responsible for conscription in Mississippi, complained about the Governor's actions which undermined the enrollment of Confederate conscripts: "This action of the Governor has virtually arrested the volunteer enrollment of the reserves and the conscription of the men of the military age. All are rushing into the State organization, greatly to
11316-551: The conditions and demands placed upon a navy. This contrasts with army organization where units remain static, with the same men and equipment, over long periods of time. The five-star ranks of admiral of the fleet and fleet admiral have largely been out of regular use since the 1990s, with the exception of ceremonial or honorary appointments. Currently, all major navies ( blue-water and green-water navies) are commanded by an admiral of either four-star rank or three-star rank depending on relative size. Smaller naval forces, such as
11454-413: The construction of blockade runners in Britain; they were owned and operated by British financiers and shipowners; a few were owned and operated by the Confederacy. The British investors' goal was to acquire highly profitable cotton. Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S., but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy. Those nations recognized
11592-575: The courage, energy, and patriotism of the whole population, and the skill of its leaders, in this struggle against great odds. And I am also of opinion that many will agree with me in thinking that a people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world, is destined, sooner or later, to become a great and independent nation. French Emperor Napoleon III assured Confederate diplomat John Slidell that he would make "direct proposition" to Britain for joint recognition. The Emperor made
11730-403: The detriment of the service...No punishment inflicted and no discipline and order kept up, the men going and coming when they please, I fancy the [State Troops] organization will be but little better than an armed mob." From these men assembled for State Troops service in 1864, 3 regiments of infantry, 1 battalion of infantry, 4 cavalry regiments and 3 battalions of cavalry were organized. Most of
11868-661: The end of transatlantic enslavement of Africans; by 1833 , the Royal Navy patrolled middle passage waters to prevent additional slave ships from reaching the Western Hemisphere. It was in London that the first World Anti-Slavery Convention had been held in 1840. Black abolitionist speakers toured England, Scotland, and Ireland, exposing the reality of America's chattel slavery and rebutting the Confederate position that blacks were "unintellectual, timid, and dependent", and "not equal to
12006-456: The enemy many of the partisan and State troops disperse...The State troops in their present unsettled state are but harbors for deserters and persons trying to avoid the military service." Several of the 1862 State Troops cavalry units initially mustered for state service were reorganized and mustered into Confederate service in the spring of 1864 with the approval of Mississippi Governor Charles Clark . Major General Samuel J. Gholson, who had led
12144-414: The fall of 1862, these were organized into 5 regiments of infantry, 4 battalions of infantry, and 1 battalion of cavalry. Although men serving in the State Troops were not officially part of the Confederate army , the 1862 law creating the State Troops specified that they were subject to the orders of Confederate officers, and during the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg , two units of the State Troops did serve under
12282-507: The formation of the Confederacy was the development of white Southern nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on American nationalism . Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election . His victory triggered declarations of secession by seven slave states of the Deep South , all of whose riverfront or coastal economies were based on cotton that
12420-458: The glorious cause of southern independence. They demanded that their own states join the cause. Scores of demonstrations took place from April 12 to 14, before Lincoln issued his call for troops. Many conditional unionists were swept along by this powerful tide of southern nationalism; others were cowed into silence. Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson: The bombardment of Fort Sumter, by itself, did not destroy Unionist majorities in
12558-710: The hundreds of thousands. Secessionists argued that the United States Constitution was a contract among sovereign states that could be abandoned without consultation and each state had a right to secede. After intense debates and statewide votes, seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861, while secession efforts failed in the other eight slave states. The Confederacy expanded in May–July 1861 (with Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , North Carolina ), and disintegrated in April–May 1865. It
12696-515: The interior of the state. In August, 1864, Governor Clark called on every able-bodied white male in the state not otherwise in military service to assemble at Grenada, Okolona, or Macon for enlistment in the State Troops. The Mississippi Legislature authorized 30 days mandatory military service for boys and men aged 16–55, which was a broader age range than the 1864 Confederate conscription act. Anyone who did not report for State Troops service would be imprisoned, court-martialed , and forced to serve in
12834-580: The men called to serve, as well as their families. With many of the younger men serving in the Confederate Army, and the older men called to serve in the State Troops, many white Mississippians feared a lack of manpower to police the enslaved population would result in a slave uprising. Many soldiers, including officers, sent petitions to the governor complaining about being forced into service and requesting to be sent home, and rates of desertion , absence without leave , and requests for medical discharge from
12972-1215: The men died during the siege. After being captured, the Third Battalion was sent to Columbus on August 26, 1863, and dissolved. The initial term of all of the remaining infantry regiments expired by November, 1863 and the units were disbanded. Commanding officers: Brigadier Generals: Adjutant general : Jones S. Hamilton Chief of Ordnance, Pierre S. Layton Quartermaster general , A.M. West First Regiment Infantry , Col. Benjamin King, Lt. Col. L. Lawhorn. Organized July 31, 1862 at Grenada . Second Regiment Infantry , Col. D.H. Quinn, Lt. Col. James Conerly, Organized 11 August 1862 at Hinds County . Third Regiment Infantry , Col. William J. Owens, Lt. Col. J.A. Hartin. Organized August 7, 1862. Fourth Regiment Infantry , Col. W.C. Bromley, Lt. Col. J.J. Stone, Lt. Col. Thomas Whitesides. Organized at Grenada, August 25, 1862. Fifth Regiment Infantry , Col. Henry C. Robinson, Lt. Col. D.W. Metts. Organized at Meridian September 5–6, 1862. Disbanded September 21, 1863 after service at Vicksburg. First Battalion Infantry , Maj. W.B. Harper. Company D of
13110-503: The military, including their dependants. Then there are the heads of specific departmental agencies responsible for the provision and management of specific skill- and knowledge-based services such as strategic advice, capability development assessment, or military science provision of research, and design and development of technologies. Within each departmental agency will be found administrative branches responsible for further agency business specialization work. In most countries,
13248-418: The militia were required to bring their own weapons. All free white males 18-45 were subject to militia duty, failing to appear was punished with a $ 5 fine. The Governor could draft men from the militia to serve full-time in the military in times of war. The county-level militia companies had to muster four times a year for training, a local historian described the amateurish character of these musters: "After
13386-497: The necessary arrangements for a big crop.” There was a tension between the Confederate Army's demand for more regular troops and the desire of Confederate state governors to keep State Troops for local service, as well as the wishes of some Mississippians not to be sent to a distant battlefield in another state. When Confederate conscription came into effect the same year that the State Troops were created, some men subject to conscription sought to meet these requirements by serving in
13524-428: The ordinance of secession. In the 1860 election "Constitutional Democrat" Breckenridge had outpolled "Constitutional Unionist" Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes, 44% to 42%. The counties simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict. Representatives for most counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war. Attempts to secede from
13662-410: The origins of the American Civil War agree that the preservation of the institution of slavery was the principal aim of the eleven Southern states (seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the Union ) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in
13800-521: The other three candidates (Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and John Bell ). Support for these three collectively, ranged from significant to outright majority, running from 25% in Texas to 81% in Missouri. There were minority views everywhere, especially in the upland and plateau areas of the South, particularly concentrated in western Virginia and eastern Tennessee. The first six signatory states establishing
13938-519: The overall command of Confederate General John C. Pemberton . Unlike the antebellum militia, where men stayed at home and only assembled a few times a year locally, the State Troops were stationed in military camps far from home (although still within the state) during their term of service. General Tupper believed the State Troops should be sent back to their communities to act as a traditional home guard militia after an initial period of military training, but Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus advocated
14076-479: The physical arrangement or disposition of troops and weapons. Examples of formation in such usage include pakfront , panzerkeil , testudo formation , etc. A typical unit is a homogeneous military organization (either combat, combat-support or non-combat in capability) that includes service personnel predominantly from a single arm of service, or a branch of service, and its administrative and command functions are self-contained. Any unit subordinate to another unit
14214-607: The populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy. Unionists held a Convention in Wheeling in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a rump legislature , but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of West Virginia , voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia's May 23 referendum on
14352-405: The pro-Confederate claimants in Kentucky (December 10, 1861) and Missouri (November 28, 1861) and laid claim to those states, granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag. Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri. Some southern unionists blamed Lincoln's call for troops as the precipitating event for
14490-399: The rank of commander. Corvettes , the smallest class of warship, are commanded by officers with the rank of commander or lieutenant-commander . Auxiliary ships, including gunboats , minesweepers , patrol boats , military riverine craft , tenders and torpedo boats are usually commanded by lieutenants , sub-lieutenants or warrant officers . Usually, the smaller the vessel, the lower
14628-479: The rank of the ship's commander. For example, patrol boats are often commanded by ensigns , while frigates are rarely commanded by an officer below the rank of commander. Historically, navies were far more rigid in structure. Ships were collected in divisions , which in turn were collected in numbered squadrons , which comprised a numbered fleet . Permission for a vessel to leave one unit and join another would have to be approved on paper. The modern U.S. Navy
14766-405: The same assurance to British Members of Parliament John A. Roebuck and John A. Lindsay. Roebuck in turn publicly prepared a bill to submit to Parliament supporting joint Anglo-French recognition of the Confederacy. "Southerners had a right to be optimistic, or at least hopeful, that their revolution would prevail, or at least endure." Following the disasters at Vicksburg and Gettysburg in July 1863,
14904-470: The same branch (such as infantry) follow the same structural guidelines. The following table gives an overview of some of the terms used to describe army hierarchy in armed forces across the world. Whilst it is recognized that there are differences between armies of different nations, many are modeled on the British or American models, or both. However, many military units and formations go back in history for
15042-490: The same problems that limited the effectiveness of the organization as a whole. An inspection report of the cavalry force in Mississippi in September, 1863 reported poor discipline and high rates of absenteeism in the State Troops: "This command is generally not in good condition...The partisan and State troops are not reliable, being in poor discipline and over one-half the number on the rolls being at their homes...In raids of
15180-449: The secession movement were unashamed to explicitly cite the defense of slavery as their prime motive ... Acknowledging the centrality of slavery to the Confederacy is essential for understanding the Confederate. Southern Democrats had chosen John Breckinridge as their candidate during the 1860 presidential election, but in no Southern state was support for him unanimous, as they recorded at least some popular vote for at least one of
15318-476: The second wave of secessions. Historian James McPherson argues such claims have "a self-serving quality" and regards them as misleading: As the telegraph chattered reports of the attack on Sumter April 12 and its surrender next day, huge crowds poured into the streets of Richmond, Raleigh, Nashville, and other upper South cities to celebrate this victory over the Yankees. These crowds waved Confederate flags and cheered
15456-565: The siege of Vicksburg under the command of brigadier general Jeptha V. Harris . The Fifth Regiment Infantry State Troops was sent to Vicksburg in April, 1863, approximately 50 men and officers of the Fifth Regiment died during the siege. After being captured when the city surrendered, the Fifth Regiment was mustered out of service on September 21, 1863. The Third Battalion State Troops was sent to defend Vicksburg in November, 1862. Approximately 21 of
15594-652: The size of most nations' regiments or brigades. At the top of the ladder, what other nations would call an army group, the Red Army called a front . By contrast, during the same period the German Wehrmacht army groups, particularly on the Eastern Front , such as Army Group Centre significantly exceeded the above numbers, and were more cognate with the Soviet Strategic Directions . Naval organization at
15732-578: The state legislature asked for Union troops to drive them out. Delegates from 68 Kentucky counties were sent to the Russellville Convention that signed an Ordinance of Secession. Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861, with Bowling Green as its first capital. Early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky but largely lost control in 1862. The splinter Confederate government of Kentucky relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled
15870-496: The state population after 1862. By the end of the war, 90,000 Kentuckians had fought for the Union, compared to 35,000 for the Confederacy. In Missouri , a constitutional convention was approved and delegates elected. The convention rejected secession 89–1 on March 19, 1861. The governor maneuvered to take control of the St. Louis Arsenal and restrict Federal movements. This led to a confrontation, and in June federal forces drove him and
16008-476: The state troops to be merely militia forces and thus subject to conscription into the regular Confederate Army. This was a change from January 1863 when Seddon had written to Governor Pettus agreeing that state troops on active service should not be subject to conscription, stating that, "the state organizations of troops are too important & the time is too critical for any interference to be made with them." Regardless of Seddon's perspective, Governor Clark claimed
16146-491: The states' militia to muster under his command. The stated purpose was to re-occupy U.S. properties throughout the South, as the U.S. Congress had not authorized their abandonment. The resistance at Fort Sumter signaled his change of policy from that of the Buchanan Administration. Lincoln's response ignited a firestorm of emotion. The people of both North and South demanded war, with soldiers rushing to their colors in
16284-430: The structure of public administration , often known as a ministry of defence or department of defense . These in turn manage military branches that themselves command formations and units specialising in combat, combat support and combat-service support . The usually civilian or partly civilian executive control over the national military organization is exercised in democracies by an elected political leader as
16422-407: The top levels and different armies and countries may also use traditional names, creating considerable confusion: for example, a British or Canadian armored regiment (battalion) is divided into squadrons (companies) and troops (platoons), whereas an American cavalry squadron (battalion) is divided into troops (companies) and platoons. In the French system (used by many African countries) the company
16560-663: The tribal governments sent representatives to the Confederate Congress : Elias Cornelius Boudinot representing the Cherokee and Samuel Benton Callahan representing the Seminole and Creek . The Cherokee Nation aligned with the Confederacy. They practiced and supported slavery, opposed abolition, and feared their lands would be seized by the Union. After the war, the Indian territory was disestablished, their black slaves were freed, and
16698-521: The tribes lost some of their lands. Montgomery, Alabama , served as capital of the Confederate States from February 4 until May 29, 1861, in the Alabama State Capitol . Six states created the Confederacy there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession "operative". The Permanent Constitution
16836-460: The unit structure, since World War II, many brigades now have such support units, and since the 1980s, regiments also have been receiving support elements. A regiment with such support elements is called a regimental combat team in US military parlance, or a battlegroup in the UK and other forces. Canadian Army doctrine also includes the combat team which is a company of infantry augmented with tanks, or
16974-550: The upper South. Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation, the two events viewed retrospectively, appear almost simultaneous. Nevertheless, close examination of contemporary evidence ... shows that the proclamation had a far more decisive impact. ...Many concluded ... that Lincoln had deliberately chosen "to drive off all the Slave states, in order to make war on them and annihilate slavery". The order of secession resolutions and dates are: In Virginia,
17112-513: The white man...the superior race." Frederick Douglass , Henry Highland Garnet , Sarah Parker Remond , her brother Charles Lenox Remond , James W. C. Pennington , Martin Delany , Samuel Ringgold Ward , and William G. Allen all spent years in Britain, where fugitive slaves were safe and, as Allen said, there was an "absence of prejudice against color. Here the colored man feels himself among friends, and not among enemies". Most British public opinion
17250-458: The world, but uncommon in countries with English common law histories where civil police are employed to enforce the law, and there are tight restrictions on how the armed forces may be used to assist. It is common, at least in the European and North American militaries, to refer to the building blocks of a military as command s , formation s , and unit s . In a military context,
17388-458: Was "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition. Nevertheless, the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood, and European governments sent military observers to assess whether there had been a de facto establishment of independence. These observers included Arthur Lyon Fremantle of
17526-541: Was Confederate general Robert E. Lee 's surrender on April 9, after which any doubt about the war's outcome or the Confederacy's survival was extinguished. Confederate President Davis's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5. After the war, during the Reconstruction era , the Confederate states were readmitted to the Congress after each ratified the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing slavery. Lost Cause mythology , an idealized view of
17664-551: Was adopted there on March 12, 1861. The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a 100 square mile district to the central government. Atlanta, which had not yet supplanted Milledgeville , Georgia, as its state capital, put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections, as did Opelika, Alabama , noting its strategically interior situation, rail connections and deposits of coal and iron. Richmond, Virginia ,
17802-561: Was against the practice, with Liverpool seen as the primary base of Southern support. Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary Lord John Russell , Emperor Napoleon III of France, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston , showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war. Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone attempted unsuccessfully to convince Palmerston to intervene. By September 1862
17940-465: Was chosen as major general of the state forces, with Earl Van Dorn , Charles Clark , James L. Alcorn , and Christopher H. Mott as brigadier generals . These generals and the governor comprised the military board and were tasked with organizing and managing the armed forces of the state. However, shortly afterwards Jefferson Davis was elected as President of the Confederacy and he left his position in
18078-547: Was chosen for the interim capital at the Virginia State Capitol . The move was used by Vice President Stephens and others to encourage other border states to follow Virginia into the Confederacy. In the political moment it was a show of "defiance and strength". The war for Southern independence was surely to be fought in Virginia, but it also had the largest Southern military-aged white population, with infrastructure, resources, and supplies. The Davis Administration's policy
18216-509: Was composed of eleven U.S. states that declared secession ; South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Texas , Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina ; they warred against the United States during the American Civil War . With Abraham Lincoln 's election as President of the United States in 1860, a portion of the southern states were convinced that their slavery-dependent plantation economies were threatened, and began to secede from
18354-490: Was cultivated by slave labor. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected in November 1860 but before he took office in March 1861. Nationalists in the North and "Unionists" in the South refused to accept the declarations of secession. No foreign government ever recognized the Confederacy. The U.S. government, under President James Buchanan , refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by
18492-704: Was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the Lower South that had proclaimed their secession. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states ( Missouri and Kentucky ) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress. Its establishment flowed from and deepened Southern nationalism, which prepared men to fight for "The Southern Cause". This "Cause" included support for states' rights , tariff policy , and internal improvements, but above all, cultural and financial dependence on
18630-439: Was inaugurated as president with a term of six years. The Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity, continuing earlier state efforts in 1860–1861 to remove U.S. government presence. This included taking possession of U.S. courts, custom houses, post offices, and most notably, arsenals and forts. After the Confederate attack and capture of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Lincoln called up 75,000 of
18768-491: Was that "It must be held at all hazards." The naming of Richmond as the new capital took place on May 30, 1861, and the last two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held there. As war dragged on, Richmond became crowded with training and transfers, logistics and hospitals. Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price regulation. A movement in Congress argued for moving the capital from Richmond. At
18906-500: Was unable to control substantial parts of Missouri territory, effectively only controlling southern Missouri early in the war. It had its capital at Neosho, then Cassville , before being driven out of the state. For the remainder of the war, it operated as a government in exile at Marshall, Texas . Not having seceded, neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation . The Confederacy recognized
19044-426: Was unsuccessful; historians judge their diplomacy as poor. Neither secured diplomatic recognition for the Confederacy, much less military assistance. The Confederates who had believed that " cotton is king ", that is, that Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton, proved mistaken. The British had stocks to last over a year and been developing alternative sources. The United Kingdom took pride leading
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